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The First Global Age
Classroom Presentation
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Interactive Menu
Diagrams
Picture Prompt
Historical Connections
Tools of Exploration
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Tools of Exploration
• Introduction
• Navigation
• Shipbuilding
• Cartography
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Introduction• Before the 15th century, Europeans had not
reached the level of technological advancement required to cross the ocean.
• Early ships, for example, could not sail against the wind or sail close to the coast without getting stuck.
• Then, two events helped Europeans gain important scientific and technological knowledge:– The Crusades
– The Scientific Revolution
ToolsCICERO © 2011
• The Crusades– These were wars that European Christians
fought against Muslims for control of the “holy land”
– Several generations took part in a total of 9 Crusades over the course of about 300 years (1096 – 1272 A.D.)
– During this period, Europeans gained valuable scientific and technological knowledge.
• The Scientific Revolution– In the mid-1500s, scientists were
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Tools
Navigation1.The Astrolabe
Invented by Ancient Greeks, improved by Arab Astronomers, this tool helped European navigators determine a ship’s latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or a star in relation to the horizon.
2.The Magnetic CompassThis Chinese invention uses a
magnetized iron needle that aligns itself to the north and south magnetic poles.
3.The Quadrant or BackstaffLike the astrolabe, this tool measured
the angle of the sun to determine latitude. However, the user did not have to stare into the sun to get the measurement.
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Tools
Improvements in Shipbuilding
• In the late 1400s, the Portuguese developed the caravel.
• It’s design was based on ancient Greek and Roman, as well as existing Arab fishing boats.
• Lateen (triangular) sails combined with square sails meant that this ship • was easy to maneuver • very fast• could sail into the wind
• With a shallow keel, the ship could hug the coastline without getting stuck.
The average caravel was 65 – 100 feet long and could carry up to 100
tons of cargo and 20 crewmembers.
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Tools
Improvements in Cartography
In 1570, Belgian cartographer Abraham Ortelius published a collection of maps titled Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. The book is considered the first modern
atlas.
• Cartography is the art and science of mapmaking.
• As Europeans ventured farther from home, their knowledge of the Earth expanded.
• The maps produced were more accurate and cartographers found ways to perfect their craft.
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Diagrams
Columbus Reaches
the New World
Motives of Exploration
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Diagrams
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CICERO © 2011Diagrams
Columbus reaches the “New World”
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Diagrams
Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
American Indians are displaced, killed in battle over territory, and enslaved.
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
American Indians are displaced, killed in battle over territory, and enslaved.
The Columbian Exchange begins
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
American Indians are displaced, killed in battle over territory, and enslaved.
The Columbian Exchange begins
Europeans brought many items with them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.*
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
American Indians are displaced, killed in battle over territory, and enslaved.
The Columbian Exchange begins
Europeans brought many items with them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
Europeans brought home many items previously unknown in the Eastern
Hemisphere.*
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Columbus reaches the “New World”
Other European nations begin funding
“voyages of discovery”
American Indians are displaced, killed in battle over territory, and enslaved.
The Columbian Exchange begins
Europeans brought many items with them that were previously
unknown in the Western Hemisphere.
Fierce competition ensues between European nations to claim and settle
land in the “New World.”
Europeans brought home many items previously unknown in the Eastern
Hemisphere.
Millions of American Indians die from European diseases.
The French, English, and Dutch send explorers in search of a Northwest
Passage to Asia.
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Historical Connections
• Food
• Around the World
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Food• Can you imagine spaghetti without tomato sauce, a burger
without fries, or red beans without rice?
• Before Europeans came to the New World, many of the dishes we take for granted simply did not exist because the ingredients came from different hemispheres: – Tomatoes, potatoes and beans, for example, originated in the
Americas.
– Pasta, rice and cattle originated in Asia but were brought to Europe long before Columbus was even born.
• Perhaps the most delicious combination of ingredients from two different hemispheres was born when the cocoa bean met sugar cane!
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Connections
Chocolate• The cocoa bean is native to
Central and South America.
• Mesoamericans often used the beans as a form of currency.
• Cocoa beans and green chiles were also used to make a spicy, bitter drink called xocolatl.*
• Spanish explorers brought the beans back to Europe.
• There, other ingredients such as sugar and milk were added to create the sweet candies and desserts we know and love!
• Today, chocolate is a multi-billion dollar industry.
• In 2000, Americans alone consumed more than 3 billion pounds of chocolate.
• European nations consume 40% of the world’s cocoa.
• Most of the world’s cocoa beans are now grown in West African countries.
• However, the bulk of the profits from the sale of chocolate go American and European companies.
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Around the WorldVictoria
• In1522, the remaining members of Ferdinand Magellan’s crew became the first Europeans to circumnavigate the globe.
• The Victoria limped into a Spanish port on September 6 loaded with precious spices.
• The entire journey took 3 years to complete and cost the lives of Magellan and most of his crew.
Rutan Voyager• On December 23, 1986, the
Rutan Model 76 Voyager completed the first continuous flight around the world without refueling.
• The aircraft was piloted by former Vietnam fighter pilot Dick Rutan and aviator Jeana Yeager.
• The flight was completed in just 9 days.
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What Is Wrong with this Picture?
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An early 20th century
illustration showing
Vikings coming ashore.
What Is Wrong with this Picture?
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The infamous horned or winged helmet has become an enduring symbol of the Viking warrior. However, there is absolutely no evidence that Viking helmets had either horns or wings.
What Is Wrong with this Picture?
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Cross-gartering, as shown here, was probably not practiced by the Vikings. They may have worn strips of fabric for added warmth, but they would have wrapped these strips around the lower leg only in a spiral fashion.
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