810 CHAPTER 24

One American's Story

James D. Denney couldn’t believe what he washearing. Barely a month after Richard Nixon hadresigned amid the Watergate scandal, PresidentGerald R. Ford had granted Nixon a full pardon.“[S]omeone must write, ‘The End,’” Ford haddeclared in a televised statement. “I have conclud-ed that only I can do that.” Denney wrote a letterto the editors of Time magazine, in which hevoiced his anger at Ford’s decision.

A PERSONAL VOICE JAMES D. DENNEY

“ Justice may certainly be tempered by mercy, but therecan be no such thing as mercy until justice has beenaccomplished by the courts. Since it circumvented jus-tice, Mr. Ford’s act was merely indulgent favoritism, abland and unworthy substitute for mercy.”

—Time, September 23, 1974

James Denney’s feelings were typical of the anger and thedisillusionment with the presidency that many Americans felt inthe aftermath of the Watergate scandal. During the 1970s,Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter sought to restoreAmerica’s faith in its leaders. At the same time, both men had tofocus much of their attention on battling the nation’s worseningeconomic situation.

Ford Travels a Rough RoadUpon taking office, Gerald R. Ford urged Americans to put the Watergate scan-dal behind them. “Our long national nightmare is over,” he declared. Thenation’s nightmarish economy persisted, however, and Ford’s policies offeredlittle relief.

Two womenprotest PresidentFord’s pardon ofRichard Nixon.

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The Ford and Carter Years

Terms & NamesTerms & NamesMAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

•Gerald R. Ford•Jimmy Carter•National Energy Act•human rights

•Camp DavidAccords

•Ayatollah RuhollahKhomeini

The Ford and Carteradministrations attempted toremedy the nation’s worsteconomic crisis in decades.

Maintaining a stable nationaleconomy has remained a toppriority for every president sinceFord and Carter.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

11.4.3 Discuss America’s role in thePanama Revolution and the buildingof the Panama Canal.

11.9.6 Describe U.S. Middle East policyand its strategic, political, and eco-nomic interests, including those relatedto the Gulf War.

11.10.3 Describe the collaboration on legal strategy between AfricanAmerican and white civil rightslawyers to end racial segregation inhigher education.

11.11.2 Discuss the significant domesticpolicy speeches of Truman, Eisenhower,Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter,Reagan, Bush, and Clinton (e.g., withregard to education, civil rights, eco-nomic policy, environmental policy).

11.11.4 Explain the constitutional crisis originating from the Watergatescandal.

CST 2 Students analyze how changehappens at different rates at differenttimes; understand that some aspectscan change while others remain thesame; and understand that change iscomplicated and affects not only tech-nology and politics but also values and beliefs.

REP 4 Students construct and testhypotheses; collect, evaluate, and em-ploy information from multiple primaryand secondary sources; and apply it inoral and written presentations.

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A

“A FORD, NOT A LINCOLN” Gerald Ford seemed tomany to be a likable and honest man. Upon becomingvice president after Spiro Agnew’s resignation, Ford can-didly admitted his limitations. “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln,”he remarked. On September 8, 1974, President Ford par-doned Richard Nixon in an attempt to move the countrybeyond Watergate. The move cost Ford a good deal of pub-lic support.

FORD TRIES TO “WHIP” INFLATION By the time Fordtook office, America’s economy had gone from bad toworse. Both inflation and unemployment continued torise. After the massive OPEC oil-price increases in 1973,gasoline and heating oil costs had soared, pushing infla-tion from 6 percent to over 10 percent by the end of 1974.Ford responded with a program of massive citizen action,called “Whip Inflation Now” or WIN. The president calledon Americans to cut back on their use of oil and gas andto take other energy-saving measures.

In the absence of incentives, though, the plan fellflat. Ford then tried to curb inflation through a “tightmoney” policy. He cut government spending and encour-aged the Federal Reserve Board to restrict credit throughhigher interest rates. These actions triggered the worsteconomic recession in 40 years. As Ford implemented hiseconomic programs, he continually battled a DemocraticCongress intent on pushing its own economic agenda.During his two years as president, Ford vetoed more than50 pieces of legislation.

