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The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO):
Dimensions of Personality &
Psychopathology in Smartphone Overuse
ERROL O. RODRIGUEZ, PHD. CRC, MAC
ADELPHI UNIVERSITY
NAADAC Annual Conference 2018
Houston, Tx
Meredith Musgnug, LMHC
Joanna Micek, LMHC
WellLife Network
Kellen Van Nostrand, BA
Adelphi University
Agenda
Evolution of the internet and social networking
Early challenges with advancing social media
technology
Smartphone Use & Problematic Use
What is the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)
Our previous study (FoMO & personality)
New study (FoMO, psychopathology risk, and
psychological well-being)
Future directions
AOL, Netscape, & the Dial-Up
Internet
Internet
Social Connection
Communication
Stimulation Seeking
Services
The Original Devices
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Social Networking in the Millennium
AOL Facebook
Technological Advance
& New Challenges
By 1998 reports indicated problematic internet use similar to substances with some similar negative outcomes (Young, 1998)
Merit for Inclusion in DSM-V but… (Block, 2008)
Internet Addiction (IA, or,better, Internet Use Disorder) global prevalence rate hit 6%
Technological Advances & New Challenges
INTERNET GAMING
DISORDER
…And now the Smartphone
How many times do Americans
check their cell phones daily?
8 billion
How often does the average user
check their cell phone per day?
46x
How long before you checked your
phone in this workshop?
Source: Time Magazine (Dec. 2015)
Source: photos.oliur.com
Smartphone Use Demographics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ph
on
e C
he
cks
pe
r D
ay
Age Group
Smartphone Use by Age
Source: Time, Dec. 2015
Smartphone Use Patterns
How long is the interval between waking up and looking at your phone?
•40% say within 5 minutes
•18% say immediately
Source: USA edition, Deloitte Global Mobile Consumer Survey
Smartphone Use Patterns
How long is the interval between looking at your phone for the last time and preparing to sleep?
•30% say 5 minutes before bed
•50% check in the middle of the night
Source: USA Edition, Deloitte Global Mobile Consumer Survey
Smartphone Use Patterns
What is the first thing accessed on a smartphone daily?
•35% Text Messages or IM
•22% Email
•12% Social Media
Source: USA edition, Deloitte Global Mobile Consumer Survey, June 2016
Smartphones, Social Media, &
Emerging Concerns
TwitterInstagramFacebook
Smartphones, Social Media,
& Emerging Concerns
Easy access to social media has
led to overuse for some users
Most studies on Facebook users
Some users experience difficulty controlling their time on
Facebook (Lee, Cheoung, & Thadani, 2012)
Facebook Studies
Lower Self-
Esteem Lower Subjective Well-being
Psychological Well-being
Social & Academic
Anxiety
Depression
Source: Denti, et al. 2012. Koc & Gulyagci, 2013. Kross et al. 2013. Beard & Wolf, 2001.
Personality Factors & Facebook
Most studies since 2008 generally indicate strong
relationships exist between one’s personality and
overuse or problematic use of social media.
As the need for narcissistic validation increased
so did the amount of time spent on Facebook.
Lower self-esteem was moderately associated
with higher check-ins on Facebook.
Source: Mehdizadeh, 2010
Fear of
Missing Out
(FoMO)
A “pervasive
apprehension that
others might be having
rewarding experiences
from which one is
absent.” (Przybylski et al., 2013)
An intense desire to stay
continually connected
with what others are
doing.
Fear of
Missing Out
(FoMO)
Huffington Post
Time
Anxiety & Depression
Association of
America
The New York Times
FoMO Characteristics
Preoccupation with social media often to the exclusion of other social interactions
Mood & Anxiety
Psychosocial issues
Loss of control
Increasing need to use social media
Withdrawal Effects
FoMO Studies
Worthman (2011)
JWT Intelligence (2012)
Przybylski (2013)
Haeto (2013)
Alt (2017)
Rodriguez (2017)
Personality & FoMO 2017
People who reported a higher than average degree of FoMO also experienced a moderate level of Neurotic symptomatology
r = .336, n= 114, p < 0.01
Personality & FoMO 2017
People who tended to be less Agreeable reported a higher than average degree of FoMO
r = -.258, n= 114, p < 0.01
Quality of Life & FoMO 2017
Quality of life demonstrated a weak, negative, significant relationship with FoMO but with no practical importance.
r = -.192, n= 114, p < 0.05
Current Study Questions
Since we found a relationship between neurosis and FoMO, is there an expanded relationship between certain psychopathology & levels of FoMO?
Since there was a weak relationship between quality of life and FoMO, is there a specific relationship between psychological well-being and FoMO?
Is there a relationship between narcissism and FoMO
How well do psychopathology, psychological well-being, and narcissism predict FoMO?
Method
92 undergraduate students; 77 valid
participants
Demographic Form
Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin &Hall, 1979)
Fear of Missing Out Scale (Przybylski et al., 2013)
Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989, 1995)
Personality Assessment Screener (PAS) (Morey,???)
