The Forgotten Crusaders; Poland and the Crusader Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (2012)

8/16/2019 The Forgotten Crusaders; Poland and the Crusader Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (2012)

1/460


2/460

The Forgotten Crusaders


3/460

The Northern World

North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D.Peoples, Economies and Cultures

Editors

Barbara Crawford (St. Andrews)David Kirby (London)

Jón Viðar Sigurðsson (Oslo)Ingvild Øye (Bergen)

Piotr Gorecki (University of California at Riverside)

VOLUME


4/460

The Forgotten Crusaders

Poland and the Crusader Movement in theTwelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

By

Mikołaj Gładysz


5/460

Cover il lustration : Drawing after a crusading seal of Konrad of Mazovia. With kind permission ofBłażej Poltrok.

Translator : Paul Barford

Language editor : Peter Barnes

The translation of the book was funded by The Foundation for Polish Science.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gladysz, Mikolaj.[Zapomniani krzyzowcy. English]The forgotten crusaders : Poland and the crusader movement in the twelfth and thirteenth

centuries /by Mikolaj Gladysz.p. cm. — (The northern world : North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D. peoples,

economies and cultures; ISSN 1569-1462 ; v. 56)Includes bibliographical references and index.Translation of: Zapomniani krzyzowcy.ISBN 978-90-04-18551-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Poland—History—Piast period, 960-1386.

2. Crusades—Participation, Polish. 3. Crusades—13th–15th centuries. 4. Europe, Eastern—History—To 1500. I. Tit le.

DK4212.G5813 2012

909.07—dc23

2011044660

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characterscovering Lat in, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the

humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface .ISSN -ISBN (hardback)ISBN (e-book)

http://www.brill.nl/brill-typefacehttp://www.brill.nl/brill-typeface


6/460

CONTENTS

Preface to the English Translation ............................................................. vii

Timeline .............................................................................................................. xiGenealogical Tree ............................................................................................ xvMaps .................................................................................................................... xviiAbbreviations .................................................................................................... xxiii

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1

I The Echo of Clermont: 1095–1141 .................................................... 15

II The Second Crusade: 1146–49 .......................................................... 39

III The Northern Crusades: 1147 ............................................................ 67

IV Crusaders—Pilgrims—Founders: 1153–87 ................................... 97

V The Third Crusade: 1187–93 .............................................................. 121

VI The Fifth Crusade: 1213–21 ................................................................ 147

VII Arms to the Aid of the Prussian Mission: 1217–25 ..................... 175

VIII Supporting the Crusading Orders: 1225–35 .................................. 213


7/460


8/460

PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION

This book has been translated from a work which was the fruit of research

carried out in 1994–2000 during my studies, rst as an undergraduate andthen as a doctoral student, in the Institute of History at the Universityof Gdańsk. The Polish version appeared in print in 2002. Six years later,mainly as a result of the interest expressed by Professor Piotr Górecki ofthe University of California and of nancial support from the Foundationfor Polish Science, work began on the present translation.

Over ten years have passed since the end of the research which pro-duced the results presented here, and it therefore needs to be said that toa large extent the text of the The Forgotten Crusaders re ects the state ofresearch, on the range of topics considered, in about the year 2000. Thishas been supplemented here only by a few additions of later works to thebibliography. Many topics which the book touches upon have been con-sidered in later publications, but—as far as the author is aware—none ofthese works has required a serious revision of the conclusions presentedin this book. Things would perhaps have been di ferent if the Polish ver-sion of The Forgotten Crusaders had met with a more lively reception.While it is true there were a couple of reviews, it did not provoke a wider

discussion, nor did it lead to increased interest in the subject. The ques-tion of Polish involvement in the crusading movement remains a topic ofmarginal signi cance for Polish medieval studies.

