The First ProfessionalThe First ProfessionalDegree ClassificationDegree Classification

Jeff WeberJeff Weber

2003-2004 AIR/NCES 2003-2004 AIR/NCES

Senior FellowSenior Fellow

Purpose of the ProjectPurpose of the Project

Develop recommendations for improving Develop recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the the efficiency and effectiveness of the collection and use of IPEDS data on first-collection and use of IPEDS data on first-professional degreesprofessional degrees

The current categories of data collection were The current categories of data collection were developed in the late 1950's, and considerable developed in the late 1950's, and considerable change has occurred in the structure of U.S. change has occurred in the structure of U.S. occupations. The Fellowship project should occupations. The Fellowship project should address the ways in which the current IPEDS address the ways in which the current IPEDS categories may be modified, expanded, categories may be modified, expanded, contracted, or eliminated.contracted, or eliminated.

Practical ObjectivePractical Objective

Ease the volume of the 3 types of Ease the volume of the 3 types of mail received by the department mail received by the department regarding First Professional Degrees:regarding First Professional Degrees:– ““We want in!”We want in!”– Upset by what appears to be an eclectic Upset by what appears to be an eclectic

collection of programscollection of programs– Question the rationale for the categoryQuestion the rationale for the category

First Professional Degree First Professional Degree DefinitionDefinition

[From the 2000 Classification of Instructional Programs][From the 2000 Classification of Instructional Programs]

An award that requires postsecondary study An award that requires postsecondary study of the basic body of knowledge and skills of the basic body of knowledge and skills required to function as an entry-level required to function as an entry-level professional in certain fields specified for professional in certain fields specified for reporting purposes by the U.S. Department reporting purposes by the U.S. Department of Education. These awards require the of Education. These awards require the completion of a program that meets all of completion of a program that meets all of the following criteria:the following criteria:

First Professional Degree First Professional Degree DefinitionDefinition

1.1. completion of the program provides the completion of the program provides the academic prerequisites necessary for academic prerequisites necessary for licensure in a recognized profession; licensure in a recognized profession;

2.2. requires at least 2 years of college-level study requires at least 2 years of college-level study prior to entering the program; and prior to entering the program; and

3.3. the degree is awarded after a period of study the degree is awarded after a period of study such that the total registered time to the such that the total registered time to the degree, including both pre-professional and degree, including both pre-professional and professional study, equals at least 6 full-time professional study, equals at least 6 full-time equivalent academic years.equivalent academic years.

CIP code validationCIP code validation

All CIP codes are verified against the All CIP codes are verified against the 1990 or 2000 version of the 1990 or 2000 version of the Classification of Instructional Programs Classification of Instructional Programs manual, depending on which the user manual, depending on which the user has selected.has selected.

CIP codes used to report first-CIP codes used to report first-professional degrees and certificates professional degrees and certificates (award levels 10) will be checked against (award levels 10) will be checked against the following list of approved first-the following list of approved first-professional degree programs:professional degree programs:

Current ProgramsCurrent Programs 22.0101 = Law (L.L.B. or J.D.)22.0101 = Law (L.L.B. or J.D.) 51.0101 = Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.)51.0101 = Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) 51.0401 = Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.)51.0401 = Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) 51.1201 = Medicine, General (M.D.)51.1201 = Medicine, General (M.D.) 51.1701 = Optometry (O.D.)51.1701 = Optometry (O.D.) 51.1901 = Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)51.1901 = Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) 51.2001 = Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)51.2001 = Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) 51.2101 = Podiatry (D.P.M., Pod. D., D.P.)51.2101 = Podiatry (D.P.M., Pod. D., D.P.) 51.2401 = Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.)51.2401 = Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) 39.0602 = Divinity/Ministry (B.D., M. Div., or 39.0602 = Divinity/Ministry (B.D., M. Div., or

Ordination)Ordination) 39.0603 = Rabbinical and Talmudic Studies 39.0603 = Rabbinical and Talmudic Studies

(M.H.L./Rav)(M.H.L./Rav) 39.0605 = Ordination, Other39.0605 = Ordination, Other

CIP code validationCIP code validation

Except for 51.2001 (Pharmacy) which Except for 51.2001 (Pharmacy) which can also be used to report bachelor's can also be used to report bachelor's degrees, these CIP codes may ONLY be degrees, these CIP codes may ONLY be used for first-professional degrees or used for first-professional degrees or certificates.certificates.

Invalid CIP codes will not be imported Invalid CIP codes will not be imported into the data collection database. A into the data collection database. A listing of invalid CIP codes and listing of invalid CIP codes and corresponding line numbers in the import corresponding line numbers in the import file will be provided.file will be provided.

Current usage . . .Current usage . . .

IPEDS:IPEDS: Completions SurveysCompletions Surveys Institutional CharacteristicsInstitutional Characteristics Fall EnrollmentFall Enrollment Longitudinal Surveys (e.g. Longitudinal Surveys (e.g.

