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8/20/2019 The Extraction of Melanin From Skin http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-extraction-of-melanin-from-skin 1/5 XIV. THE EXTRACTION OF MELANIN FROM SKIN WITH DILUTE ALKALI. BY WILLIAM JOHN YOUNG. The Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Townsville, N. Queensland. Received December 23rd, 1920.) IT has generally beenassumed that the black pigments melanins) which occur normally or pathologically in animal tissues, hair, skin,feathers, etc. are chemically very inert substances, and in mostcases their isolation has been carried out by dissolving the tissue in boiling alkalies or strong acids. Thus Abel and Davis[1896] prepared melanins from both the skin and hair of a negro by heating the material at 1000 either with 5-6 potassium hydroxide or witb concentrated hydrochloric acid until all the keratin had dissolved. Other investigators haveused even more drastic methodsuch as boiling with more concentrated alkalies or even fuming hydrochloric acid. Thatsome melanins are really not so resistant to alkalies and acids was shown by Gortner [1910] who investigated the effects of alkalies upon the melanin of black-sheep s wool. He extracted the pigment from the wool by boiling with successive portions of a 0-2 solution of sodium hydroxide, and from the first two or threextracts he obtained a melanin of constant com- position, C 52-57 , H 7.28 , N 13.43 , S 1-33 . Thissub- stancewhen purified contained no ash, was soluble in alkali and in very dilute mineral acids N/20), and was precipitated by stronger acids. After boiling thiswith stronger alkali a pigment could be precipitated by acid from the solution, which contained less nitrogen and hydrogen than the original, and was no longer soluble in dilute acids. This acid-soluble pigment was onlyobtained from the first two or three extractions, the subsequent extracts yielding a different pigment, insoluble in acid and containing less nitrogen and hydrogen, and Gortner considered this to be a decomposition product of the acid-soluble pigment. When stronger solutions of alkali were employed for the extraction, the compounds obtained wereinsoluble in acid, and their nitrogen and hydrogen decreased, in general, as the concentration of alkali increased; thus the sub- stance extracted with 50 sodium hydroxide containedonly 3*84 hydrogen and 8-98 nitroget.

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X I V. THE EXTRACTION OF MELANIN FROM

SKIN WITH DILUTE ALKALI.

B Y WILLIAM JOHN YOUNG.

T h eA u s t r a l i a nI n s t i t u t eo fT r o p i c a lM e d i c i n e ,T o w n s v i l l e ,N . Q u e e n s l a n d .

R e c e i v e dD e c e m b e r2 3 r d ,1 9 2 0 . )

I T h a s g e n e r a l l yb e e na s s u m e dt h a tt h eb l a c kp i g m e n t s m e l a n i n s )w h i c ho c c u rn o r m a l l yo r p a t h o l o g i c a l l yi n a n i m a lt i s su e s , h a i r ,s k i n ,f e a t h e r s ,e t c . a r ec h e m i c a l l yv e r y i n e r ts u b s t a n c e s ,a n d i n m o s tc a s e st h e i ri s o l a t i o nh a s b e e nc a r r i e do u t b y d i s s o l v i n gt h et i s s u ei n b o i l i n ga l k a l i e so r s t r o n ga c i d s .T h u sA b e la n d D a v i s[ 1 8 9 6 ]p r e p a r e dm e l a n i n sf r o mb o t h t h es k i na n d h a i ro f an e g r ob y h e a t i n gt h e m a t e r i a la t 1 0 0 0e i t h e rw i t h 5 - 6 p o t a s s i u m h y d r o x i d eo r w i t bc o n c e n t r a t e dh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i du n t i la l l t h e k e r a t i nh a d d i s s o l v e d .O t h e ri n v e s t i g a t o r sh a v eu s e de v e nm o r ed r a s t i cm e t h o d ss u c ha sb o i l i n gw i t hm o r ec o n c e n t r a t e da l k a l i e so re v e n f u m i n gh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .

T h a t s o m em e l a n i n sa r er e a l l yn o t s o r e s i s t a n tt o a l k a l i e sa n d a c i d sw a ss h o w n b yG o r t n e r[ 1 9 1 0 ]w h oi n v e s t i g a t e d t h ee f f e c t so f a l ka l i e su p o n t h em e l a n i no fb l a c k - s h e e p sw o o l .He e x t r a c t e d t h ep i g m e n tf r o mt h e w o o lb yb o i l i n gw i t hs u c c e s s i v ep o r t i o n so fa 0 - 2 s o l u t i o no fs o d i u mh y d r o x i d e ,a n df r o mt h e f i r s tt w o o r t h r e ee x t r a c t sh e o b t a i n e da m e l a n i no f c o n s t a n tc o m -p o s i t i o n ,C 5 2 - 5 7 , H 7 . 2 8 , N 1 3 . 4 3 , S 1 - 3 3 . T h i ss u b -s t a n c ew h e np u r i f i e dc o n t a i n e dn o a s h ,w a ss o l u b l ei na l k a l ia n di nv e r y d i l u t em i n e r a la c i d s N / 2 0 ) ,a n d w a sp r e c i p i t a t e db y s t r o n g e ra c i d s .A f t e rb o i l i n gt h i sw i t h s t r o n g e ra l k a l ia p i g m e n tc o u l db e p r e c i p i t a t e db y a c i df r o m t h es o l u t i o n ,w h i c hc o n t a i n e dl e s sn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e n t h a nt h eo r i g i n a l ,a n dw a sn o l o n g e rs o l u b l ei n d i l u t ea c i d s .

T h i sa c i d - s o l u b l ep i g m e n tw a s o n l yo b t a i n e df r o mt h ef i r s tt w o o r t h r e ee x t r a c t i o n s ,t h es u b s e q u e n te x t r a c t sy i e l d i n ga d i f f e r e n tp i g m e n t ,i n s o l u b l ei n a c i da n d c o n t a i n i n gl e s sn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e n ,a n d G o r t n e rc o n s i d e r e dt h i st o b e a d e c o m p o s i t i o np r o d u c to ft h e a c i d - s o l u b l ep i g m e n t .

W h e n s t r o n g e rs o l u t i o n so f a l k a l iw e r e e m p l o y e df o rt h ee x t r a c t i o n ,t h ec o m p o u n d so b t a i n e dw e r ei n s o l u b l ei n a c i d ,a n d t h e i rn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e nd e c r e a s e d ,i n g e n e r a l ,a s t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o no fa l k a l ii n c r e a s e d ;t h u s t h es u b -s t a n c ee x t r a c t e dw i t h5 0 s o d i u mh y d r o x i d ec o n t a i n ed o n l y3 * 8 4 h y d r o g e na n d 8 - 9 8

n i t r o g e t .

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MELANIN FROM SKIN

S o f a rf r o mb e i n gi n e r tt o a l k a l i e st h e m e l a n i no f s h e e p sw o o lw a s t h u sr e a d i l yd e c o m p o s e db y b o i l i n gw i t h s o d i u mh y d r o x i d ei nc o n c e n t r a t i o n so v e r0 - 2 , w h i l s te v e n t h i sc o n c e n t r a t i o nd e c o m p o s e dt h e p i g m e n t o nc o n t i n u e db o i l i n g .

From t h e s er e s u l t sG o r t n e rc o n s i d e r e dt h a ti n a l lp r o b a b i l i t ym a n y o ft h e m e l a n i n sd e s c r i b e di n t h el i t e r a t u r ew e r er e a l l yp r o d u c t so f t h e d e c o m -p o s i t i o no fm e l a n i na n d n o t t h e p i g m e n ta s i t o c c u r si n t h e n a t u r a lm a t e r i a l .

T h e m e l a n i no b t a i n e db y A b e la n d D a v i s f r o mn e g r os k i nw a sl e f ti n t h ef o r m o f p i g m e n t g r a n u l e s ( p i g m e n ta n d p i g m e n ts t r u c t u r e )a f t e rt h ek e r a t i nh a d d i s s o l v e di n t h e a l k a l i ;a n d t h e p i g m e n tw a s f r e e df r o m t h ep i g m e n ts t r u c t u r eb y c o n t i n u e dt r e a t m e n tw i t h 5 h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d ,a n ds u b s e q u e n te x t r a c t i o nw i t h p o t a s s i u mh y d r o x i d e .I t t h e n h a dt h ec o m p o s i t i o nC = 5 3 . 5 6 , H 5 * 1 1 , N 1 5 . 4 7 , S = 2 - 5 3 .