This is all the more reason then for the subject of the book to appeareven more exotic to the foreign reader, even to one who is familiar with


9/460

viii

of the place of Poland in these phenomena may be cognitively valuable.The further widening of the scope of enquiry, to consider the applicationof the motifs of crusading against Poland’s pagan neighbours, local her-etics or political opponents of the Church provides even more conclusionswhich may interest the international reader. Finally, the wider context ofthe Crusades, looking at the in uence of the crusading ideology on dif-ferent areas of life in medieval Poland—one of the countries of ‘youngEurope’ (to use J. Kłoczowski’s term)—would form an interesting contri-bution to our knowledge of European culture in the twelfth and thirteenthcenturies. Forgotten Crusaders , being an attempt to take a wider look atthe relationships between Poland and the crusading movement, therefore

has the potential to make a contribution to the state of our knowledge ofmedieval history as a whole.Another feature of the book ought to be pointed out to the foreign

reader; this concerns the research methodology adopted, which has had adecisive e fect on the form of the narrative. The work considers a periodin Poland’s history which is very poorly re ected in the written sources.

This means that a signi cant portion of the discussion necessarily hasmore the character of a hypothetical reconstruction of events, createdon the basis of analysing the fragmentarily preserved information. Thereader must therefore be prepared for detailed discussions of the con-tents of single documents, sentences or even phrases, the laborious deter-mination of chronological facts or the identi cation of individuals, andsometimes—when the state of the sources gives too few indications—thediscussion of parallel alternative hypotheses. It cannot be denied that thismethod, similar to the gathering of circumstantial evidence in criminalinvestigations, makes The Forgotten Crusaders a work which in places is

d d i f ili i i h h i i h d l


10/460

with us, of the Gdańsk medieval school, Professor Dr. hab. Jan Powierski,without whose good will this work would never have been undertaken.Special thanks are also due to Dr. hab. Wiesław Długokęcki, who took overthe promotion of the work after the death of Professor Powierski, and towhom its completion owes a great deal.

Mikołaj GładyszGdańsk, June, 2010


11/460


12/460

TIMELINE

DATE EVENT PARTICIPANTS

1141 Prussian expedition ofHenry Zdik

1144–47 Legation of CardinalHumbald

1144–53 Correspondence ofBishop Mateusz and PiotrWłostowic withSt Bernard

1147 Second Crusade a Piast duke ( Henryk ofSandomierz *) at the headof a numerous corps ( Jaksaof Miechow *)

1147 Polabian crusade Mieszko the Old at the headof a large troop of men

1147 Prussian expedition Bolesław the Curly

1153–54 Expedition to Jerusalem Henryk of Sandomierz

1162–63 Expedition to Jerusalem Jaksa of Miechow, PresbyterOtto*, Wojsław Trojanowic*


13/460

xii


1218 Prussian crusade Wawrzyniec bishop ofWrocław

1223 Prussian crusade Henryk the Bearded, Leszek

the White, Konrad ofMazovia—at the head of alarge body of knights

1222–25 Prussian guard-postsystem

Silesian and Małopolskaknighthood. (Castellanof Chełmno Stefan, JanKlementowic, DziersławAbrahamowic, BudzisławKrzesławic)

1229 Prussian crusade Albert Łyka

Before 1232 Levantine crusade, oath ofPakosław

1234 Prussian crusade Konrad of Mazovia(Kazimierz of Kuyavia*)

1235 Prussian crusade Henryk the Bearded, Konrad

of Mazovia, WładysławOdonic, Henryk the Pious,Kazimierz of Kuyavia,(Archbishop Pełka* )— at thehead of numerous knights


14/460

xiii


1244 Prussian crusade—entryof an anonymous memberof the Małopolska elite

into the Teutonic KnightsFirst half ofthirteenthcentury

Prussian crusade Andrzej of Morawica

1253 Legation of Abbot Opizo

of Mezzano—proposal foranti-Mongol crusade

1255–57 Polish-Czech proposal forBaltic crusade

Kazimierz of Kuyavia

1257 Proclamation of crusade

against Bolesław II the Bald1259–60 Second Mongol invasion

Proposal for reliefcrusade by the Czechs,Brandenburgians and theTeutonic Knights

1261 Prussian crusade the Wielkopolska knighthood

Before1286 (1274)

Levantine crusade, oath ofHenryk IV Probus


15/460


16/460

G E N E A L O G I C A L T R E E

F

B o l e s ł a w I I I t h e W r y m o u t h *

( 1 0 8 6 – 1 1 3 8 )

PI A S T S O F W I E L K O P O L S K A

C u r l y *

)

M i e s z k o I I I t h e O l d *

( 1 1 2 2 – 1 2 0 2 )