Ford’s Foreign Policy

Ford fared slightly better in the international arena. Herelied heavily on Henry Kissinger, who continued to holdthe key position of secretary of state.

CARRYING OUT NIXON'S FOREIGN POLICIES FollowingKissinger’s advice, Ford pushed ahead with Nixon’s policyof negotiation with China and the Soviet Union. InNovember 1974, he met with Soviet premier LeonidBrezhnev. Less than a year later, he traveled to Helsinki,Finland, where 35 nations, including the Soviet Union,signed the Helsinki Accords—a series of agreements thatpromised greater cooperation between the nations ofEastern and Western Europe. The Helsinki Accords wouldbe Ford’s greatest presidential accomplishment.

ONGOING TURMOIL IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Like presidents before him, Fordencountered trouble in Southeast Asia. The 1973 cease-fire in Vietnam had brokendown. Heavy fighting resumed and Ford asked Congress for over $722 million tohelp South Vietnam. Congress refused. Without American financial help, SouthVietnam surrendered to the North in 1975. In the same year, the Communist gov-ernment of Cambodia seized the U.S. merchant ship Mayagüez in the Gulf of Siam.President Ford responded with a massive show of military force to rescue 39 crewmembers aboard the ship. The operation cost the lives of 41 U.S. troops. Criticsargued that the mission had cost more lives than it had saved.

An Age of Limits 811

DIFFICULTDIFFICULT

DECISIONSDECISIONS

PARDONINGPRESIDENT NIXON

President Ford’s pardon ofRichard Nixon outraged manyAmericans. But President Fordargued that the pardon ofRichard Nixon was in the coun-try’s best interest. In the event of a Watergate trial, Ford argued,“ugly passions would again bearoused. . . . And the credibilityof our free institutions . . . wouldagain be challenged at home andabroad.” Ford called the pardondecision “the most difficult of mylife, by far.”

In 2001, after more than 25years, Ford received the John F.Kennedy Profiles in CourageAward for his courageous decision in the face of publicopposition.

1. How might the country havebeen affected if a formerUnited States president hadgone on trial for possiblecriminal wrongdoing?

2. If you had been in PresidentFord’s position, would youhave pardoned RichardNixon? Why or why not?

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

A

MakingInferences

Why wasFord’s call forvoluntary actionsto help theeconomyunsuccessful?

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Carter Enters the White HouseGerald Ford won the Republican nomination for presidentin 1976 after fending off a powerful conservative challengefrom former California governor Ronald Reagan. Becausethe Republicans seemed divided over Ford’s leadership, theDemocrats confidently eyed the White House. “We couldrun an aardvark this year and win,” predicted oneDemocratic leader. The Democratic nominee was indeed asurprise: a nationally unknown peanut farmer and formergovernor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter.

MR. CARTER GOES TO WASHINGTON During the post-Watergate era, cynicism toward the Washington establish-ment ran high. The soft-spoken, personable man fromPlains, Georgia, promised to restore integrity to the nation’shighest office, “I will never tell a lie to the American people.”

Throughout the presidential campaign, Carter and Fordsquared off over the key issues of inflation, energy, andunemployment. On Election Day, Jimmy Carter won by anarrow margin, claiming 40.8 million popular votes toFord’s 39.1 million.

From the very beginning, the new first family broughta down-to-earth style to Washington. After settling intooffice, Carter stayed in touch with the people by holdingRoosevelt-like “fireside chats” on radio and television.

Carter failed to reach out to Congress in a similar way,refusing to play the “insider” game of deal making. Relyingmainly on a team of advisers from Georgia, Carter evenalienated congressional Democrats. Both parties on CapitolHill often joined to sink the president’s budget proposals, aswell as his major policy reforms of tax and welfare programs.

Carter’s Domestic AgendaLike Gerald Ford, President Carter focused much of hisattention on battling the country’s energy and economiccrises but was unable to bring the United States out of itseconomic slump.

CONFRONTING THE ENERGY CRISIS Carter consideredthe energy crisis the most important issue facing thenation. A large part of the problem, the president believed,was America’s reliance on imported oil. On April 18, 1977,during a fireside chat, Carter urged his fellow Americans tocut their consumption of oil and gas.

