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The Forgotten War. June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953. Background. August 6, 1945 - Atomic bombing of Japan August 8, 1945 - Soviet Union declares war on Japan August 14, 1945 - Japan surrenders. 2 Separate Governments. US asks Soviet Union to stop at 38 th parallel - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE FORGOTTEN WARJune 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953
Background August 6, 1945 - Atomic bombing of Japan August 8, 1945 - Soviet Union declares war on
Japan August 14, 1945 - Japan surrenders
2 Separate Governments US asks Soviet Union to stop
at 38th parallel US and Soviet Union disagree
on how to reunite Korea 1947 – UN proposes free
elections but Soviet Union refuses.
Aug. 15, 1948 – Syngman Rhee elected first president of South Korea
이승만
Kim Il Sung Seeks Reunification Kim Il Sung wants to
reunite Korea by military means
Stalin: Korea should not count on direct Soviet participation because USSR had challenges elsewhere
Mao: Reluctantly agrees, but later not pleased with Kim Il Sung who launched war and then expected others to save the day.
김일성
North Korea Invades June 25, 1950 – North Korea crosses into
South The United Nations Security Council
unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea.
The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
Truman, 1945 - 1953 Q: “Mr. President, everybody is asking in
this country, are we or are we not at war”?A: “We are not at war.”- US President Harry S. Truman, four days
after North Korea invaded South Korea. Officially it was never a war since Truman never asked Congress for a formal declaration of war.
Truman Doctrine – quarantine the aggressor
NK Takes Over 89,000 North Korean
troops vs. 38,000 South Korean troops
South Korean forces increased their resistance further south, hoping to delay North Korean units as much as possible.
Morale among the UN units was low - US forces had suffered over 6,000 casualties over the past month, while the South Korean Army had lost an estimated 70,000.
Camouflaged US troops on Alert (July 1950)
WASP pilot Elizabeth Gardener
This U.S. Army photograph, once classified "top secret", depicts the summary execution of 1,800 South Korean political prisoners by the South Korean military at Taejon, South Korea, over three days in July 1950. South Korean troops executed many civilians behind frontlines as UN forces retreated before the North Korean army, on suspicion that they were communist sympathizers and might collaborate with the advancing enemy.
US Prepares Counter Attack August 4 - MacArthur
reported 141,808 UN troops in Korea, so the UN ground force outnumbered the North Koreans 92,000 to 70,000.
More forces arrived during battle, and in early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers.
MacArthur’s Tricky Plan
September 15 - while North Korea was fighting in the southeast, General MacArthur ordered a gigantic amphibious strike at Inchon, a desperate gamble using troops badly needed to hold the Pusan Perimeter.
The landings cut the supply lines of the invaders. Seoul was retaken on September 26.
Sept. 15, 1950 – Unloading men and equipment at Incheon
Sept. 19, 1950 - MacArthur tours Incheon
China Enters the War October 25, 1950 – 200,000
Chinese troops enter Korea. Seoul captured again The PVA marched "dark-to-
dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. During daylight soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared until it flew away.
PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators.
Dec. 4, 1950 - residents from Pyongyang, North Korea, and refugees from other areas crawl perilously over shattered girders of the city's bridge, as they flee south across the Taedong River to escape the advance of Chinese Communist troops.
PVA – People’s Volunteer Army Constituted in order to
prevent an official war with the United States.
Only 1/5 carried a rifle. Employed a tactic
which they termed Hachi Shiki, which was a V-formation into which they allowed enemy forces to move.
Stalemate March 14, 1951 - UN troops regain Seoul MacArthur’s solution: carry the war into
mainland of China.
“We must win. There is no substitute for victory.”- MacArthur, April 5, 1951
MacArthur vs. President Truman MacArthur proposed naval blockade combined
with bombing of Chinese bases in Manchuria. Tried to acquired 4 nuclear bombs and considered nuclear poison along Chinese border.
Truman believed that would bring response from Soviet Union and nuclear war.
Truman’s dilemma: if MacArthur was fired, it might split the country. But if he was not fired it might split the UN coalition.
April 11, 1951 – MacArthur relieved from duty
Armistice July 10, 1951 -
Negotiations started Political conditions
favoring a truce resulted from two events: Republican Eisenhower's
election as President (Eisenhower threatened nuclear war)
Death of Joseph Stalin July 27, 1953 – Armistice
(but ROK didn’t sign)
Marilyn Monroe visits troops after armistice
POW Exchanges
China North Korea USA0
2000400060008000
10000120001400016000 14699
7876
21
Refused Repatriation
POW Exchanges
POWs Returned North
POWs Returned South
01000020000300004000050000600007000080000 75823
1277322604
359
Returned
Fair Exchange?
Military Casualties
400,000215,000
46,000
40,000 2,500
PVANorth KoreaSouth KoreaUSA
Military vs. Civilian Casualties
400,000
300,00058,000
34,000
2,500
2,000,000
PVANorth KoreaSouth KoreaUSAUNCivilians
Civilian deaths to military deaths are estimated at a 2:1 ratio.
This doesn’t include the wounded and missing
Situation today – a South Korean marine looks at the North Korean side
Thanks for listening!