The Federalist EraThe Federalist Era

SWBAT

• Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations).

• Contrast– Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with – Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party.

• Explain two suggestions GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today?

• Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”:– Why they were created – Who opposed them

GW takes Charge

• April 30,1789 First Presidential swearing-in (_______________)

• To Do List:– Create ___________: a

system to carry out laws

– Create _________ System

– Raise money (_______) to run federal gov’t.

– Create ______________ (routines other presidents will follow)

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution

Bill of Rights

• By September 1789 twelve _______________ to the Constitution were submitted to the states.

• It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the ________________.

• Main purpose of the Bill of Rights was to protect people (individuals) from the government.– How does it do that?

Bill of Rights – The real short version

1. Freedom of ___________, speech, _______, assembly, and _________.

2. Right to ____________________ in order to maintain a well-regulated militia.

3. No _____________ of soldiers.

4. Freedom from unreasonable _____________________________.

5. Right to _____________of law, freedom from __________________, double jeopardy.

6. Rights of _______________, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.

7. Right of _____________________ in civil cases.

8. Freedom from _______________, ________________punishments.

9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right.

10. Powers _____________________ – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country.

Federal versus States Powers

Judicial System

• After the Constitution was ratified and Government was established…

• ______________ of 1789– Established the ________________– Chief Justice and five associate judges– Sixteen lower federal courts– Also _____________, Prosecuting

Attorneys & __________________

The very first Supreme Court Justice John Jay

Executive Branch• Three most important

Departments, each headed by a ____________:– Department of ________ –

Foreign Affairs – Thomas Jefferson

– Department of ______– Military matters – Henry Knox

– Depart of the __________– Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton

• Originally thought to be individual advisors, came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General, called the ___________.

Hamilton’s Policies• Founding Father most credited with establishing our

economic / banking and tax systems• Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the Revolutionary War• “Funding” Buy up old Rev. bonds & issue new bonds (bond =

money raised to pay for a large purpose – debt, buildings, roads, etc.)– Most Bonds were not with the original purchasers – bonds

can be sold bought and traded– Had been sold at low value to speculators– Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators

• Assume all State debts – put them all together• Establish a _____________ to manage nation’s finances

Whiskey Tax

• Levied specifically against ____________– Corn was too bulky to transport, so to

make money and lower transportation costs it was converted to whiskey

– Western PA __________ to pay taxes on the whiskey – state of war!

• Washington wanted to assert _____________, so… (establish state of political power!)– Gathered 15,000 militia, George W. & Hamilton

led the troops themselves in full dress• Rebellion scattered, Federal power was asserted

– you must ______________________________

Indian Relations

• ________________ claims were made by colonists

• ___________had not been represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (at the ending of the Rev War)– _____________ gave land

W of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians lived there but were not recognized as a group with interests

Indian Relations• Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians

• In 1794 ___________________ won by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

Foreign Relations – Great Britain

• Britain maintained _______ on the borders and supplied ______________ with weapons

• However, trade relations continued and Britain invited American _____________ into Great Britain

• Britain and France go to war in 1793 and we sign a treaty with Great Britain to maintain peaceful relations – ______ _________ : this angers many Americans including _________________ who felt we should side with France

Foreign Relations - France

• We owe them ______________

• ____________________ was happening in France at this time

– Initially it was popular and supported by the U.S., especially by Jefferson

– But, as anarchy & blood reigned and head rolled, ______________

• French declared war on ______ __________ in 1793, American opinion was __________ between France and Great Britain

• George Washington’s policy was to stay __________ (not help either side)

• America had problems with both England and France

• We had a “_________” with France – France’s naval vessels would attack our __________

Foreign Relations / Policy

Difficulties of the 1st Administration

• Pass _____________ to guarantee personal rights• Establish ___________________ to run the Judicial

branch of Government• Select _____________________, the Cabinet• Fund the new government through ______ and make

sure people paid these taxes• Foreign relations: problems with…

– _________ (fought over territory)– ____________________ (affected trade)

Foreign Affairs• The French

Revolution caused what in the US?

• The Fr & Br reactions to GWs declaration were:

• Issues w/Indians were settled by –

Origins of the Two Party System

• Two ________________ developed around the leadership and opinions of

– Thomas Jefferson, ___________________

– Alexander Hamilton, ___________________

Origins of the Two Party System

• Divide class in half.• One half will look at

Hamilton and his policies.• One half will look at

Jefferson and his policies.