A PERSONAL VOICE JIMMY CARTER

“ The energy crisis . . . is a problem . . . likely to get pro-gressively worse through the rest of this century. . . . Ourdecision about energy will test the character of theAmerican people. . . . This difficult effort will be the ‘moralequivalent of war,’ except that we will be uniting ourefforts to build and not to destroy.”

—quoted in Keeping Faith

B

KEY PLAYERKEY PLAYER

JIMMY CARTER1924–

James Earl Carter, Jr., was borninto relative prosperity. His father,Earl Carter, was a disciplinarianwho tried to instill a sense ofhard work and responsibility inhis son.

To earn money for himself,Carter undertook a variety of jobsselling peanuts, running a ham-burger and hot dog stand, collect-ing newspapers and selling themto fish markets, and sellingscrap iron.

Before entering politics, Carterjoined the navy, where heexcelled in electronics and navaltactics. In 1952, he joined aselect group of officers whohelped develop the world’s firstnuclear submarines. The group’scommander was Captain HymanG. Rickover. Carter later wrotethat Rickover “had a profoundeffect on my life—perhaps morethan anyone except my own par-ents. . . . He expected the maxi-mum from us, but he always con-tributed more.”

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

B

AnalyzingCauses

What factorsplayed a signifi-cant role inCarter’s election?

This 1976campaigntoy exaggeratesJimmy Carter’swell-known smileand parodies hisoccupation as apeanut farmer.

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812 CHAPTER 24

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C

An Age of Limits 813

Vocabularylobby: a special-interest group thattries to influencethe legislature

In addition, Carter presented Congress with more than100 proposals on energy conservation and development.Representatives from oil- and gas-producing states fiercelyresisted some of the proposals. Automobile manufacturersalso lobbied against gas-rationing provisions. “It was impos-sible for me to imagine the bloody legislative battles wewould have to win,” Carter later wrote.

Out of the battle came the National Energy Act. Theact placed a tax on gas-guzzling cars, removed price con-trols on oil and natural gas produced in the United States,and extended tax credits for the development of alternativeenergy. With the help of the act, as well as voluntary con-servation measures, U.S. dependence on foreign oil hadeased slightly by 1979.

THE ECONOMIC CRISIS WORSENS Unfortunately, theseenergy-saving measures could do little to combat a suddennew economic crisis. In the summer of 1979, renewed vio-lence in the Middle East produced a second major fuelshortage in the United States. To make matters worse, OPECannounced another major price hike. In 1979 inflationsoared from 7.6 percent to 11.3 percent.

Faced with increasing pressure to act, Carter attemptedan array of measures, none of which worked. Carter’s scatter-shot approach convinced many people that he had no eco-nomic policy at all. Carter fueled this feeling of uncertaintyby delivering his now-famous “malaise” speech, in which hecomplained of a “crisis of spirit” that had struck “at the veryheart and soul of our national will.” Carter’s address mademany Americans feel that their president had given up.

By 1980, inflation had climbed to nearly 14 percent,the highest rate since 1947. The standard of living in theUnited States slipped from first place to fifth place in theworld. Carter’s popularity slipped along with it. This eco-nomic downswing—and Carter’s inability to solve it duringan election year—was one key factor in sending RonaldReagan to the White House.

ECONOMICECONOMIC

THE EARLY 1980sTEXAS OIL BOOM

The economic crisis that grippedthe country in the late 1970swas largely caused by theincreased cost of oil. The OPECcartel raised the price of oil byagreeing to restrict oil production.The resulting decrease in thesupply of oil in the marketcaused the price to go up.

Most Americans were hurt bythe high energy prices. However,in areas that produced oil, suchas Texas, the rise in prices led toa booming economy in the early1980s. Real-estate values—forland on which to drill for oil, aswell as for office space in citieslike Houston and Dallas—increased greatly. (See supplyand demand on page R46 in theEconomics Handbook.)

