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Technical Meeting on Harmonization of Reference Levels for Foodstuffs and Drinking Water
Contaminated Following a Nuclear Accident. 8-12 September 2014, IAEA, Vienna Austria
National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC
中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所 (NIRP)
The experience of China in the control of foodstuffs and drinking water in the
aftermath of a nuclear accident
Yanqin JI
National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC
(Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency)
• History and background of monitoring systemin, NIRP
• Monitoring result of radionuclides in food and water after
Chernobyl NPP accidents in China, 1986
• Food and water monitoring for the health response in China
following Fukushima Nuclear Accident, 2011
• Current food safety risk monitoring and national standard
Structure of the presentation
History & Background
Technology supports: National Health and Family Planning Commission of China
Establish the monitoring scheme
Provide the monitoring protocols and quality assurance procedures
Collect all the data, analysis and assessment
• Founded: 1965 the former Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene, Ministry of Health Organized and guided the national environmental radioactivity monitoring network
• 45 monitoring stations (1965-1990)
• 33 monitoring stations (1991- 2011 ) ( about half in normal operation mode)
• Nationwide (after Fukushima Nuclear Accident 11 Mar 2011)
Monitoring result of radionuclides in food and water after Chernobyl NPP accidents in China, 1986
Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supplement). 1987, 1-130.
Monitoring started nationwide in 1 May 1986
Emergency
Monitoring Duration May 1st to July 28th, 1986
Report frequency Everyday
Samples Fallout, airplane swipes, surface water,
rain water, growing leafy vegetable, fresh
milk, sheep thyroid, etc.
Radionuclides 131I,132Te, 132I, 134Cs, 137Cs, 103Ru, 141Ce.
Monitoring stations 36 stations
131I Max contaminated in vegetables is 112.5 Bq/L,
in fresh milk is 68.5 Bq/L
Radioactivity contaminated in North area is higher than in South
…
Monitoring results
Changshou Zhu, etal. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supple.). 1987, 1-7.
Zuoyuan Wang, etal. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supple.). 1987, 8-11.
Radionuclide
Radish Leaves
asparagus lettuce leaves
Oilseed rape Measured
value Before wash
Before wash
After wash Before wash
After wash
131I 3.52 4.18X101 2.26X101 4.07X101 1.52X101 1.3X102
132I 3.18X101 1.6X104
137Cs 3.29 3.15 4.07 4.6X102
134Cs 2.07 3.1X102
132Te 2.92X101 4.44 3.29 1.1X103
Radioactive content measured in the vegetables in Beijing(Bq/kg)
Food and water monitoring for the health response in China following Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Yanqin JI, etal, Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, 2012, 32(2): 125-128.
Response in NIRP, China CDC after Fukushima Accident, prompt response since 11 March 2011
Information collection & analysis (WHO, IAEA, Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, Tokyo Electric Power Company, …)
Preparing for international rescue (training, personal protective equipment preparation, …)
Public Communication (press release by TV, radio, and internet, published the books and brochure on the nuclear accident Q & A …)
Personnel surface radioactive contamination monitoring (draft, data collection, report…)
Food and drinking water radioactivity monitoring in China
(member of the REMPAN of WHO)
• 28 March 2011, China CDC started 14 provinces carried out firstly monitoring on
radioactive contamination of food and drinking water
•16 Mar 2011, training on the monitoring strategy Air, vegetable, water
sampling and analysis
• 24 March 2011 started the data report
Monitoring program the kinds of radionuclides
Iodine-131, Caesium-137
methods used by
spectrum measurement
Low background HPGe gamma spectrometry in NIRP
• GB14883.9-2004, Examination of radioactive materials for foods- determination of iodine-131
• GB14883.10-2004, Examination of radioactive materials for foods- determination of cesium-137
• GB16140-1995 Gamma spectrometry method for analysis of radionuclides in water
• GBGB5750.13-2006 Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity in drinking water
METHODS---National Standard:
Fresh samples
Samples, from 28 Mar to 17 Nov 2011
1323 samples,
471 drinking water
431 vegetable
276 milk
77 seafood
Monitoring results
Drinking water: no contamination found
Foodstuff: Trace levels of 131I was detected in (2 April-19 May)