T h e a u t h o r [ Yo u n g ,1 9 1 6 ]d e s c r i b e dt h e p r e p a r a t i o no f a m e l a n i nf r o m

t h es k i no f a n A u s t r a l i a na b o r i g i n a l ,b y t r e a t m e n tw i t h s u c c e s s i v ep o r t i o n so f b o i l i n g5 s o d i u mh y d r o x i d e ,e a c h p o r t i o nb e i n g a l l o w e dt o a c tf o ras h o r tt i m e o n l y . I n t h i sp r e p a r a t i o nn o g r a n u l e sw e r e o b t a i n e db u t t h ep i g m e n tw a s g r a d u a l l yd i s s o l v e di n t h e a l k a l i ,f r o m w h i c hi t w a s o b t a i n e db y p r e c i p i t a t i n gw i t ha c i d .T h ea n a l y s i sd i f f e r e df r o mt h a to ft h e p r e p a r a t i o no fA b e la n d D a v i sa s i t g a v eC - 6 0 - 1 2 , H = 6 - 7 0 , N = 1 1 - 8 9 .

M o r er e c e n t l ya n o p p o r t u n i t yo f o b t a i n i n gm o r em a t e r i a lc a m et o h a n d ,a n d f u r t h e rp r e p a r a t i o n sw e r e m a d e ,t h em e t h o db e i n gm o d i f i e ds o t h a t am o r ed i l u t ea l k a l i N / 2 0 )c o u l db e e m p l o y e di n t h e e x t r a c t i o n .P i g m e n t sw e r ee x t r a c t e dw i t h t h i sa l k a l if r o mp o r t i o n so ft h e s k i nf r o mt w oA u s t r a l i a n

a b o r i g i n a l sa n d a l o wc a s t eC i n g a l e e .P r e p a r a t i o n .

I t w a sf o u n dt h a ti f t h es k i nw e r e s o a k e di nb o i l i n gw a t e r ,t h eo u t e rl a y e r ,w h i c hc o n t a i n e dp r a c t i c a l l ya l l t h ep i g m e n t ,c o u l d b e r e a d i l yr e m o v e db ys c r a p i n g .T h i sl a y e r 2 0 0g . )w a s w a s h e dw i t h a l c o h o la n d e t h e rt o r e m o v eg r e a s e ,a n d w a s b o i l e dw i t h 1 0 0c c .o f N / 2 0s o d i u mh y d r o x i d ef o ro n e h o u ru n d e r a r e f l u xc o n d e n s e r .I t w a s a l l o w e dt o s e t t l ea n d t h ed a r k l i q u i dd e -c a n t e d a n d f i l t e r e d .T h e p r o c e s sw a s r e p e a t e dw i t h s u c c e s s i v ep o r t i o n so ff r e s ha l k a l iu n t i l ,a f t e rf o u re x t r a c t i o n s ,t h e r ew a so n l y a v e r y s m a l lr e s i d u e .T o t h ef o u rc l e a rf i l t r a t e sa f t e rc o o l i n g ,h y d r o e h l o r i ca c i dw a sa d d e dt o a b o u tN / 3 ,w h e r e b yt h em e l a n i nw a s t h r o w nd o w na s a d a r k - b r o w np r e c i p i t a t e .I t w a sa l l o w e dt o s e t t l e ,t h e l i q u i ds i p h o n e do f fa n dt h e p r e c i p i t a t er e p e a t e d l yw a s h e db y d e c a n t a t i o nw i t hN / 3 h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .T h ec l e a rw a s h i n g sw e r es i p h o n e do f fa s m u c ha s p o s s i b l ea n d w a t e r a n d h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i da d d e dt om a k et h el i q u i dt o 5 0 0c c .o fN / 2 0h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .T h em i x t u r ew a st h e nh e a t e d t o b o i l i n g .T h e p r e c i p i t a t e sf r o m t h e f i r s tt w o e x t r a c t sc o m p l e t e l yd i s s o l v e dt o a d e e p b r o w ns o l u t i o n ;t h a tf r o m t h e t h i r de x t r a c tw a s o n l yp a r t i a l l ys o l u b l e ;w h i l s tt h ef o u r t hp r e c i p i t a t ed i dn o t a p p e a rt o d i s s o l v ea ta l l . T h e s o l u t i o n sw e r e f i l t e r e dt h r o u g ha f i n ef i l t e rp a p e r S c h l e i c h e ra n d