H e n r y k o f S a n d o m i e r z

( 1 1 3 0 – 1 1 6 6 )

K a z i m i e r z I I t h e J u s t *

( 1 1 3 8 – 1 1 9 4 )

L e s z e k t h e W h i t e *

( c . 1 1

8 6 – 1 2 2 7 )

K o n r a d o f M a z o v i a *

( c . 1 1

8 7 – 1 2 4 7 )

S i e m o w i t o f M a z o v i a

( c . 1 2

1 5 – 1 2 6 2 )

K a z i m i e r z o f K u y a v i a

( c . 1 2

1 1 – 1 2 6 7 )

w O d o n i c ( c . 1 1 9 0 – 1 2 3 9 )

w t h e S p i n d l e s h a n k s ( c . 1 1

6 5 – 1 2 3 1 ) *

l I ( 1 2 2 0 o r 1 2 2 1 – 1 2 5 7 )

t h e P i o u s ( b e f o r e 1 2 2 7 – 1 2 7 9 )

ł I I ( 1 2 5 7 – 1 2 9 6 ) *

P I A S T S O F M A Z O V I A

A N D K U Y A V I A

L e s z e k t h e B l a c k ( c . 1 2

4 1 – 1 2 8 8 ) *

B o l e s ł a w t h e C h a s t e ( 1 2 2 6 – 1 2 7 9 ) *


17/460


18/460

MAPS

Szczecin

Sandomierz

GnieznoPlock

Poznan

Cracow

Gdansk

Wloclawek

Wroclaw

Przemysl

Maissen

Olomouc

Kopanica

Prague

K I N D O M O F H U N G

A R

Y

M a ł o p o l s k a

( L e s s e r P o l a n d )

W i e l k o p o l s k a ( G r e a t P o l a n d ) S

i l

e s

i a

M a s o v i a

Gdansk Pomerania

S z c z

e c i n

P o m e

r a n i

a P r

u s

s i

a

R

U

S

K I N G DO M O F B O H E M I A

boundaries of the stateunder Bo leslaw the Wrymouth in 1138

boundaries of dioceses

district of the Duchess SalomeaDuchies of Pomeraniaprovince bestomed onDuke Henryk in 1146boundaries of Brandenburgunder Albert t he Bea r (1170)

boundaries of WesternPomeran ia c. 1180boundaries of the State underCasimi r the just in 1194

castellanies

Boleslaw the Wrymouth’s Sta tule of 1138

province of the Grand Duke

province of the Władysla w III

province of the Bolesław the Curly

province of the Mieszko the Old

z


19/460

xviii

K I N

G D

O M

O F

B O

H E

M I A

S z c z e c i n P o m e r a n i a

C h e ł m n o

C o u n t y

P r o v i

n c e o f P o z n a n

P r o vi

n c e o f G n i e z n

o - K

a l i

s z

P o v i

n c e o

f O p

o l

e - R a c i b

ó r z

L I

T

H U

A

N I

A M

a r c h o f B r a n d e n b

u r

g

S i

e r a d z C o u n t y

L ę c z y

c a C o u n t y

Provinceof

Legnica

C r a

c o w

C o u

n t y

S a nd o m i e r z C o u n t y

D U

C H Y O

F H A L

I

C

Z –

V L

A D I

M I

R

S T A T

E O F

T H E

T E U T

O N I C

O R D

E R

Poznan

GnieznoPlock Wloclawek

Gdansk

Szczecin

Sandomierz

Cracow

Wroclaw

Głowgów

Legnica

Opole

Racibórz

Łęczyca

Sieradz

Kalisz

Chełmno

Lubusz

Vladimir

Olomouc

Prague

Maissen

Drohiczyn

Kopanica

P r o v

i n c e

o f W r o c

l a w

Gdánsk Pomerania

Province of Głowgów

POLAND IN THE 13TH CENTURY (c 1250)