Baccalaureate and Beyond)Baccalaureate and Beyond)

……And of the workforce:And of the workforce:

California’s Institutional California’s Institutional DelineationsDelineations

The California State University shall offer The California State University shall offer undergraduate and graduate instruction undergraduate and graduate instruction through the master's degree in the liberal through the master's degree in the liberal arts and sciences and professional arts and sciences and professional education, including teacher education. education, including teacher education.

The University of California shall have The University of California shall have exclusive jurisdiction in public higher exclusive jurisdiction in public higher education over instruction in the education over instruction in the profession of law and over graduate profession of law and over graduate instruction in the professions of medicine, instruction in the professions of medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. dentistry, and veterinary medicine.

DefiningDefining“First Professional”“First Professional”

““First Professional” vs. First Professional” vs. professionsprofessions

Similar confusions as with the Similar confusions as with the definition used for “occupational definition used for “occupational specificity.”specificity.”

Minimum credential to practiceMinimum credential to practice Evolution and legitimization of fieldsEvolution and legitimization of fields

What is a profession?What is a profession?

pro·fes·sion pro·fes·sion nounnoun

1.1. An occupation requiring considerable An occupation requiring considerable training and specialized study: the training and specialized study: the professions of law, medicine, and professions of law, medicine, and engineering.engineering.

2.2. The body of qualified persons in an The body of qualified persons in an occupation or field: members of the occupation or field: members of the teaching profession.teaching profession.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third EditionThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition

What is a professionWhat is a professionalal??pro·fes·sion·al pro·fes·sion·al nounnoun1.1. A person following a profession, A person following a profession,

especially a learned profession.especially a learned profession.2.2. One who earns a living in a given or One who earns a living in a given or

implied occupation: implied occupation: hired a hired a professional to decorate the house.professional to decorate the house.

3.3. A skilled practitioner; an expert A skilled practitioner; an expert

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third EditionThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition

DETC DefinitionDETC Definition … … There are many more professional fields of There are many more professional fields of

study in the United States, but study in the United States, but those listed here those listed here are unique in that they are not offered at are unique in that they are not offered at the undergraduate levelthe undergraduate level..

““It is also important to recognize that It is also important to recognize that First First Professional degrees in these fields are first Professional degrees in these fields are first degrees, not graduate research degreesdegrees, not graduate research degrees. . Several of the degree titles in this group of Several of the degree titles in this group of subjects incorporate the term “Doctor,” but they subjects incorporate the term “Doctor,” but they are not research doctorates and not equivalent to are not research doctorates and not equivalent to the Ph.D. the Ph.D.

F.P. Defining RationaleF.P. Defining Rationale

Rationale for First Professional Rationale for First Professional Degree Classification (i.e. “what Degree Classification (i.e. “what makes these programs different?)makes these programs different?)– Differential TuitionDifferential Tuition– Nature of Curriculum (practitioners)Nature of Curriculum (practitioners)– Length of Curriculum (6 years – current Length of Curriculum (6 years – current

definition)definition)– Licensure (“peer control”)Licensure (“peer control”)

The First ProfessionalThe First ProfessionalDegree ClassificationDegree Classification

Recommendation and Recommendation and RedefinitionRedefinition

Evolving and Emerging Evolving and Emerging FieldsFields

Physical TherapyPhysical Therapy AudiologyAudiology ArchitectureArchitecture EngineeringEngineering

Others?Others?

Doctor of Physical TherapyDoctor of Physical Therapy

Vision 2020 contains a clear reference Vision 2020 contains a clear reference to "doctors of physical therapy" and to "doctors of physical therapy" and thus reflects support for doctorally-thus reflects support for doctorally-prepared practitioners and the prepared practitioners and the clinical doctorate as the first clinical doctorate as the first professional degree. professional degree.

Source: American Physical Therapy AssociationSource: American Physical Therapy Association

Doctor of AudiologyDoctor of Audiology

“…“…audiology is now being viewed as a audiology is now being viewed as a First Professional Degree profession First Professional Degree profession that does not have an undergraduate that does not have an undergraduate major…”major…”

Source: Colorado Commission on Higher EducationSource: Colorado Commission on Higher Education

American Society of Civil American Society of Civil EngineersEngineers

Policy Statement 465 and Charge to Policy Statement 465 and Charge to and Approach of the Task Committeeand Approach of the Task Committee

““The ASCE supports the concept of the The ASCE supports the concept of the master’s degree as the First Professional master’s degree as the First Professional Degree (FPD) for the practice of civil Degree (FPD) for the practice of civil engineering (CE) at the professional level.”engineering (CE) at the professional level.”

