The Extreme and Far Right in Europe - FORES Policy Paper 2010: 6

8/7/2019 The Extreme and Far Right in Europe - FORES Policy Paper 2010: 6

1/36

TheExtremeandFarRightinEuropeLisa Bjurwald

FORES Policy Paper 2010: 6


2/36

Abouttheauthor

LisaBjurwaldisafreelancejournalistandauthor.HerreportageontheSwissbanonminarets(Expono4/09)hasbeenawardedtheEuropeanParliamentjournalistprize2010intheSwedishpresscategory.ThisspringshewillreleasethebookEuropesShame:RacistsonAdvance(Nature&Culture).SheismemberoftheeditorialboardoftheantiracistmagazineExpoandhaspreviouslyworkedaseditiorialwriterfortheSwedishdailiesDagensNyheterandSvenskaDagbladet.


3/36

Contents

Abouttheauthor .................................................................................................................................................2

Contents ..................................................................................................................................................................3

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................1

Summary.................................................................................................................................................................3

1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................9

2 ANewPRStrategy...................................................................................................................................10

3 TheMilitantBranch.................................................................................................................................13

4 RacistPartiesinaPositionofPower ...............................................................................................15

5 TheHatredAgainstMuslims ...............................................................................................................19

6 Roma:APeoplePersecuted .................................................................................................................22

7 TheNewAntiSemitism.........................................................................................................................26

8 StrategiesAgainsttheExtremeRight ..............................................................................................28


4/36


5/36

2

madebyIslamophobesacrossEuropetocollectivelyworkoutstrategiesagainstwhattheyseeastheIslamizationofEurope,inawaythatbringsupstrongmemoriesfromtheconspirationtheoriesofaJewishusurpationofpower.LeadersatthehighestpoliticallevelfromseveralEuropean

countriesmeettosolvetheRomaquestion.AtthesametimeRomaniesaremassevictedincontradictiontoEUlaws,theyaresubjecttomistreatment,arson,shootingsresultingindeath,andlackthesamerightsasothercitizensinmanycountries.Toapproachthesepartiespolicies(triangulationinpoliticallingo)hasineveryEuropeancaseledtolegitimizingthepositionandroleoftheextremists.Thosewhohaveapproachedtheirantiimmigrationrhetorichavewonshortsightedgains,buthavesoonlosttheirsupportandtheend

resulthasbeenastrengtheningoftheextremistparties.Theonlycountermedicineseemstobeestablishingastrongandcoherentcounterimagetothatofthexenophobicparties.Luckilythiscounterimagehassupportinfactsandeconomicreality.OurhopeisnowtocollectcommentsfromourcolleaguesatthinktanksandresearchinstitutesacrossEuropeinordertocollectivelydiscussthefurtherdevelopment,butwehavechosentopublishthisreportalready.

MartindahlCEOFORES


6/36

3

SummaryOrganizedracism,oftenmisleadinglyfromanideologicalperspectivecalledtheextremeright,isgainingparliamentarypowerallacrossEurope.Sincethebeginningofthe1980s,thepartieshavegonethroughasuperficialimagetransformation,whiletheyhavekepttheirracistandinmanycasesNaziroots.Theirnew,moreorderly,imagehasgiventhemincreasedrespectbymediaaswellasotherpartiesandtheyhavebeenabletomarchintoboththeEuropeanparliamentandnationalparliaments.ManyoftheracistpartieshavealsobeenabletouniteintheirhatredagainstMuslims.Furthermore,astheyhavegainedparliamentarysuccesses,theestablishedpartieshaveadoptedtheirIslamophobicrhetoric,anddiscriminationofMuslimshasbecomepartofthepoliticalclimate.ThisstudyprovidesanoverviewoftheorganizedracisminEurope.Inthefinalpart,strategiestocombatxenophobicandracistpartiesarepresented.

The Militant BranchMilitantnationalistsconstituteanurgentthreattodemocracy,especiallyinRussiaandHungary.TheRussianskinheadmovementconsistsofapproximately70000peopleandin2009atleast71peoplewerekilledinracistattacks.Jobbik,theantiSemiteandantiZiganistpartythatmadegreatgainsinthisyearselectioninHungary,hasaparamilitarybranch,theHungarianGuards(MagyarGrda).Thisneofascistmovementhasbeenbanned,buthassince

reformedintoaculturalsociety.TheyfindtheirinspirationintheArrowCrossPartyaHungarianmovementfromtheNaziera,andespeciallytheyouthhasbeendrawntotheirnationalistpropaganda.

Racist Parties in a Position of Power

Atpresent(September2010),twonationalistpartiesinEuropearepartoftheirrespectivegovernment:theSwissPeoplesPartyandLegaNordinItaly.IDenmark,theDanishPeoplesPartyisoperatingasasupportparty

tothegovernmentcoalition.XenophobicpartiesarerepresentedinabouthalfofthenationalparliamentsofEurope,aswellasinSwitzerlandand


7/36

4

Norway.IntheNetherlands,theFreedomPartyledbyGeertWildersmightbecomepartofagovernmentcoalition.In1999whentheAustrianpartyFPenteredthenationalparliament,the

EUrespondedwithadiplomaticboycott.Now,adecadelater,Europehasbecomeusedtohavingracistpartieswithintheparliamentarysystem.AnumberofpartiesontheextremerightarerepresentedintheEuropeanParliament.40outofthe736MEPscanbeclassifiedasextremerightorxenophobic.Moreover,therehasbeenashiftinthekindofpartiesrepresented,thetrendbeingtowardsmoreextremism.Forexample,LegaNord,theItalianpartypartofthegovernmentcoalition,reactedontheraceriotsinItalyinthebeginningofthisyear,whenAfrican

guestworkerswereassaultedandshotat,bysayingthatItalyhasbeentooslackagainstillegalimmigrants.Jobbikreceived15%ofthevotesintheelectiontotheEuropeanparliamentand16,7percentintheHungarianelection.IntheNetherlands,GeertWilders,whoatpresentstandsprosecutedwithchargesofhatespeechafteramongstotherthingshavingcomparedtheQuranwithHitlersMienKampf,received17percentofthevotes,makinghispartythesecondbiggest.ForthefirsttimeevenBritainisrepresentedbyxenophobesinthe

Europeanparliament,bytheBritishNationalParty(BNP).IntheFrenchregionalelections,FrontNationalmanagedtodoacomebackandreceivedover9percentofthevotes.JobbikhasinitiatedcooperationbetweenseveraloftheracistpartiesinEurope.InOctober2009,anewextremerightalliancewasformedinBudapest,TheAllianceofEuropeanNationalMovements(AENM).TheBNPandtheSwedenDemocratsaresomeofitsmembers.