1 1 9

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W. J . YOUNG

S c h u i l l sB l u e B a n d ) , a n d t h e f i r s tt h r e es o l u t i o n sm i x e d . I n t h i sw a y t h ep i g m e n tw a s s e p a r a t e di n t ot w o f r a c t i o n s ,o n e s o l u b l e ,t h e o t h e r i n s o l u b l ei n d i l u t eh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .T h es o l u t i o ni n h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i dw a sc o o l e d ,a n dc o n c e n t r a t e da c i da d d e du n t i lt h e m i x t u r ew a sN / 3 .T h em e l a n i nw a st h e r e b yp r e c i p i t a t e da n dw a sa l l o w e dt o s e t t l e ,t h e l i q u i ds i p h o n e do f f ,a n d t h e r e s i d u ew a s h e ds e v e r a lt i m e s b y d e c a n t a t i o nw i t h h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i do f t h e s a m es t r e n g t h .T h ep r o c e s so fd i s s o l v i n gi n N / 2 0a c i d ,f i l t e r i n ga n d - r e p r e c i p i t a t i n gw a sr e p e a t e do n c e ,t h e p i g m e n tw a st h e n a g a i nd i s s o l v e di n t h e d i l u t eh y d r o -c h l o r i ca c i d ,a n d t h e s o l u t i o nd i a l y s e du n t i lt h e l i q u i dn o l o n g e rg a v e a p r e -c i p i t a t ew i t h s i l v e rn i t r a t e .

T h i s t r e a t m e n tp r e c i p i t a t e dt h e p i g m e n t ,w h i c hw a s t h e n f i l t e r e do f fo na h a r d e n e dp a p e r ,w a s h e dw i t h d i s t i l l e dw a t e r ,t h e n w i t h a l c o h o l ,f i n a l l yw i t he t h e ra n d d r i e d .T h e p a p e rw a sf o l d e da n d e x t r a c t e di n a S o x h l e ta p p a r a t u s ,s u c c e s s i v e l yw i t h c a r b o n d i s u l p h i d e , l i g h tp e t r o l e u ma n d e t h e r ,a n d w a sd r i e da t 1 0 0 0 .I t w a s t h u s o b t a i n e da s a b l a c kp o w d e r ,a n d w i l lb e r e f e r r e dt o a s a c i d - s o l u b l em e l a n i n .B e f o r eb e i n gd r i e dt h e p o w d e rw a sr e a d i l ys o l u b l ei n d i l u t e N / 2 0 )s o d i u mh y d r o x i d e ,a n d i n g l a c i a la c e t i ca n d c o n c e n t r a t e ds u l p h u r i ca c i d s . I td i s s o l v e do n w a r m i n gi n d i l u t e N / 2 0 )h y d r o c h l o r i ca n da c e t i ca c i d s .A f t e rd r y i n ga t 1 0 0 0i t d i s s o l v e do n l yw i t h d i f f i c u l t yi nb o i l i n gd i l u t ea l k a l i ,m o r er e a d i l yi n s t r o n g e ra l k a l i ,a n d w a s a l m o s ti n s o l u b l ei nd i l u t eh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .

T h e p i g m e n tf r o mt h el a t e re x t r a c t i o n so f t h e s k i n ,w h i c hw a s i n s o l u b l ei n d i l u t ea c i d ,w a s a l s op u r i f i e db y t r e a t m e n to n t h e f i l t e rp a p e rr e p e a t e d l yw i t h b o i l i n gN / 2 0 h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d .I t w a s t h e n w a s h e dr e p e a t e d l yw i t h

w a t e r a n d s u b s e q u e n t l yd i s s o l v e di n w a r m N / 2 0 s o d i u mh y d r o x i d e .T h em e l a n i nw a sp r e c i p i t a t e db y a d d i n gh y d r o c h l o r i ca c i di n s l i g h te x c e s s ,w a s h e db y d e c a n t a t i o nu n t i lf r e ef r o m a c i d ,f i l t e r e da n d w a s h e dw i t h a l c o h o la n de t h e r ,a n d e x t r a c t e da s b e f o r ew i t h c a r b o nd i s u l p h i d e ,l i g h tp e t r o l e u ma n de t h e r ,a n d d r i e da t 1 0 0 0 .T h i s p o w d e r ,a f t e rd r y i n g ,d i s s o l v e dc o m p l e t e l y ,b u to n l yv e r y s l o w l y ,i n b o i l i n ga l k a l i e s .