Results
78% Female
95% 18-21 years old
57% White
65% Freshman
Results: Psychopathology & FoMO
People who reported a higher than average degree of FoMO also demonstrated moderate level of risk for emotional & behavioral problems
r = 0.472, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychopathology & FoMO
People who reported a higher than average degree of FoMO also experienced a high level of Negative Affect
r = 0.577, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychopathology & FoMO
People who reported a higher than average degree of FoMO also experienced a moderate level of Social Withdrawal
r = 0.302, n= 77, p < 0.01
Results: Psychopathology & FoMO
People who reported a higher than average degree of FoMO also experienced a moderate level of Anger Control
r = 0.351, n= 77, p < 0.01
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO also experienced less overall psychological well-being
r = -0.519, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO also experienced less sense of autonomy particularly in decision making
r = -0.468, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO experienced less of a sense of personal growth in their life or a “true self”
r = -0.562, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO experienced less satisfaction from relationships
r = -0.427, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO experienced less positive feelings about themselves and less self-acceptance
r = -0.432, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO expressed feeling less competent in managing their environment particularly when creating environments suitable for their needs
r = -0.399, n= 77, p < 0.001
Results: Psychological Well-being & FoMO
People who reported higher than average levels of FoMO expressed feeling less self-directed and having few goals in life.
r = -0.266, n= 77, p < 0.05
Results: Narcissism & FoMO
There was a non-significant correlation of .145 (p = n.s) between narcissism and FoMO
Results: Psychopathology, Psychological
Well-being, & FoMO
Marked risk for clinical problems and low levels of optimism and subjective well-being were significant predictors of FoMO
R2 =.301, F(2,76)= 16.33, p<.001
“When I feel unhappy about my life,
I grab my phone and see what others
are doing. At least I feel like I am
doing something.”
Results: Psychopathology, Psychological
Well-being, & FoMO
Feeling stagnant, bored, or uninterested in one’s life and negative affect were stronger, significant predictors of FoMO
R2 =.406, F(2,77)= 26.28, p<.001
“ I look at my phone
when I am bored or
just need to pass time.
It is like I just have to
do it. I don’t even
think about it. That’s
crazy, right?”
-- 16 year old
Source: www.slate.com
Secondary Correlations
Personal growth was moderately,
negatively associated with
negative affect
r=. -551, n=77, p<.001
Secondary Correlations
Negative affect was largely, negatively correlated with overall well-being with self-acceptance the largest effect respectively
r= .-642, n=77, p<.001
r= .-629, n=77, p<.001
Secondary Correlations
Personal growth was moderately & negatively associated with FoMO
r= .-562, n=77, p<.001
Personal Relationships was moderately & negatively associated with FoMO
r= -.427, n=77, p<.001
Secondary Correlations
Conscientiousness was moderately & positively associated with agreeableness
r=.406, n=114, p<.01
Agreeableness had a small, negative association with neuroticism
r= -.292, n=114, p<.01
Secondary Correlations
Self-acceptance was moderately,
negatively associated with FoMO
r=. -432, n=77, p<.001
Secondary Correlations
Social Media
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6
Facebook -
Twitter -.041 -
Tumbler .094 .092 -
Instagram .382** .337** .132 -
Snapchat .273** .192 -.021 .434*** -
Pinterest .299** .234* .190 .170 .122 -
FoMO .051 .424*** .043 .272* .142 .217*
TABLE 1
Pearson Product-Moment Correlations Between Social Media & FoMO
Note. * p< .05, ** p< .01, *** p< .01
Discussion – The Take Away
Technological advances has made it possible for us to stay connected regardless of location and time
BUT…
It also appears to attract people with heightened worries
about staying connected and “being
in the know.”
In our first study Neuroticism played a
key role in understanding FoMO
Discussion – The Take Away
For young adults, decreases in overall psychological
well-being and increases in emotional symptoms are
strongly related to FoMO
More specifically, when interest in personal growth
and self-acceptance decreases in the context of
increasing negative affect, young adults are more
likely to display more FoMO symptomatology
Negative affect demonstrated a moderately strong
relationship with all PAS and Ryff variables
Discussion – The Take Away
Since FoMO represents a preoccupation or obsession with knowing what others are doing in “real time, young adults use smartphones compulsively in a manner that resembles other
behavioral addictions
Clinical work might focus on the underlying variables of declining
personal growth & self-acceptance with negative affect as a core problem
Limitations
Not a full representative
sampleFoMO scale
Future Directions
FoMO Phase Three
•Negative Affect (PAS)
•Envy
•Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPW)
•Mindful Awareness
ACT-Mindful Meditation Intervention targeting
•negative affect
•Personal growth
•?
Thank you!
Questions?
References
Beard, K. W., & Wolf, E. M. (2001). Modification in the proposed
diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Cyberpsychology and
Behavior, 4, 377–383.
Block, J. (2008). Issues for DSM V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 3, 306-307.
Deloitte. (2016). Global mobile consumer survey: US edition. Retrieved
from Deloitte: https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-
media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-con.
Denti, L., Barbopoulos, I., Nilsson, I., Holmberg, L., Thulin, M., Wendeblad,
M., et al. (2012). Sweden’s largest Facebook study. Gothenburg:
Gothenburg Research Institute.
Eadicicco, L. (2015, Dec. 15). Americans check their phones 8 billion times a day. Time. Retrieved from
http://time.com/4147614/smartphone-usage-us-2015/.
References
Koc, M. and Gulyagci, S. (2013). Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: the role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking,16, 279-284.
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., et al. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e69841.
Lee, Z. W., Cheung, C. M., & Thadani, D. R. (2012, January). An investigation into the problematic use of Facebook. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1768-1776). IEEE.
Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13,4, 357-364.
Przybylski, A.K, Murayama, K., DeHaan, C.R.& Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29 (4), 1841–1848.
References
Rodriguez, E., Musgnug, M., & Micek, J. (2018). Personality correlates of
he fear of missing out. Unpublished manuscript.
Young, K.S. (1998). Internet Addiction: The emergence of a new clinical
disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1,3, 237-244.