OptionsOptions

3 options for re-definition3 options for re-definition– Leave aloneLeave alone

(does not respond to the needs of the (does not respond to the needs of the department)department)

– EliminateEliminate(creates difficulties with historical (creates difficulties with historical comparisons)comparisons)

– Expand/Re-defineExpand/Re-define(requires a cohesive, organized listing (requires a cohesive, organized listing and a supportive definition)and a supportive definition)

Existing F.P. DegreesExisting F.P. Degrees 22.0101 = Law (L.L.B. or J.D.)22.0101 = Law (L.L.B. or J.D.) 51.0101 = Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.)51.0101 = Chiropractic (D.C. or D.C.M.) 51.0401 = Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.)51.0401 = Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) 51.1201 = Medicine, General (M.D.)51.1201 = Medicine, General (M.D.) 51.1701 = Optometry (O.D.)51.1701 = Optometry (O.D.) 51.1901 = Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)51.1901 = Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) 51.2001 = Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)51.2001 = Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) 51.2101 = Podiatry (D.P.M., Pod. D., D.P.)51.2101 = Podiatry (D.P.M., Pod. D., D.P.) 51.2401 = Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.)51.2401 = Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) 39.0602 = Divinity/Ministry (B.D., M. Div., or 39.0602 = Divinity/Ministry (B.D., M. Div., or

Ordination)Ordination) 39.0603 = Rabbinical and Talmudic Studies 39.0603 = Rabbinical and Talmudic Studies

(M.H.L./Rav)(M.H.L./Rav) 39.0605 = Ordination, Other39.0605 = Ordination, Other

Broad Categories of F.P. Broad Categories of F.P. DegreesDegrees

Medical and Health ProfessionsMedical and Health Professions Materials and engineeringMaterials and engineering Social/Mental assistanceSocial/Mental assistance

Additional F.P. Degrees Additional F.P. Degrees (Health)(Health)

51.0202 Audiology/Audiologist and Hearing Sciences51.0202 Audiology/Audiologist and Hearing Sciences 51.2308 Physical Therapy/Therapist51.2308 Physical Therapy/Therapist 51.2306 Occupational Therapy/Therapist51.2306 Occupational Therapy/Therapist 51.3303 Naturopathic Medicine/Naturopathy (ND)51.3303 Naturopathic Medicine/Naturopathy (ND) 51.3301 Acupuncture51.3301 Acupuncture 51.3302 Traditional Chinese/Asian Medicine and Chinese 51.3302 Traditional Chinese/Asian Medicine and Chinese

HerbologyHerbology 44.0701 Social Work44.0701 Social Work

Additional F.P. Degrees Additional F.P. Degrees (Finance)(Finance)

52.0802 Actuarial Science52.0802 Actuarial Science 52.0804 Financial Planning and Services52.0804 Financial Planning and Services

MBAMBA TaxTax BrokerageBrokerage

Note: most business programs would require a re-Note: most business programs would require a re-definition to isolate them from undergraduate study.definition to isolate them from undergraduate study.

Additional F.P. Degrees Additional F.P. Degrees (Materials)(Materials)

04.0201 Architecture (MArch)04.0201 Architecture (MArch) 14. ENGINEERING.14. ENGINEERING.

– Specified fields, such as Civil (14.0801) Nuclear Specified fields, such as Civil (14.0801) Nuclear (14.2301), and Chemical (14.0701) engineering can (14.2301), and Chemical (14.0701) engineering can be identified, but must be investigated for be identified, but must be investigated for definitional fit.definitional fit.

Recommended DefinitionRecommended Definition

An award that requires postsecondary An award that requires postsecondary study of the basic body of knowledge study of the basic body of knowledge and skills required to function as an and skills required to function as an entry-level professional in certain entry-level professional in certain fields specified for reporting fields specified for reporting purposes by the U.S. Department of purposes by the U.S. Department of Education. These awards require the Education. These awards require the completion of a program that meets completion of a program that meets all of the following criteria:all of the following criteria:

Recommended Definition Recommended Definition (cont.)(cont.)

1.1. completion of the program provides completion of the program provides the academic prerequisites the academic prerequisites necessary for licensure to practice necessary for licensure to practice in a recognized profession; in a recognized profession;

2.2. the degree is awarded after a the degree is awarded after a period of study that includes at period of study that includes at least 3 Academic Years of full-time least 3 Academic Years of full-time post-baccalaureate level post-baccalaureate level coursework.coursework.

Comments & FeedbackComments & Feedback

Jeff WeberJeff Weber

AIR/NCES Senior FellowAIR/NCES Senior Fellow

c/o Indiana Commission on Proprietary c/o Indiana Commission on Proprietary EducationEducation

302 West Washington Street, Room E201302 West Washington Street, Room E201

Indianapolis, IN 46204Indianapolis, IN 46204

Phone: (317) 232-1329Phone: (317) 232-1329

Fax: (317) 233-4219Fax: (317) 233-4219

E-mail: jweber@cpe.in.govE-mail: jweber@cpe.in.gov