I n t h ea b o v em a n n e rb o t h a c i d - s o l u b l ea n d a c i d - i n s o l u b l ep r e p a r a t i o n sw e r e o b t a i n e df r o mt h et h r e es k i n s .

A n a l y s i so fp r o d u c t s .

T h e c a r b o na n d h y d r o g e nw e r e d e t e r m i n e db y b u r n i n gi n a c u r r e n t o fo x y g e nb y D e n n s t e d t ' sm e t h o d ,l e a dp e r o x i d eb e i n ge m p l o y e dt o k e e pb a c ka n y o x i d e so f n i t r o g e na n d s u l p h u r .T h e y i e l d so f m a t e r i a lw e r e t o o s m a l lf o ra s e p a r a t ee s t i m a t i o no fs u l p h u r ,a n di ns o m ec a s e st h es u l p h u rw a st h e r e f o r ee s t i m a t e d t t h e s a m e t i m eb y D e n n s t e d t ' sm e t h o d . T h eq u a n t i t yo fb a r i u ms u l p h a t ea c t u a l l yw e i g h e dw a s v e r y s m a l l ,s o t h a tt h er e s u l t sm u s t o n l yb er e g a r d e da s a p p r o x i m a t e .N i t r o g e nw a s e s t i m a t e db y K j e l d a h l ,t h e h e a t i n gw i t h s u l p h u r i ca c i db e i n gc o n t i n u e df o r f o u r h o u r s a f t e rt h e s o l u t i o nh a db e c o m ec l e a r ,a s r e c o m m e n d e db y D a k i na n dD u d l e yw i t hp y r r o l ec o m p o u n d s .

1 2 0

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MELANIN F R O M SKIN

I n o n ep r e p a r a t i o nn i t r o g e nw a se s t i m a t e db o t hb y K j e l d a h l sa n db y D u m a s 'm e t h o d sw i t h p r a c t i c a l l yi d e n t i c a lr e s u l t s .

I n a l l c a s e sb e f o r ea n a l y s i st h e m a t e r i a lw a sd r i e dt o c o n s t a n c yi n v a c u oa t 1 0 0 °o v e r p h o s p h o r u sp e n t o x i d e .

I n s o m ep r e p a r a t i o n sw h i c hc o n t a i n e da h i g hp e r c e n t a g eo f a s h s a m p l e sw e r e a g a i n t r e a t e db y s u s p e n d i n gi n N / 3 h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i di n a d i a l y s e r ,a l l o w i n gt h e a c i dt o d i a l y s ea w a y ,a n dw a s h i n ga n dd r y i n ga sb e f o r e ,w h e r e b yt h ea s h w a sv e r y c o n s i d e r a b l yr e d u c e d .I n s u c hc a s e st h ea n a l y s i sb e f o r ea n da f t e rt h i st r e a t m e n ti s g i v e n .T h e p e r c e n t a g e sa r ea l l c a l c u l a t e df o rt h ea s h -f r e es u b s t a n c e sa n d t h e r e s u l t sa r et a b u l a t e db e l o w .

S o l .i n d i ] .a c i d I n s o l .i n d i l .a c i d

C H N S A s h C H N S A s hI . A u s t . B l a c kI :

a ) . . . 5 6 - 4 1 7 - 3 3 7 - 0 2 5 6 - 0 3 5 - 8 6 3 - 5 1

b ) A f t e r f u r t h e rt r e a t m e n tt o remove i n o r g .m a t t e r 5 6 - 3 3 7 - 3 7 1 2 - 4 6 2 - 7 8 5 5 - 9 2 6 - 2 5 1 - 7 7 2 - 6 0