InSweden,theSwedenDemocrats,apartywithitsrootsinneoNazismandwithseveralmembersstillhavingaffiliationswithNazimovements,hasasubstantialpossibilityofenteringtheparliamentintheelectioninSeptember.

The Hatred Against Muslims

Sincethe9/11terrorattacksin2001andthefollowingattacksinEurope,IslamphobiahasreallyestablisheditselfinEurope.AbanagainstminaretshasbeenpastinSwitzerlandandtheparliamentaryprocessofbanningthe


8/36

5

fullcoverveilinpublicspaceshascomerealfarinbothBelgiumandFrance.AccordingtoareportfromtheEUbureauonfundamentalrights(FRA),one

inthreeMuslimshasexperienceddiscrimination.Inanotherreport,fromtheOpenSocietyInstitute,basedoninterviewswithMuslimsinelevencitiesinsevenEuropeancountries,50percentoftherespondentssaidtheyhadexperienceddiscrimination,comparedto9percentofthenonMuslimrespondents.ThetermIslamizationhasbecomewidespreadinEurope.TheideathataMuslimovertakingofpowerconstitutesathreatstronglyresemblesJewsallegedaspirationofglobalpower.AnumberofantiMuslimorganizations

havebeenfounded,amongstothersStopIslamizationofDenmark(SIAD),aDanishorganizationthatnowhasnationalbranchesalloverEurope.InMarsthisyear,hundredsofIslamophobscametogetherinGermanyinordertodiscussantiMuslimstrategies.Thiswasonlyoneexampleofmeetingsandcampaignsorganizedbyracistsandpoliticians.TheinternationalsecretaryoftheSwedenDemocratswasoneoftheparticipantsinGermany.

Roma: the Persecuted People

ParticularlyinEasternandCentralEuropeaswellasItaltytheRomaniesaresubjecttochockinglevelsofviolence,persecutionanddiscrimination.Itincludesshootingsandarsonagainstadultsaswellaschildren.ThousandsofRomafamiliesfleetoCanadaandtheUSinordertoseekasylum.ApproximatelytentotwelvemillionRomaniesliveinEurope.Theirsituationiscomplexanditiswellknownthattheirsocialexclusion

istoacertaindegreearesultofchoice.Astheyhavebeensubjecttopersecutionduringseveralcenturies,thetrustingovernmentprotectionfrome.g.thepoliceisextremelylowamongtheRomaminority65100percenthavestatedthattheylacktrustinthejudicialsystemandactsofprosecutionaccordingtothefirstEUwidestudy.AreasonforthisisthefactthatthepoliceinEasternandCentralEuropehaverepeatedlyrefusedtointerveneincasesofmistreatmentandarson.InotherwordsRomaniesmaybeforcedtoisolatethemselvesforreasonsofsafety.


9/36

6

PublicauthoritiesinseveralEUcountrieshavewithforcethrownoutRomafamiliesandhavethendemolishedtheircamps,inopencontradictionagainsthumanrightslegislation.InRomaniacertainRomafamilieshavebeenforcedtoliveintinshedsnexttosewerage

plants,inKosovoothershavebeenplacedincampswithhighconcentrationsoflead.MuchattentionhasbeendrawnbythemassexpulsionsofRomanies,inparticularinFrance,duringthelatesummer.Severalthousandshavebeenexpulsed,withoutindividualexaminations,andcontradicttherulesoffreemovementwithintheEU.EvenSwedenhasexpulsedRomaniesthathavesurvivedonbegging,despitethisnotbeinglegal.

RomanieslackrightsthatothercitizensenjoyinseveralEUmemberstates.InBosnia,theyareforbiddenfromrunningforparliamentorthepresidency.InFrancetheyhavetoberegisteredinamunicipalityforatleastthreeyearsinordertovote,whereasitsixmonthssufficesforallotherFrenchcitizens.AntiziganismiswidespreadinEurope.PartiessuchastheHungarianJobbik,BulgarianAtakaandSlovakNationalPartysee

Romaniesassubordinatetoanimals.InHungaryandtheCzechRepublicmistreatmentsandmurderishappeninginawaythatcouldbeseenasapretrialtoapogrom.

The New Anti-Semitism

Againstallodds,Islamists,personsfromtheextremeright,HolocaustdeniersandleftactivistshaveunitedintheirantiSemitism.WithinthemodernantiSemitism,thesameoldstereotype

ofthebloodthirsty,greedyJewisused,withtheonlydifferencethattherhetorichaschanged.SionistsandSionismareusedassynonymswithJewsandanimaginedJewishinfluence,aswellasthestateofIsraelisusedasacodewordforJudaism.Becauseofthis,NaziscanmarchoutsideofsynagoguesincentralStockholmandcryIsraeloutofSweden,despitetherebeingnodoubtwhichminoritytheyareaddressing.AntiSemitisminthesouthernSwedishcityofMalmhasstirredupmuchdebate,eveninternationally.ManyJewshavefeltforcedtoleavethecity.InseveralcountriesAntiSemitistpartieshavewon


10/36


11/36

8

Eveninothercountries,suchasItaly,whereracistpartieshavebeengivenpoliticalinfluenceandhavebeenmetbyembrace,racismhasspreadquicklyandbeennormalized.ThisisnotariskthatEuropean

countriesshouldtake.