Unemployment and Inflation, 1970–1980

15

12

9

6

3

0

Perc

ent

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1980, 1995 Unemployment Rate Inflation Rate

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Graphs1. What trends did the economy experience during the Carter years? 2. Which year of the Carter administration saw the greatest stagflation (inflation plus unemployment)?

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

CSummarizing

How did theNational EnergyAct help easeAmerica’s energycrisis?

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D

Nonfarm Employment by Sector, 1950–2000

Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Historical Statistics of the United States

1950 1980 2000

Goods41%

Services59%

Services72%

Services80%

Goods28%

Goods20%

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Graphs1. How much greater was the percentage of employment in service industries in 1980 than

in 1950?2. What additional change is shown by the year 2000? Do you think the trend will continue?

A CHANGING ECONOMY Many of the economic problems Jimmy Carter strug-gled with resulted from long-term trends in the economy. Since the 1950s, therise of automation and foreign competition had reduced the number of manu-facturing jobs. At the same time, the service sector of the economy expandedrapidly. This sector includes industries such as communications, transportation,and retail trade.

The rise of the service sector and the decline of manufacturing jobs meant bigchanges for some American workers. Workers left out of manufacturing jobs facedan increasingly complex job market. Many of the higher-paying service jobsrequired more education or specialized skills than did manufacturing jobs. Thelower-skilled service jobs usually did not pay well.

Growing overseas competition during the 1970s caused further change inAmerica’s economy. The booming economies of West Germany and countries onthe Pacific Rim (such as Japan, Taiwan, and Korea) cut into many U.S. markets.Many of the nation’s primary industries—iron and steel, rubber, clothing, auto-mobiles—had to cut back production, lay off workers, and even close plants.Especially hard-hit were the automotive industries of the Northeast. There, high

energy costs, foreign competition, and computerized productionled companies to eliminate tens of thousands of jobs.

CARTER AND CIVIL RIGHTS Although Carter felt frustrated bythe country’s economic woes, he took special pride in his civilrights record. His administration included more African Americansand women than any before it. In 1977, the president appointedcivil rights leader Andrew Young as U.S. ambassador to the UnitedNations. Young was the first African American to hold that post. Tothe judicial branch alone, Carter appointed 28 African Americans,29 women (including 6 African Americans), and 14 Latinos.

However, President Carter fell short of what many civil rightsgroups had expected in terms of legislation. Critics claimed thatCarter—preoccupied with battles over energy and the economy—

failed to give civil rights his full attention. Meanwhile, the courts began to turnagainst affirmative action. In 1978, in the case of Regents of the University ofCalifornia v. Bakke, the Supreme Court decided that the affirmative action policiesof the university’s medical school were unconstitutional. The decision made itmore difficult for organizations to establish effective affirmative action programs.(See Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, page 818.)

814 CHAPTER 24

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Andrew Youngstands outside the UnitedNations in NewYork City, in 1997.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

D

AnalyzingCauses

What factorsplayed a role inAmerica’seconomicstagnation?

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F

E

An Age of Limits 815

A Human Rights Foreign PolicyJimmy Carter rejected the philosophy of realpolitik—the pragmatic policy ofnegotiating with powerful nations despite their behavior—and strived for a for-eign policy committed to human rights.

ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS Jimmy Carter, like Woodrow Wilson, sought touse moral principles as a guide for U.S. foreign policy. He believed that the UnitedStates needed to commit itself to promoting human rights—such as the free-doms and liberties listed in the Declaration of Independence and the Bill ofRights—throughout the world.

Putting his principles into practice, President Carter cut off military aid toArgentina and Brazil, countries that had good relations with the United States buthad imprisoned or tortured thousands of their own citizens. Carter followed upthis action by establishing a Bureau of Human Rights in the State Department.

Carter’s philosophy was not without its critics. Supporters of the containmentpolicy felt that the president’s policy undercut allies such asNicaragua, a dictatorial but anti-Communist country. Othersargued that by supporting dictators in South Korea and thePhilippines, Carter was acting inconsistently. In 1977, Carter’s poli-cies drew further criticism when his administration announcedthat it planned to give up ownership of the Panama Canal.