I I . A u s t .B l a c kI I : a ) E x t r a c t e db y f i r s tp o r -

t i o no fa l k a l i 5 5 - 4 9 8 - 3 0 1 3 - 5 4 0 - 6 7

1 1 - 9 5 5 9 - 8 77 - 2 7 1 0 - 8 01 - 6 61 - 3 9 b ) E x t r a c t e d s u b s e q u e n t l y5 6 - 8 1 6 - 6 81 2 : 2 42 - 4 9 4 - 0 3

I I I . C i n g a l e e : a . . . 5 6 - 0 1 6 - 2 4 5 . 4 7 b ) A f t e r f u r t h e r t r e a t m e n t5 6 - 0 6 6 - 7 1 1 4 - 5 72 - 5 6 2 - 6 8 5 6 - 0 6 6 - 5 8 1 3 - 2 7 2 - 3 73 - 0 9

P r e v i o u s l yf o u n dw i t h 5 a l k a l i . . . .. . 6 0 - 1 06 - 7 0 1 1 - 8 9

I n a l lc a s e st h e a s h w a s l e f ta s a l i g h tb r o w n i s h p o w d e r ,o n l y p a r t i a l l ys o l u b l ei n h o t h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d ,a n d c o n t a i n i n ga s m a l l a m o u n to f s i l i c a .E s t i m a t i o n so f t h e i r o ni n t h e a s h w e r em a d ec o l o r i m e t r i c a l l yw i t h p o t a s s i u mt h i o c y a n a t e ,a n d t h e q u a n t i t yw a sf o u n dt o v a r y f r o mn o t h i n gi n o n e s a m p l e ,t o 7 o ft h e t o t a la s h i n a n o t h e r ,t h e l a t t e rq u a n t i t yc o r r e s p o n d i n gt o 0 - 2 o f t h e o r i g i n a lp i g m e n t .

T h e i r o nw a st h e r e f o r en o t a n e s s e n t i a lp a r t o f t h e m e l a n i nm o l e c u l e .T h ea s h a l s oc o n t a i n e da t r a c eo fs u l p h a t e .F r o mt h e f o r e g o i n g a n a l y s e si t i ss e e n t h a t t h e a s h w a sm a t e r i a l l yr e d u c e d

b y t r e a t m e n to f t h e m e l a n i nw i t h a c i d ,w i t h o u t a l t e r i n gt h e c a r b o na n dh y d r o g e np e r c e n t a g ec a l c u l a t e do n t h e a s h - f r e es u b s t a n c e .I t w o u l da p p e a r ,t h e r e f o r e ,t ha t t he a s h i s n o t a n e s s e n t i a lp a r t o ft h e m e l a n i n .

A c t i o no fa l k a l io n t h ea c i d - s o l u b l em e l a n i n .

A s m a l lq u a n t i t y ( a b o u t 0 - 5g . ) o f t h e a c i d - s o l u b l ep i g m e n tf r o m t h eC i n g a l e es k i nw a s b o i l e dw i t h N / 2 0a l k a l ii n a r e f l u xa p p a r a t u s . T h e s a m p l ew h i c h h a db e e np r e v i o u s l yd r i e da t 1 0 0 0d i s s o l v e do n l y s l o w l y ,p a s s i n g ,h o w -e v e r ,c o m p l e t e l yi n t os o l u t i o na f t e ra b o u t f i v eh o u r sb o i l i n g .T h e b o i l i n gw a s c o n t i n u e df o r 1 5 h o u r s ,a f t e rw h i c h t h e m i x t u r ew a s c o o l e d ,e x a c t l y

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n e u t r a l i s e dw i t h N h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i d ,a n d s u f f i c i e n ta c i da d d e dt o r i n gt h ew h o l et oN / 2 0 . T h em e l a n i nw a sp a r t i a l l yp r e c i p i t a t e d ,a n de v e nw h e nh e a t e dt o b o i l i n gs o m eo ft h e p r e c i p i t a t ed i d n o t r e d i s s o l v e .

T h a tt h i sw a sn o t d u e t o t h e d r y i n ga l o n ew a ss h o w nb y w a r m i n ga n o t h e r

p o r t i o no ft h e

o r i g i n a ld r i e dm e l a n i n w i t ht h e

a l k a l iu n t i ls o l u t i o nh a d t a k e n

p l a c e ,n e u t r a l i s i n ga n d m a k i n gt o N / 1 0 h y d r o c h l o r i ca c i da n d b o i l i n g .I nt h i sc a s et h e m e l a n i nc o m p l e t e l yd i s s o l v e d .