12/36

9

1 IntroductionThepurposeofthispaperistogiveanoverviewoftheorganizedracisminpresentdayEurope,withafocusontheEUcountries.Thetermorganizedracismisusedtodescribepopulistpartieswithxenophobicideas,aswellasthegroupsandpartiesoften(andrathermisleadingly)termedtheextremeright.Thetermisnotideal,astheextremerightisoftenmoreleftliketheNationalSocialistsofHitlerGermanythanright,asinconservativeorliberalconservative.Infact,theantifascistleftspearheadingthefightagainsttheextremerighthasquitealotincommonwithitsswornenemy.Thetwosidesbothtakeacriticalstanceon,forexample,theEuropeanUnion,capitalism,freetradeandpeacekeepingoperationsabroad.Atthesametime,thehatredagainstMuslimswithinmanyofthexenophobicandantiimmigrantpartieshasstrengthenedtheir(mostlysuperficial)supportforthestateofIsraelandtheJewishpopulationofEurope.Today,thesepartiescanholdmanifestationsonHolocaustRemembranceDay,orevenpayasolemnvisittoAuschwitz.ThishastriggeredreactionsofdisgustwithintheantiSemiticextremeright,whostillregardtheJewsastheirnumberoneenemy.Insomecorners,thehatredagainstJewsissostrongthatextremerightactivistswillevenconsidercollaboratingwithradicalMuslims;seeThenewantiSemitismformoreonthisdevelopment.Therootsoftodaysxenophobicpartiesand/ortheirleadershipcanoftenbetracedtotheextremerightmovement.Somehavecooperatedinthepast,orstillunofficiallydoso,withmoreextremeelements.This,incombinationwithasharedagendaandidenticalargumentsdrivenbyracismandnationalism,meansthattheracistscoveredinthispaperwillbe

sortedunderthesameheadingwhethertheyarewearingbootsorsuits.


13/36

10

2 A New PR-StrategyTheskinheadmovementofthelate1970sandtheearly1980swasahighlymarginalized,maledominatedmovement,taintedbyalcoholabuseandapenchantforstreetfights.Yetamajorpartoftheextremerightwouldevolveoutoftheskinheadscene.TheperceivedthreatofincreasedimmigrationledtoaresurgenceofracistideasthathadbeentaboosincetheendoftheSecondWorldWar.Apolarizingusandthemworldviewmanagedtoswayatleastafewpercentofthevoters.Soon,inthe1980sand1990s,theracistpopulistsmanywithabackgroundinneoNazigroups,ahandfulwithlesssoiledbackgroundsenteredtheelectoralarena.Some,likeAustriasFreedomPartyunderJorgHaiderandFrontNationalunderJeanMarieLePen,wentontogainpoliticalinfluence.Others,suchastheSwedenDemocrats,weregrowingquietly.The1990swasalsomarkedbydivisionwithinthenewparties.Suddenly,theywereatacrossroads.Thechoice:toremainfaithfultotheirradicalideologyorselloutoraimfortherealpower,dependingonwhomyouasked.TodaysnationalistEuropeanpartiesarefilledwiththosewhochosepathswiththeirbrains,whiletheirheartsstillpoundedforthewhitepowerideology.Thisbecameevidentin,forexample,theradioshowKaliberontheSwedishRadio,which,usinghiddencameras,revealedhowleadingpeoplewithintheSDsangalongwithmodernwhitepowermusicaswellasnationalsocialistfightsongs.Atthedawnofthe21stcentury,the9/11bombingsintheU.S.andthelaterterroristactsonEuropeansoiltriggeredanIslamophobiathatbecametheunifyingfactorfortheparliamentarianfarright.MuslimsandtheallegedislamizationofEuropeappearedastheprimarytarget.ThebynowsuitcladracistsclearedoutatleastthemostvisibleantiSemitismandreplaceditwiththemoresellableIslamophobia.AstronghatredofJewsisstillacentralpartoftheideologyforsomenationalistparties,especiallythosewhoportraytheUnitedStatesasthedevilanddonothesitatetocooperatewithIslamists.ButitcomesasnosurprisethatIslamophobicpartiesareenjoyinggreaterelectoralsuccessintodaysEuropethanantiSemiticones.

Theimagemakeoverisanimportantfactortotakeintoaccountwhen


14/36


15/36

12

Anincreasedfocusonfamilyissuesandfamilyactivitiesisanimportantcomponentofthemovementsnewstrategy.Whitepowerconcerts,paramilitarytrainingandviolentdemonstrationsareallstillthere.Butthey

aresupplementedwithfamilydays,specialwomensorganizationsandastrongerstanceonclassicconservative(andNationalSocialist)issuessuchasnativity.Bydoingthis,theymanagetoreachthevoterswhowerepreviouslyputoffbythemilitantrhetoric.Thatanincreasingnumberofwomenarejoiningtheextremerightrankshasnotjustledtoasofterimage,buttothecreationofentireextremerightfamilies,wherebothparentsareactiveonthescene.Duringthecourseofthetransformationfromaggressiveskinheadsto

suitedpoliticians,popularresistanceagainstracismhasweakened.Theprominentantiracistmanifestationsofthe1980sand1990s,wheretoppoliticiansqueueduptobeseen,arerareintodaysEurope.ThisisfurtherverifiedbydatafromtheUniversityofGothenburgshowingpeoplesattitudestowardjoiningantiracistorganization.Duringthepasttenyears,thesharestatingwillingnesstodosohasdecreased.1

1 Demker, M. (2008), Lngsamma frskjutningar inom stabila ramar, i Holmberg, S. och Weibull, L. (red.) Skildavrldar, SOM bokserien nr. 44


16/36

13

3 The Militant Branch

Alargenumberofextremerightgroupshavepurposelypositionedthemselvesoutsidethedemocraticsystemandhavenodesiretobeacceptedbymainstreamsociety.Militantgroupswhodespisedemocracyandwishtobringdown(oratleastinterferewith)thesysteminaviolentmanner,existinpracticallyeveryEuropeancountry.Thegroupshavelowmembershipfiguresanditisnotunusualfortheiractiviststohavebeenconvictedforviolentcrimessuchasassaultormurder.Theycancooperatewith,orconstituteanationalbranchof,internationalNazinetworkssuchasCombat18orBlood&Honour.InHungaryandRussia,thesituationisratherdifferentfromtherestofEurope.There,themilitantnationalismisathreatagainstdemocracy.About70000activistsarethoughttomakeuptheRussianskinheadmovement.In2009,71peopleweremurderedand333injuredinracistattacks,accordingtotheRussianhumanrightsNGOSovaCenter.Despitethechockingfigures,thisisactuallythefirstdemisetobeobservedinsixyears.Butdifferentkindsofwhitepowerrelatedvandalismincreasedduring2009.InHungary,theantiSemiticandantiRomapartyJobbik,foundedin2003,hasmanagedtogainconsiderablesuccesswithinashortperiodoftime.Intheparliamentaryelectionsin2010,thepartyobtained16,7percentofthevotes,givingthem47seats.Thepartyevenhasaparamilitarywing,theHungarianGuard,whichisstronglyreminiscentontheArrowCrossPartyofthe1940s(moreonthisunderRoma:Apeoplepersecuted).Thesocalledfreenationalistsareanewphenomenon.Theyhavecopiedthenetworkbasedstructureoftheautonomousleftandgatheredinsmaller,independentgroupings,oftenbasedoncityorregion.Inotherwords,theydonotbelongtoanofficialmotherorganizationoranextremerightyouthassociation.Interestinglyenough,Europehasalsoseentheadventofsocalledautonomousnationalists,asortofanarchistNazis.Atdemonstrations,itisalmostimpossibletotellthemapartfromtheautonomouslefttheyproclaimtodespise,asbothsidesdressidenticallyinanarchistinspiredclothingevendowntotheirkeffiyehs.