YIELDING THE PANAMA CANAL Since 1914, when theUnited States obtained full ownership over the Panama Canal,Panamanians had resented having their nation split in half bya foreign power. In 1977, the two nations agreed to twotreaties, one of which turned over control of the Panama Canalto Panama on December 31, 1999.

In 1978, the U.S. Senate, which had to ratify each treaty,approved the agreements by a vote of 68 to 32—one more votethan the required two-thirds. Public opinion was also divided.In the end, the treaties did improve relationships between theUnited States and Latin America.

THE COLLAPSE OF DÉTENTE When Jimmy Carter took office,détente—the relaxation of tensions between the world’s super-powers—had reached a high point. Beginning with PresidentNixon and continuing with President Ford, U.S. officials hadworked to ease relations with the Communist superpowers ofChina and the Soviet Union.

However, Carter’s firm insistence on human rights led to abreakdown in relations with the Soviet Union. President Carter’sdismay over the Soviet Union’s treatment of dissidents, oropponents of the government’s policies, delayed a secondround of SALT negotiations. President Carter and Soviet pre-mier Leonid Brezhnev finally met in June of 1979 in Vienna,Austria, where they signed an agreement known as SALT II.Although the agreement did not reduce armaments, it did pro-vide for limits on the number of strategic weapons andnuclear-missile launchers that each side could produce.

The SALT II agreement, however, met sharp opposition inthe Senate. Critics argued that it would put the United Statesat a military disadvantage. Then, in December 1979, the Sovietsinvaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. Angered overthe invasion, President Carter refused to fight for the SALT IIagreement, and the treaty died.

WORLD STAGEWORLD STAGE

SOVIET–AFGHANISTAN WARAfghanistan, an Islamic countryalong the southern border of theSoviet Union, had been run by apro-Soviet government for a num-ber of years. However, a strongMuslim rebel group was intent onoverthrowing the Afghan govern-ment. Fearing a rebel victory inAfghanistan, the Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan in late1979.

While the Soviets had superiorweaponry, the rebels fought theSoviets to a stalemate by usingguerrilla tactics and knowledge ofthe country’s mountainous terrain.

After suffering thousands ofcasualties, the last Soviet troopspulled out of Afghanistan inFebruary 1989. Fighting betweenrival factions continued for years.The Taliban, a radical Muslim fac-tion, eventually gained control ofthe country and imposed harshrule based on its version ofIslamic fundamentalism.

U.S.S.R. CHINA

IRANAFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIA

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

E

IdentifyingProblems

Whatcriticisms weremade of Carter’sforeign-policyphilosophy?

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

F

AnalyzingCauses

What led tothe collapse ofdétente with theSoviet Union?

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Triumph and Crisis in the Middle EastThrough long gasoline lines and high energy costs, Americans became all tooaware of the troubles in the Middle East. In that area of ethnic, religious, and eco-nomic conflict, Jimmy Carter achieved one of his greatest diplomatic triumphs—and suffered his most tragic defeat.

THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS Through negotiation and arm-twisting, Carterhelped forge peace between long-time enemies Israel and Egypt. In 1977, Egyptian

president Anwar el-Sadat and Israeliprime minister Menachem Begin metin Jerusalem to discuss an overallpeace between the two nations. In thesummer of 1978, Carter seized on thepeace initiative. When the peace talksstalled, he invited Sadat and Begin toCamp David, the presidential retreatin Maryland.

After 12 days of intense negotia-tions, the three leaders reached anagreement that became known as theCamp David Accords. Under thisfirst signed peace agreement with anArab country, Israel agreed to withdrawfrom the Sinai Peninsula, which it hadseized from Egypt during the Six-DayWar in 1967. Egypt, in turn, formallyrecognized Israel’s right to exist. Still,many issues were left unresolved.