T h e p i g m e n ts o l u b l ei n a c i db e h a v e d ,t h e r e f o r e ,l i k eG o r t n e r sp i g m e n t ,i n t h a t i t w a s a l t e r e ds l o w l yb y c o n t i n u e db o i l i n gw i t h d i l u t e a lk a l ii n t oas u b s t a n c en o l o n g e rs o l u b l ei nd i l u t ea c i d .S u f f i c i e n tm t e r i lw a sn o t a v a i l a b l et o t e s tw h e t h e rn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e nw e r el o s td u r i n gt h i st r e a t m e n t .

D I S C U S S I O NOF R E S U L T S .

I t w i l lb e s e e n f r o mt h e t a b l eo fr e s u l t st h a t v a r i a t i o n sw e r ef o u n di n t h ep e r c e n t a g ec o m p o s i t i o no f t h e d i f f e r e n tp r e p a r a t i o n s .T h e a c i d - s o l u b l ep i g -m e n tg e n e r a l l yc o n t a i n e da l o w e rc a r b o np e r c e n t a g ea n d a g r e a t e rp e r c e n t a g eo f n i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e nt h a n t h e a c i d - i n s o l u b l ep i g m e n ts u b s e q u e n t l ye x t r a c t e df r o m t h e s a m es k i n ,a l t h o u g ht h e i n s o l u b l ep r e p a r a t i o n sf r o mo n es k i nd i dn o t a l w a y sc o n t a i nl e s sn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e nt h a n s o l u b l ep r e p a r a -t i o n sf r o m a n o t h e r .I t i s o b s e r v e da l s ot h a t i n t h e c a s ew h e r e t h e f i r s te x t r a c t i o nw a sk e p t s e p a r a t et h e s a m ed i f f e r e n c ew a s f o u n d b e t w e e nt h i sa n dt h ep i g m e n tf r o m s u b s e q u e n te x t r a c t s ,a l t h o u g hb o t h p i g m e n t s w e r es o l u b l ei n a c i d s .C o n t i n u e db o i l i n gw i t h d i l u t ea l k a l ic o n v e r t e dt h e p i g m e n ts o l u b l e

i n a c i dt o o n ei n s o l u b l ei n a c i d ;i t s e e m st h e r e f o r ep r o b a b l et h a t i n e x t r a c t i n gt h e p i g m e n te v e n w i t h v e r yd i l u t es o d i u mh y d r o x i d e N / 2 0 )i t i s g r a d u a l l yd e c o m p o s e d ,l o s i n gn i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e na n d g r a d u a l l yc h a n g i n gt o ap i g m e n ti n s o l u b l ei n a c i d .

T h e m e l a n i no f b l a c ks k i nt h u s r e s e m b l e st h a t p r e p a r e df r o m w o o lb yG o r t n e ri n t h a ta p i g m e n tm a y b e e x t r a c t e dw i t h a l k a l iw h i c hi s s o l u b l ei nd i l u t ea c i d s ,a n d w h i c h ,o n f u r t h e rh e a t i n gw i t h a l k a l i ,c h a n g e st o a p i g m e n ti n s o l u b l ei n d i l u t ea c i d s ,w i t h l o s so f n i t r o g e na n d h y d r o g e n . I n t h i sc a s e ,h o w e v e r ,a c o n s t a n tp r o d u c tc o u l d n o t b e o b t a i n e d ,a n d i t i s p o s s i b l et h a tn o n eo f t h ep r e p a r a t i o n sr e p r e s e n t st h e p i g m e n ta s i t o c c u r si n t h e s k i n .

T h e p r e p a r a t i o n sg a v e q u i t ed i f f e r e n ta n a l y s e sf r o m t h e p i g m e n tf r o mn e g r os k i np r e p a r e db y A b e l a n dD a v i s .

REFERENCES.

A b e la n d D a v i s 1 8 9 6 ) .J . E x p . M e d .1 , 3 6 1 .G o r t n e r 1 9 1 0 ) .J . B i o l .C h e r n .8 , 3 4 1 .Y o u n g 1 9 1 4 ) .B i o c h e m .J . 8 , 4 6 0 .

1 2 2 W. J . YOUNG