20/460


21/460


22/460


23/460


24/460


25/460


26/460


27/460


28/460


29/460


30/460


31/460


32/460


33/460


34/460


35/460


36/460


37/460


38/460


39/460


40/460


41/460


42/460


43/460


44/460


45/460


46/460


47/460


48/460


49/460


50/460


51/460


52/460


53/460


54/460


55/460


56/460


57/460


58/460


59/460


60/460


61/460


62/460


63/460


64/460


65/460


66/460


67/460


68/460


69/460


70/460


71/460


72/460


73/460


74/460


75/460


76/460


77/460


78/460


79/460


80/460


81/460


82/460


83/460


84/460


85/460


86/460


87/460


88/460


89/460


90/460


91/460


92/460


93/460


94/460


95/460


96/460


97/460


98/460


99/460


100/460


101/460


102/460


103/460


104/460


105/460


106/460


107/460


108/460


109/460


110/460


111/460


112/460


113/460


114/460


115/460


116/460


117/460


118/460


119/460


120/460


121/460


122/460


123/460


124/460


125/460


126/460


127/460


128/460


129/460


130/460


131/460


132/460


133/460


134/460


135/460


136/460


137/460


138/460


139/460


140/460


141/460


142/460


143/460


144/460


145/460


146/460


147/460


148/460


149/460


150/460


151/460


152/460


153/460


154/460


155/460


156/460


157/460


158/460


159/460


160/460


161/460


162/460


163/460


164/460


165/460


166/460


167/460


168/460


169/460


170/460


171/460


172/460


173/460


174/460


175/460


176/460


177/460


178/460


179/460


180/460


181/460


182/460


183/460


184/460


185/460


186/460


187/460


188/460


189/460


190/460


191/460


192/460


193/460


194/460


195/460


196/460


197/460


198/460


199/460


200/460


201/460


202/460


203/460


204/460


205/460


206/460


207/460


208/460


209/460


210/460


211/460


212/460


213/460


214/460


215/460


216/460


217/460


218/460


219/460


220/460


221/460


222/460


223/460


224/460


225/460


226/460


227/460


228/460


229/460


230/460


231/460


232/460


233/460


234/460


235/460


236/460


237/460


238/460


239/460


240/460


241/460


242/460


243/460


244/460


245/460


246/460


247/460


248/460


249/460


250/460


251/460


252/460


253/460


254/460


255/460


256/460


257/460


258/460


259/460


260/460


261/460


262/460


263/460


264/460


265/460


266/460


267/460


268/460


269/460


270/460


271/460


272/460


273/460


274/460


275/460


276/460


277/460


278/460


279/460


280/460


281/460


282/460


283/460


284/460


285/460


286/460


287/460


288/460


289/460


290/460


291/460


292/460


293/460


294/460


295/460


296/460


297/460


298/460


299/460


300/460


301/460


302/460


303/460


304/460


305/460


306/460


307/460


308/460


309/460


310/460


311/460


312/460


313/460


314/460


315/460


316/460


317/460


318/460


319/460


320/460


321/460


322/460


323/460


324/460


325/460


326/460


327/460


328/460


329/460


330/460


331/460


332/460


333/460


334/460


335/460


336/460


337/460


338/460


339/460


340/460


341/460


342/460


343/460


344/460


345/460


346/460


347/460


348/460


349/460


350/460


351/460


352/460


353/460


354/460


355/460


356/460


357/460


358/460


359/460


360/460


361/460


362/460


363/460


364/460


365/460


366/460


367/460


368/460


369/460


370/460


371/460


372/460


373/460


374/460


375/460


376/460


377/460


378/460


379/460


380/460


381/460


382/460


383/460


384/460


385/460


386/460


387/460


388/460


389/460


390/460


391/460


392/460


393/460


394/460


395/460


396/460


397/460


398/460


399/460


400/460


401/460


402/460


403/460


404/460


405/460


406/460


407/460


408/460


409/460


410/460


411/460


412/460


413/460


414/460


415/460


416/460


417/460


418/460


419/460


420/460


421/460


422/460


423/460


424/460


425/460


426/460


427/460


428/460


429/460


430/460


431/460


432/460


433/460


434/460


435/460


436/460


437/460


438/460


439/460


440/460


441/460


442/460


443/460


444/460


445/460


446/460


447/460


448/460


449/460


450/460


451/460


452/460


453/460


454/460


455/460


456/460


457/460


458/460


459/460


460/460

Documents

The Forgotten Crusaders; Poland and the Crusader Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (2012)