Eveniftheseantidemocraticgroupsdonotconstituteathreatatthe


17/36


18/36


19/36

16

majorityoftheracistMEPsareeithernonalignedorbelongtotherightwingEuroscepticgroupEuropeofFreedomandDemocracy.IntheEPelectionofJune2009,theextremeandfarrightmadegainsinalmosthalfofthememberstates.Considerablesuccessescouldbenotedin

nolessthan11ofthe27countries.WhilesomehavepointedoutthatracistpartieswerealreadyrepresentedintheEuropeanParliament,andthatsomeevenmadeapoorershowingin2009thaninpreviousyears,afocusonwhichpartiesmadeprogressin2009givesabetterpictureofthesituationthanjustcomparingstatistics.TakeforexampleItaly,oneoftheEuropeancountrieswherethexenophobiaismostworrying.InJanuarythisyear,thecountrywasshakenbyraceriotsasAfricanmigrantworkersintheSoutherncityofRosarno

werebeatenupandshotatbylocals.TheseparatistNorthernLeague,governingthecountryincoalitionwithSilvioBerlusconisPeopleofFreedom,controlstheinteriorministrythroughinteriorministerRobertoMaroni.MaronihaspreviouslytriedtopushthroughanationalracialregisterwithfingerprintsofallItalianRoma.Thistime,hereactedtotheriotsnotwithcondemnation,butbydeclaringthatItalyhashadtoomuchtoleranceagainstillegalimmigrants.LastJune,theNorthernLeagueseriouslyadvancedtheirpositions.The

partyreceivedmorethanthreemillionvotesandincreasedtheirmandatesfromfourtonine,makingthemthelargestextremerightpartyintheEuropeanParliament.Thisachievementisfarmoremeaningfultothexenophobicmovement,onanItalianaswellasaEuropeanlevel,thanthefactthatthealreadymarginalized,neofascistForzaNuovaendedupwithonly0,47percentofthevote(146000votes).TheNorthernLeaguewasalsothepartythatmadethemostgainsintheItalianregionalelectionsinMarchthisyear.Intworegions,theybecamethelargestpartyforthefirsttime:PiedmontandVeneto.

TheDanishPeoplesPartymadeunexpectedgainsinthesummerof2009.PiaKjrsgaardsantiimmigrantpartyincreasedfrombarelysevento15percent,therebydoublingtheirmandatesintheEuropeanParliament.Justafewyearsprior,MortenMesserschmidt,whohasnowtakenupaseatintheEP,wasconvictedforincitementtoracialhatred.In2009,arecord284500DanessenthimtoBrussels.TheantiimmigrantTrueFinnsalsotookthevotersbystorm,goingfrom0,5toalmost10percentofthevote.Over100000FinnselectedpartyleaderTimoSoinitotheEuropean

Parliament.


20/36

17

TheextremerightpartyJobbik(TheMovementforaBetterHungary),obsessedwiththegypsyquestionandwithclearantiSemiticviews,wonalmost15percentofthevotesandthreeseatsintheEuropeanParliament.AthisfirstsessioninStrasbourgthefollowingmonth,oneofthemembers

worethebannedfascistuniformbelongingtoJobbiksparamilitaryguard.IntheNetherlands,thexenophobicPartyforFreedom(PVV)whoseleaderGeertWildersiscurrentlyfacingchargesforincitementofracialhatredbecamethecountryssecondlargestpartywith17percentofthevote.ThechargeagainstWildersis,amongotherthings,basedonhisequatingIslamwithfascistideologies.Inconsciouslyprovocativestatements,WildershascomparedtheKorantoHitlersMeinKampf.ThechargehasresultedinWildersbecomingamartyramongstneoNazisas

wellaspopulists.AnotheroneoftheEPelectionsbigwinnersisNickGriffin.OveronemillionBritsmadesurethattheextremerightBritishNationalParty(BNP)senthimandanothermembertoBrussels.ItisthefirsttimethattheUnitedKingdomisrepresentedbyanextremerightpartyintheEuropeanParliament.PartyleaderGriffin,withaprominentcareerintheneoNaziNationalFrontonhisresume,isregularlyontheroadinEurope,makingnewcontactsandkeepingupothers.ThecooperationbetweenJobbikand

theBNPhasbeensosuccessfulthatJobbikestablishedanoverseasofficeinLondonin2009auniquemovebyanonBritishextremerightparty.FrancesinfamousFrontNationallostfouroutofitssevenmandatesintheelectiontotheEuropeanParliament.PartyleaderJeanMarieLePenisnowover80yearsoldandissoonexpectedtohandoverthethronetohisdaughterMarine,alsoanMEP.NickGriffinandhisBNPhavebeenquicktoseizethemomentandtrytofillwhattheyperceiveasavoidinthepanEuropeanextremerightleadership.

Butonanationallevel,FrontNationalmadeanunexpectedcomebackinMarch.Afterbeingdownforthecountsincethecatastrophicelectionof2007,thepartywonoverninepercentofthevoteinthisyearsregionalelections.PartoftheirregainedsuccessisprobablyduetoMarinelePenwhohasgiventhepartyofsofterimage.ShehasdissociatedherselffromantiSemitism,playeddowntheextremismandtriedtocamouflageIslamophobiawithfeminismandnationalism.