TunisAlgiers

TripoliBeirut Baghdad

Tehran

Esfahan

AmmanCairo

Khartoum

Alexandria

Damascus

Kuwait

RiyadhMedina

Istanbul

Mecca

Aden

Sana

Muscat

Ankara

AbuDhabi

TUNISIA CYPRUS

KUWAITIRAQ

OMAN

SYRIALEBANON

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

BAHRAIN

QATAR

YEMEN

P.D.R.YEMEN

JORDAN

ISRAEL

SOMALIA

DJIBOUTI

LIBYA

ALGERIA

EGYPT

TURKEY

IRAN

AFGHANISTAN

SAUDIARABIA

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

NeutralZone

Black Sea

ArabianSea

AegeanSea

Red

Sea

Persian Gulf

Caspian

Sea

Gulf o f Aden

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Strait ofHormuz

Gulf ofOman

Nil

eRi

ve

r

Euphrates R.

R.

Tigris

60°E

45°E

15°N

30°N

N

S

EW

President Carter,President Anwarel-Sadat, andPrime MinisterMenachem Beginreach a peaceagreement in1978.

Jerusalem

Tel Aviv

Haifa

WESTBANK

GOLAN HEIGHTS

GAZA STRIP

SINAIPENINSULA

Cairo

LEBANON

EGYPT

SAUDIARABIA

JORDAN

DeadSea

RedSea

SuezCanal

Sea ofGalileeMediterranean

SeaR

.Jo

rdan

Gul

f of A

qaba

Gulf of Suez

Israel

Israeli-occupied land

Israeli conquests returnedto Egypt, 1979–1982

OPEC Member

Middle East, 1978–1982

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GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER1. Location What OPEC countries are shown on the map?2. Human-Environment Interaction How does Israel’s

location contribute to its conflicts?

G

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

GSummarizing

What was thesignificance of theCamp DavidAccords?

Page 7 of 8

U.S. hostageswere blindfoldedand paradedthrough thestreets of Tehran.

Joking at the hard work ahead, Carter wrote playfully in his diary, “I resolvedto do everything possible to get out of the negotiating business!” Little did thepresident know that his next Middle East negotiation would be his most painful.

THE IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS By 1979, the shah of Iran, an ally of the UnitedStates, was in deep trouble. Many Iranians resented his regime’s widespread corruption and dictatorial tactics.

In January 1979, revolution broke out. The Muslim religious leaderAyatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (FQyE-tIPlE rL-hIPlE kI-mAPnC) led the rebels inoverthrowing the shah and establishing a religious state based on strict obedienceto the Qur’an, the sacred book of Islam. Carter had supported the shah until thevery end. In October 1979, the president allowed the shah to enter the UnitedStates for cancer treatment, though he had already fled Iran in January 1979.

The act infuriated the revolution-aries of Iran. On November 4, 1979,armed students seized the U.S.embassy in Tehran and took 52Americans hostage. The militantsdemanded that the United States sendthe shah back to Iran in return for therelease of the hostages.

Carter refused, and a painful year-long standoff followed, in which theUnited States continued quiet butintense efforts to free the hostages.The captives were finally released onJanuary 20, 1981, shortly after thenew president, Ronald Reagan, wassworn in as president. Despite thehostages’ release after 444 days incaptivity, the crisis in Iran seemed to underscore the limits that Americans facedduring the 1970s. Americans also realized that there were limits to the nation’senvironmental resources. This realization prompted both citizens and thegovernment to actively address environmental concerns.

An Age of Limits 817

•Gerald R. Ford•Jimmy Carter

•National Energy Act•human rights

•Camp David Accords•Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.

MAIN IDEA2. TAKING NOTES (11.11.2)

Create a time line of the majorevents of the Ford and Carteradministrations, using a form suchas the one below.

Which two events do you think werethe most important? Why?

CRITICAL THINKING3. EVALUATING DECISIONS (REP 4)

Do you think that Ford made a gooddecision in pardoning Nixon? Explainwhy or why not.

4. COMPARING (11.11.2)How were the actions taken byPresidents Ford and Carter toaddress the country’s economicdownturn similar? How did theydiffer?

5. ANALYZING ISSUES (REP 4)Do you agree with President Carterthat human rights concerns shouldsteer U.S. foreign policy? Why orwhy not? Think About:

• the responsibility of promotinghuman rights

• the loss of good relations withcertain countries

• the collapse of détente with theSoviet Union

event two

event three

event four

event one

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