• The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

??

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Handout, abridged address & questions

George Washington’sFarewell Address

• Do we follow it today?• Using current events

discussed in class: Think of an example in which we either followed or did not follow Washington’s farewell advice.

• Explain in a short response paragraph

John Adams’ Administration

• Election of 1796 very close– Northern Federalist - 70

electors– Southern Republicans - 68

electors

• Outcome: Adams is President (__________)

• Jefferson is Vice-President (____________________)

• Do you see a problem here?

Electoral College Worksheet• The United States Electoral College is the institution that officially elects

the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. • The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters.

Instead, they are elected by "electors" who are chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis.

• Electors are apportioned to each state and the District of Columbia, but not to territorial possessions of the United States.

• The number of electors in each state is equal to the number of members of Congress to which the state is entitled, while the Twenty-third Amendment grants the District of Columbia the same number of electors as the least populous state, currently three.

• In total, there are 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 members of the House of Representatives, 100 senators, and the three additional electors from the District of Columbia.

Electoral College

• A compromise between northern and southern states over issues of voting, how to count slaves in representation, and how to manage “big” versus “small” state imbalance.

• Critics argue that the Electoral College is inherently undemocratic and gives swing states disproportionate influence in electing the President and Vice President.

• The Electoral College gives a numeric advantage in the election of the president to the smaller states, as the minimum number of electors for the small states is three compared to one for the election of representatives.

• On the other hand, the winner-take-all method of voting favors the larger states.

• On four occasions, most recently in 2000, the Electoral College system has resulted in the election of a candidate who did not receive the most popular votes in the election.

Presidential Election 2012Red = Republican RomneyBlue = Democrat Obama

• War? With France?– France was outraged over ________________________– France began seizing American ships, “Quasi War”– _______________ wanted War– Republicans (Jefferson especially) were generally

considered “_______________”, they liked the French• Adams sent __________________ to France

– They informed Adams a ____________ was demanded– Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever

• Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret demanded release of the bribery letter.– Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (__________________) – “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

• Much War fever, but no actual outbreak• Adams followed Washington's precedent of ________________

John Adams’ Foreign Affairs

John Adams’ Domestic Affairs• Loudest Critics of Adams /Federalists

were ___________ Republicans• ________ (speaking out against

authority) was viewed by Federalists as __________

• In Congress they created ___________________ (laws)

• Republican response– VA & KY Acts– Which said that ______________

__________________________.

John Adams is a Jerk!

Alien and Sedition Acts

• The Alien and Sedition Acts were bills passed by the __________ in Congress and signed into law by _____________ in 1798. Authored by the Federalists, the laws were supposed to ___________ national security, but critics argued that they were primarily an attempt to ___________ ________ who disagreed with the Federalist party.

• The Acts increased the residency requirement for _____________________ from 5 to 14 years. They also allowed the president to ________or ________ aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" at any time. They also __________________ which was __________ of the federal government.

• At the time, the ___________ of ___________ supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political opponents of the Federalists.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Describe who favored the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

• Describe who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

Election of 1800: War of Words• Adams was not being

“Federalist enough” and lost votes in the North, he also lost Hamilton’s support – a leading Federalist

• It was an ugly and very ___________ campaign

• Final Electoral Tally______________ – 73_____________ – 73______________ – 65*A tie!!! Who is the

president????

Election of 1800: Results:

• TJ and Burr tie, Burr refuses to __________ (even though he said he would prior to the election), so it goes to ____________________ to settle. It is decided on the 36th house vote – __________________ is president

• Rules for ____________ change (12th amendment)

• The result of this election was affected by the __________ ________ – had slaves not been counted as persons for purposes of Congressional _______________, Adams would have won. Jefferson was subsequently criticized as having won "the Temple of Liberty on the shoulders of __________".

JA & the Federalist’s Last Word• The outgoing Adams’ administration

and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of _____________ and all of those appointed were _____________.

• The courts consistently interpreted laws as ____________for next couple of ___________.

• Most famous case:• ______________________ which

established _____________ – allowed the _____________ to ________ (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional

• This is the court’s biggest _________ on presidential and congressional power.