JobbikhastakenseveralinitiativestopanEuropeancollaborations.InOctober2009,anewextremerightalliancewasforgedinBudapest.The


21/36

18

partyfederationAllianceofEuropeanNationalMovements(AENM)consistsofJobbik,theBritishNationalParty,BelgiumsFrontNational,FrancesFrontNational,ItalysFiammaTricoloreandSwedensNationalDemocrats.Afterthefoundingmeeting,theNationalDemocratswrotethat

thepurposeofthefederationistoworkagainstliberalismandglobalismintheWest,withinanEUframework()Themainpurposeofthefederationistocoordinatethefightagainstthemutualenemywhichmanifest(sic)itselfintheinternationalglobalismthreateningthecultureanduniquecharacterofusall.AustriasFreedomParty(FP),somewhatlessradicalthantheAENMparties,isincludedinthemeetingprotocolbuthasnotsignedit,andhasofficiallydeniedthecollaboration.IntheEPelections,FPwon13percent

ofthevote,analmostsevenpercentincrease.Ittakessevenpartiesand25memberstocreateaformalpoliticalgroupintheEuropeanParliament,somethingtheextremeandfarrighthasfailedtodo.In2007,Identity,Tradition,Sovereignty(ITS)brokeupafterAlessandraMussoliniaccusedRomaniansingeneralofbeingcriminal.ThisinfuriatedtheGreaterRomaniaPartytotheextentthattheyleftthegroup,leavingITSwithnotenoughmembers.AlessandraMussoliniisthegrandchildofBenitoMussoliniandwasanMEPuntil2008.SheisnowamemberoftheItalian

parliament(chamberofdeputies).


22/36

19

5 The Hatred Against MuslimsMuslimshavebecomethenewJews,claimprominentexpertssuchasAustrianprofessorAntonPelinka3.Islamophobiagainedafootholdafterthe9/11attacksagainstAmericain2001andthesubsequentterroristactsonEuropeansoil.IslamophobiaishereusedasatermforprejudiceagainstanddiscriminationofMuslims,notcriticismagainst(forexample)IslamismortheradicalizationofyoungMuslims.Unfortunately,Islamophobiahasmoreandmorecometoinfecttheseriouspublicdebate.Whatstartedasalegitimateresistanceagainsttheoppressionofwomenhas,incountrieslikeFranceandDenmark,turnedintoafixationonatinyburqawearingminority.Themajoritysoppressionoftheminorityhasalwaysbeenoneofdemocracysweakpoints.RacistpartiesalloverEuropearenowtryingtousethedemocraticsystemtotheiradvantage.InNovember2009,Switzerlandvotedonabanagainsttheconstructionofminarets,thetowersadorningasfewasfourofthecountrysaround200mosques.TheinitiativetothereferendumwastakenbytheEgerkingerCommittee,whichconsistofpoliticiansfromthexenophobicSwissPeoplesParty(SVP),thecountryslargestparty,andalsoofpoliticiansfromasmallevangelicalparty,theFederalDemocraticUnionofSwitzerland(FDU).In2008thecommitteehadamassedthe100000signaturesrequiredforareferendumonachangeoramendmenttotheSwissconstitution.Againsttheodds,thebanonminaretconstructionswasvotedthrough,andSwitzerlandwassharplycriticizedbytheUNandNGOssuchasAmnestyInternational.BytheendofMarsthisyear,Belgiumslowerhouseofparliamentpassedaburqaban.Thelawisexpectedtocomeintoforcethissummer,makingBelgiumthefirstcountryinEuropetobanthewearingoffullcoverageveilsinpublic.Thosewhorefusetocomplyarethreatenedwithjail.TheNationalAssemblyofFrancevotedforabanofthefullcoverveilinpublicspaces.ThelawmustalsobepassedintheSenate.TheGermanantiMuslimmovementistryingtostopislamizationwiththehelpoftheLisbonTreatyandsignaturesfromonemillionEUcitizens.ThetermislamizationhasmadearealbreakthroughinEurope.TheideaofanimminentMuslimtakeoverisreminiscentofthewellknownconspiracy3

Neo-Nazis? No such thing, Primor, Adar, Haaretz 5.3.2010


23/36

20

theoriesofZOG4andtheJewsallegedstruggleforworlddomination.EuropeanMuslimsaresubjecttoadisturbingdegreeofdiscrimination.Ina2009surveyofMuslimsin14EUcountries,theEuropeanUnionforAgency

FundamentalRights(FRA)establishedthatoneoutofthreeMuslimshaveexperienceddiscrimination.Elevenpercentoftherespondentshadalsobeenvictimsofaraciallymotivatedcrime.AswithotherminoritygroupssurveyedbytheFRA,anoverwhelmingmajority,79percent,hadchosennottoreporttheirexperiencesofcrimeanddiscriminationtotheauthorities5.AccordingtothereportMuslimsinEurope(December2009)fromtheOpenSocietyInstitute6,whohavetakenacloserlookat11citiesinsevenEuropeancountries,50percentoftheMuslimrespondentssaidthatthey

hadexperienceddiscriminationbecauseoftheirreligioninthepast12months.ThiscanbecomparedtoonlyninepercentofthenonMuslimrespondents.IntheNetherlands,GeertWildersiswaitinginthewingsafterthegovernmentcollapseinFebruary.InthelocalelectionsonMarch4,seenasatestaheadofJunesparliamentaryelections,hisFreedomPartycamefirstinAlmereoutsideAmsterdamandsecondinthecountryspoliticalcapitalTheHague.ThesituationforMuslimsintheNetherlands,wheretheyonly

makeupaboutfivepercentofthepopulation,isaspreviouslymentionedverydifficult.LocalexpertsregardtheantiMuslimrhetoricoftheFreedomPartytobeadirectlycontributingcause.Accordingtoa2009survey,halfofthecountrysMuslimsareconsideringemigration.Athirdstatethattheywoulddefinitelyliketoemigrate7.AspointedoutinthecasewiththeSwissminaretban,theIslamophobesarequicktocopyothercountriessuccessfulstrategies.TheStoptheIslamisationofDenmarkorganization(SIAD)hasthusgrownintothepan

EuropeanmovementStoptheIslamisationofEurope(SIOE).Nationalchapters,fromSwedentoBulgaria,havealsobeenestablished.DuringthecontroversyregardingaMuslimculturalcenteronManhattan,StopIslamizationofAmerica(SIOA)hasfiguredinthemediaonamoreorlessdailybasisbecauseoftheircampaignagainsttheplannedbuilding.

4

Zionist Occupation Government. Zionists and Zionism are extreme right code words for Jews and perceived

Jewish influence.5

fra.europa.eu6

www.soros.org7

Opinion poll ordered by the Dutch program Netwerk. Quoted in Wilders makes half of Dutch Muslims want

to emigrate, Blass, Michael, Radio Netherlands Worldwide 090629 (www.rnw.nl)


24/36


25/36

22

6 Roma: A People PersecutedTatarszentgyrgyinHungary,February23.AhouseissetonfirewithMolotovcocktails.Ayoungfatherandhis5yearoldsonareshotdeadastheyfleetheirhome.VitkovintheCzechRepublic,April18.Threefamilymembersareinjuredinanarsonattack.Their2yearolddaughtersuffersburnson80percentofherskin.TiszalkinHungary,April22.54yearoldKka,leavingtoworkthenightshift,isshotdeadinfrontofhisfamilyhome.KisltainHungary,August3.Mria,amiddleagedmother,isshotandkilledinherbed.Her13yearolddaughterisseverelywounded.8Thestatisticscoveringbeatings,arsonattacksandmurdersinHungaryandtheCzechRepubliccanbereadasthefirststagesofethniccleansing.Buttheyearwhentheaboveattackstookplaceisnot1939but2009.Roma,previouslycalledgypsies,arefallingvictimtochockinglevelsofviolence,persecutionanddiscriminationinItalyandinEasternandCentralEurope.Now,RomafamiliesfleeEuropebythethousands,seekingasyluminCanadaandtheUnitedStates.YetthesafetyoftheRomaremainsalowpriorityforEurope.TheRomathemselveshaveadifficulttimerousingpublicopinionfortheircause.Thegrouplack,withfewexceptions,representativesatthehigherlevelsofsociety.TheRomaareEuropeslargestethnicminority.ApproximatelytentotwelvemillionRomalivehere,butthefiguresareuncertainandcouldbemuchhigher.AsopposedtoforexamplethewellintegratedJewishpopulation,theRomasituationismorecomplex.Itiswellknownthattheoutsiderstatusistosomedegreeaconsciouschoice.ManyRomaparentshave,forexample,takentheirchildrenoutofschoolbeforetheyhavebeenabletogoontohighereducation.ButcenturiesofantiRomapersecutionsshinealightonthereasonsbehindtheisolation.Inotherwords,Romafamiliesmaywellchoosetoremainseparatedfromtherestofsocietyforsecurityreasons.InEasternand

8

European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC)


26/36

23

CentralEurope,thepolicehaverepeatedlyrefusedtocometotherescueatbeatingsandevenarsonattacks.InEUMIDIS,thefirstEUwidereportondiscrimination(2009),6692percentoftheRomastatethattheyhavenotreportedtheirlatestexperienceofdiscriminationtotheauthorities.65100

percentsaystheylacktrustinthejudicialsystemandthelawenforcement9

.Areasonablesuspicioncanactuallybebehindthosehighfigures.AuthoritiesinseveralEUcountrieshaveforcefullyevictedRomafamiliesanddemolishedtheircamps.Thedemolitionshavebeencarriedoutinblatantbreachofhumanrightslaws.Often,thereisnoadvancewarning.InRomania,about75Roma,includingchildren,liveinsimplemetalshacksrightbesideasewagetreatmentplant.Sixyearsago,theywereforcefullymovedinwhatwascynicallycalledatemporarytransfer.Industrialareas

andgarbagedumpsareotherplaceswhereRomafamiliesaredeportedto.Andtheirnewhomesareofteneverythingbuttemporary.Despiterepeatedcriticismfromhumanrightsorganizations,healthyRomachildrenincountriessuchastheCzechRepublicarestillplacedinschoolsforthementallydisabled.InBosnia,RomaandJewsarelegallybarredfromrunningforparliamentandthepresidency.TheRomawhofledpersecutionsinKosovoarecurrentlybeingsentbackfromahostofEUmemberstates,despitethefactthatthesituationhasntimproved.Onthe

contrary,theRomainKosovoarevictimsofhateattacksandareforcedtoliveunderghettolikecircumstances.OneofthosewhohaveexpressedtheirconcernistheCouncilofEuropeCommissionerforHumanRights,ThomasHammarberg,whoatthebeginningofthisyearcondemnedthetransferofRomafamiliesacrosscountryborders.HammarbergisnowdemandingastoptodeportationsofRomatoKosovo.Needlesstosay,theRomaareingravedangerifEuropeleavestheirdestinyinthehandsofantiRomaextremists.HungarianJobbik,BulgarianAtaka

andtheSlovakNationalPartyconsiderRomatobelowerthananimals.Thefirstpartyhas,aspreviouslymentioned,alreadymadetheirentranceinBrussels.JobbiksantiSemitismisexpressedopenlyinwrittenmaterials,inspeechesandatmanifestations.InSeptemberthisyear,thevicepresidentofJobbiksaidtoReutarsthatthepartywantstoplaceRomasinpublicorderzones,someforalifetime.SidebysidewithJobbiksMEPsmarchesthemilitantneofascistsofthepartysparamilitarydivision,theHungarianGuard(MagyarGrda),

9

fra.europa.eu


27/36

24

inspiredbytheHungarianArrowCrosspartyoftheNaziera.DespiteabanontheGuard,fewofthemhaveputawaytheirbootsandvestsadornedwithroaringlions.Instead,theGuardhasbeenreestablishedasaculturalassociation.Menandwomenofallageshavejoinedtheirranks,butyouths

seemparticularlyluredbythetoughtalkingnationalistpropaganda.InthebeginningofMarch,anopinionpollshowedthatJobbikwas,forthefirsttimeever,morepopularwithyoungHungariansthantheSocialists.Intheagegroup18to24,Jobbikwaseventwiceaslargeasthepreviousrulingparty10.InItaly,thethreatsagainstRomahaveincreaseddisproportionallysinceSilvioBerlusconisnewgovernmentcametopowerin2008,accordingtothehumanrightsreportSecuritylaItaliana:Fingerprinting,Extreme

ViolenceandHarassmentofRomainItaly.ThereportdescribeshowraciallymotivatedattacksagainstRomaarenolongerisolatedincidentsbutratherastructuralcomponentoftheItalianeverydayreality11.AccordingtoastudypresentedtotheItalianparliamentinFebruary2010,almosthalfofthecountrysyoungmenandwomenarexenophobicorintolerantagainstimmigrants.15percentclaimedtohaveaphobiaagainstRomanians,AlbaniansandRoma.Those15percentweredominatedbywomen12.

InAugust2010FrancecommencedamuchcriticizedmassdeportationofRumanianandBulgarianRomanies.300campsweredemolishedinorderto,accordingtoFrenchpresidentNicolasSarkozy,curbcriminalityandaround1000Romashavebeendeported(September2010).TheeventsthattriggeredthedeportationsstartedwithadeadlyshotbythepoliceofayoungmanbelongingtotheRomaminority,whichleadtoriots.ThedeportationshavemetmassiveprotestsbothfromtheRomanies

themselvesandfrompoliticiansandhumanrightsNGOsaroundtheworld.VivianeReding,TheEUcommissionerforJustice,FundamentalRightsandCitizenship,saidthattheymightcontradictEUlawsoffreemovement,fundamentalrightsandcitizenship.Criticsofthedeportationsarguethattheyareillegalonthegroundsofnotbeingtriedindividually,inadditiontobreakingthelawoffreemovementwithintheEU.InSeptember2010,theEuropeanparliamentpassedaresolutioncallingforFranceandothercountriestoimmediatelyenddeportationsofRomapeople.Amongstother10

Poll reveals Jobbik scores better among young people than Socialists, MTI/Politics.hu, 10030511

From a coalition of human rights groups including the Open Society Institute and the ERRC, 2009. See forexample www.soros.org12

46 percent [of] young Italians xenophobic, AFP 100219


28/36

25

things,theparliamentarguedthatsincethedeportationsaregroundedonracetheyareactsofdiscrimination.VoiceshavealsobeenraisedforsanctioningFranceeconomically.

TherearealreadydifferentlawsinplaceforRomainFranceconcerningtherighttovoteinlocalelections.WhileRomapeoplehavetobeenregisteredinthesamemunicipalityduringthreeyearstohavearighttovote,sixmonthsisenoughforallothercitizens.DeportationsofRomanieshavetakenplaceinSwedenaswellduring2010.Thepolicedeportedapproximately50RomabecausetheyearnedtheirlivingthroughbeggingdespiteallEUcitizenshavingarighttostayinanothercountrythreemonthswithoutprovinghowtheymakealiving.Furthermore,beginningisnotillegalinSweden,butthepolicefoundit

dishonest.


29/36


30/36

27

OmarandAhmedRamihavecopiedtheFrenchandcreatedanantiZionistparty.WithincontemporaryantiSemitism,ZionistsandZionismareusedascodewordsforJewsanddelusionsofJewishglobalinfluence.ThestateofIsraelisalsousedasacodedsymbolforanything

Jewish.Thus,ahordeofneoNaziscarryingtorchescanchantIsraeloutofSweden!outsidesynagogues(whichhashappenedinStockholm),withoutbreakingthelawdespitetherebeingnodoubtsastowhichminorityisintended.TheFrenchPartiAntiSionisteisledbycomedianDieudonnMBalaMBala,who,likeAhmedRami,hasbeenconvictedforantiSemitism(inDieudonnscase,forantiSemiticstatements).Oneofthegoalsstatedintheirpartyprogramreads:EradicatingallformsofZionisminthenation.

ThepartyranintheEuropeanParliamentelectioninFrancebutdidntmanagetosecureenoughvotes.ButDieudonnhimselfisverypopularamongFrenchactivistsonthefarleft,aswellaswithradicalizedimmigrantyouths.ThegodfatherofoneofDieudonnsdaughtersisnoneotherthanthegodfatherofFrenchracism,JeanMarieLePenofFrontNational.TheFreedomPartyscandidateinthisyearsAustrianpresidentialelection,BarbaraRosenkranz,istestamenttotheantiSemitismremainingwithinthepopulistpartiesevenifMuslimshavebecometheirpremiertarget.

Rosenkranz,marriedtoamanfrommoreextremenationalistcircles,havepreviouslydefendeddoubtssurroundingtheNazigaschambers.IntheAprilelection,shebecamethesitting(andreelected)presidentHeinzFischersonlychallenger.Despiteharshcsriticism,Rosenkranzsecuredalmost16percentofthevote.TheresulthasbeenmetwithuneaseintheAustrianJewishcommunity.InIsrael,newspapereditorialshaveencouragedJewsinAustriaandHungarytoleavetheirrespectivecountries.


31/36

28

8 Strategies Against the Extreme RightTheEuropeancountrieshavetrieddifferentstrategiestofacethethreatfromorganizedracism.Insomecountries,xenophobicpartieshavebeenleftoutinthecold,whiletheirantiimmigrantargumentshavebeencopiedinordertowinovervoters.Inotherplaces,exemplarymeasureshavebeentakentoinformthepublicoftheracistshatefulagendaonlytohavetheextremerightdominatethepolls.Manypoliticalpartieslackanysortofstrategyandseemtooperplexedtotakeseriousaction.Anditsnowonder:neitherisolationnoractiveoppositionhasworked.ThisisalsowhattheBertelsmannFoundationinGermanyfoundwhenthey,inagroundbreakingproject,studiedandcomparedstrategiesagainsttheextremerightin11Europeancountries.Nostrategyisuniversalandguaranteedtowork,theyconclude,butsuggestanumberofspecificmeasures.Amongstthoseare:

Showpoliticalresponsibility.Byformingantiracistcommitteesonthehighestpoliticallevels,thepoliticianswillmakeitclearthatdiscriminationandracismareareasofconcern.

Practicepoliticalleadershipandbesuretotaketheinitiativeinthedebate.Politiciansshouldneverforgettoemphasizethepositiveeffectsofadiversifiedsociety.

Racismhastoresultinaredcard.Whenpoliticiansororganizationsdemonstratexenophobicideas,theyhavetobebannedfromimportantpositions.Withoutthissortofzerotolerance,societywillbeinfiltratedby,forexample,Islamophobicideas.

Increaseawarenessofhatecrimesandkeeptrackofinfringementoflaws.Swedenisheldupasagoodexample,buttheSwedishhatecrimelawisactuallyapapertiger.Inotherwords,itisimportantthatthethreatofhatecrimeconvictionsdoesntloseitsteeth.

Themediaplaysakeyrolewhenitcomestoexposingtheagendaofthexenophobes.AsinforexampleFranceandGermany,investigativejournalismfocusingontheextremerightshouldbeencouraged.

TheBertelsmannFoundationisalsofocusingontheneedforinformation.TheEuropeancountriesshouldsharetheirknowledgeaboutthedifferentstrategiesthatexisttocombatthethreat.Perhapsthereisevenaneedfora


32/36

29

commonEuropeanstrategy.Inanycase,thethreatmustnotbedismissedasamarginalisedphenomenon,theywarn.Theextremerightmustbekeptunderclosewatch,especiallyasitisassumedthatglobalisationwillmakethemovementgrowevenlarger14.

ProfessorMontserratGuibernauattheUniversityofLondoncomestothesameconclusioninherpaper,Migrationandtheriseoftheradicalright(March2010)15.Init,shecriticizesmainstreampartiesforregardingtheextremerightasabunchoffanatics.Thefactthatnomajorpartyhasneitherbeenabletocalmthepublicsfearsaboutimmigration,orstoptheriseoftheultraright,begsthequestionofwhetherthepartieshavetrulyunderstoodwhatfactorsaredrivingthevotersintothearmsofthexenophobes,writesGuibernau.

Guibernaupresentsthreeelementsthatshouldbeincludedinthepartiesresponsetothechallenge.Firstofall,voterconfidenceinpoliticsmustberestoredbyincreasedtransparencyandlessbureaucracy.Thepartiesalsoneedtoformulateabalancedwayofrelatingtoimmigration,whichneedstobecontrolled,whilestillrespectingthehumanrights.Finally,politiciansshouldacknowledgetheworkingclassesconcernoverthelabormarket,wheretheyoftenfeelincapableofcompetingwithcheaper,foreignlabor(despitestudiesshowingthatthereisnosuchcompetitiononthemarket).

Popular Resistance

Onastrictlymoralnote,itmustbeconsideredbettertofacetheextremerightthantoremainpassive.Astrongantiracistpopularmovementisasignofhealthandasignaltovotersaswellastheextremeright,thatracistopinionsdonotbelongincivilized,diversifiedsocieties.Preventativeactivismisoneofthebestcuresagainstorganizedracism,andthisisalsowhatForeshasconcludedinitspolicypaper2010:1,Localresistanceto

xenophobia.InGreatBritain,theantiracistSearchlightMagazinerunsanationalcampaignagainstracism,HopenotHate.AdoubledeckerbuspaintedahopefulyellowhastouredthecountrytoinformabouttheBritishNationalParty.Searchlighthasmanagedtomobilizethousandsofactivistsandco

14

Bertelsmann Stiftung (red.), Strategies for Combating Right-Wing Extremism in Europe, Gtersloh: Verlag

Bertelsmann Stiftung, 200915

Published by the Policy Network ahead of the conference Migration and the rise of nationalist right-wingparties: confrontation, isolation or engagement in Copenhagen. Can be downloaded from: http://www.policy-

network.net/uploadedFiles/Publications/Publications/Migration and the rise of the far right.pdf.


33/36

30

operateswithlocalantiBNPgroupsfromNorthtoSouth.TheSwedishantiracistfoundationandmagazineExporunsasimilarcampaign,TheSwedenDemocratsAreWrong,since2008.Basedonabookwiththesamename,Expocampaignsthroughlectures,studycirclesand

Internetactivism.InGermany,itisnotunusualforpeoplefromallwalksoflifetoturnupatantiracistmanifestations.Familieswithyoungchildren,anarchists,gayactivists,priestsfromtheCatholicChurchandothershave,throughtheuseofactivenonviolence,managedtostoptheextremerightsshowofforceandspreadingofpropaganda.OneofthemostimportantdatesintheEuropeanextremerightscalendaristheDresdenMemorialDay,wherethevictimsoftheAlliedbombingsarehonored.Atthisyearsmemorial,10000

Germansformedahumanchain,barringtheneoNazisfrommarchingthroughthecity.

Cordon Sanitaire a Line of Decency

ApoliticalequivalentoftheDresdenresistanceisthesocalledcordonsanitairedrawnupbyBelgianpartiestokeepthexenophobicVlaamsBelangatbay.Thestrategyinvolvesanagreementamongsttheotherpartiesnottocooperatewiththeracistpartyinordertokeepitata

distance.AsimilarlinewasalsodrawnupbythemainstreampartiesinFrancetocounterthethreatfromtheFrontNational(whichiscurrentlymarginalized,muchbecauseofthisstrategy).Oneobviouscriticismwasandstillisthattheapproachisundemocratic.InthecaseofFrance,xenophobicideasalsomanagedtobreakthroughthesanitaryquarantineandentermainstreampolitics.

Supporters and Dealmakers

Someexpertsproposeastrategywheretheestablishedpartiestakeontheareasthattheextremerighttriestoclaimastheirs.Inotherwords,immigration,integrationandIslam.Butthisstrategyisquiteeasytocriticize.InseveralEuropeancountries,attemptstotakebacksuchissueshaveresultedinapoliticaldebateuncomfortablyfixateduponIslamandMuslims.Inreality,theresulthasbeenthattheextremerightissettingtheagenda.NorwaysProgressParty(FrP)isoneexampleofxenophobiaslowlybutsurelybeingnormalized.Today,aftercompromisesanddiscreetsupportfromotherparties,theFrPisNorwayssecondlargestparty.ThequestionEuropespoliticiansneedtoaddressiswhetherthisriskis


34/36

31

betterthancooperatingwithxenophobicparties.InDenmark,theDanishPeoplesPartyhastheroleofsupportpartytothegovernmentsincealmostadecade.InthelocalandregionalelectionsofNovember2009,thepartyincreaseditslocalmandatesfrom125to186.Thesuccessfulnormalization

processhasbeenveryfavorabletotheDanishPeoplesParty,whoalsodoubledtheirmandateintheEPelection.ItiseasytoseewhyxenophobicpartiesontheriseregardtheDanishPeoplesPartyastheirrolemodel.

Risky Acceptance

ButtheDanishtoleranceisstillmorevigorousthaninItaly,wheretheNorthernLeagueispartofthegovernment.Moreandmoreoften,Italianpoliticiansrefusetocondemnracialriotsandhatecrimes.Instead,they

shifttheguilttothevictims,sendingadangeroussignaltothepopulationthatethnicandreligiousdiscriminationisacceptableperhapsevendesirable.Italyistheworstcasescenario,anexampleofhowfastracistideascangainafootholdonceyoulettheextremerightinfromthecold.ThequestioniswhetheranyEuropeancountryshouldallowitselftotakethesamerisk.


35/36

32


36/36

Om FORES

FORES r en ny tankesmedja som vill frndra. Globalisering och klimatfrndring innebr utmaningar som

krver nya stt att se p samhllet. FORES ger debatten nya perspektiv, frimodiga ider och positiv energi.

Vi bygger ntverk av samhllsintresserade och experter. Tillsammans kan vi ta fram tydliga och konkreta

frslag p lsningar fr en hllbar framtid.

Documents

The Extreme and Far Right in Europe - FORES Policy Paper 2010: 6