64 vegetable samples
0 seafood samples (8 provinces, kelp, shrimp, fishes, …)
0 milk samples (20 provinces)
After 20 May 2011, all samples did not found the artificial radionuclide
Province or
Municipalities
The date of 131I
first detected
The date of 131I
last detected The kinds of vegetables
Beijing April 2, 2011 May 2, 2011 Spinach, Wild caraway, Shepherd's purse
and Lettuce leaves
Tianjin April 4, 2011 April 8, 2011 Spinach
Henan April 4, 2011 April 5, 2011 Spinach
Hainan April 4, 2011 April 7, 2011 Cabbage
Jiangsu April 6, 2011 April 13, 2011 Spinach, Lettuce leaves and Qingcai
Hunan April 6, 2011 April 6, 2011 Spinach
Zhejiang April 6, 2011 April 20, 2011 Spinach, Lettuce
Mustard
Shandong April 6, 2011 April 18, 2011 Spinach
Guangdong April 7, 2011 April 11, 2011 Spinach, Kwan Tat dishes, Lettuce,
Cabbage
Shanghai April 10, 2011 April 11, 2011 Spinach, Qingcai and Lettuce leaves
Guangxi April 10, 2011 April 10, 2011 Cabbage
Hebei April 12, 2011 April 12, 2011 Spinach
Kinds of the vegetables contaminated in China
The activity of 131I detected in vegetables in China
(uncompleted)
Samples Sampling areas Sampling time The maximum activity of 131I
(Bq/kg Fresh weight)
Spinach Beijing April 4, 2011 2.70
Zhengzhou April 5, 2011 0.50
Nanjing April 6, 2011 0.76
Changsha April 6, 2011 0.67
Qingdao April 7, 2011 0.77
Shanghai April 7, 2011 0.17
Weihai April 8, 2011 0.41
Tianjin April 8, 2011 1.58
Hangzhou April 9, 2011 0.68
Guangzhou April 11, 2011 0.28
Shijiazhuang April 12, 2011 1.30
Jinan April 15, 2011 3.10
The activity of 131I detected in vegetables in China (continued)
Samples Sampling areas Sampling time The maximum activity of 131I
(Bq/kg Fresh weight)
Lettuce leaves Shanghai April 4, 2011 0.65
Beijing April 5, 2011 1.27
Nanjing April 6, 2011 1.29
Guangzhou April 6, 2011 0.33
Caraway Beijing April 11, 2011 2.30
Cabbage Wenchang April 5, 2011 0.19
Guangzhou April 10, 2011 1.90
Qingcai Shanghai April 11, 2011 0.40
Nanjing April 12, 2011 0.29
Kwan Tat dishes Guangzhou April 7, 2011 0.19
Lettuce Guangzhou April 7, 2011 0.53
Hangzhou April 18, 2011 0.15
Chinese cabbage Hepu April 10, 2011 0.68
Shepherd's purse Beijing April 3, 2011 2.28
Mustard Hangzhou April 6, 2011 0.49
The maximum activity of 131I detected in food in other countries after
Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Country Sample The date of 131I
first detected
The date of 131I
last detected
The data of the
maximum activity
of 131I detected
The maximum
activity of 131I
France[1] Spinach March 28, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 4, 2011 1.2Bq/kg
Lettuce
leaves March 29, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 4, 2011 1.2Bq/kg
milk March 30, 2011 April 20, 2011 April 6, 2011 0.66Bq/L
Goat's
milk March 29, 2011 May 3, 2011 April 1, 2011 2.12Bq/L
Romania[2] Goat's
milk April 5, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 5, 2011 9.22Bq/L
egg April 4, 2011 April 9, 2011 — Mean: 0.36Bq/6 eggs
Greece[3] Goat's
milk April 7, 2011 May 7, 2011 April 7, 2011 2.2Bq/L
Italy[4] Goat's
milk April 6, 2011 May 5, 2011 April 6, 2011 4.9Bq/L
Shellfish March 28, 2011 — — 0.18(molluscan, wet
weight) Bq/kg
Germany[5] milk April 14, 2011 — — 0.08Bq/kg
References:
[1] Parache V, Pourcelot L, Roussel-Debet S., et al. Transfer of 131I from Fukushima to the
vegetation and milk in France. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 45: 9998-10003.
[2] Cosma C, Iurian AR, Nita DC, et al. Consideration about the presence of Fukushima
radionuclides in the NW part of Romania. Rom Journ Phys, 2011, 9-10(56): 1199-1207.
[3] Potriadis C, Kolovou M, Clouvas A, et al. Environmental radioactivity measurements in
Greece following the Fukushima Daichi nuclear accident. Radiation Protection Dosimetry.
2011, 1-7. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncr423.
[4] Barsanti M, Conte F, Delbono I, et al. Environmental radioactivix ty analyses in Italy
following the Fukushima Dai-chi nuclear accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.020.
[5] Pittauerova D, Hettwig B, Fischer HW. Fukushima fallout in Northwest German
environmental media. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2011, 102: 877-880.
The levels of radiation reported are equivalent to
around 1/10,000 of the dose received from natural
radiation and pose no threat to public health
Radionuclides be detected in minute quantities, they
will be significantly below any level that could cause
harm to public health
• Offered timely accurate information for the government and the public
• The response is a competitive exercise under real condition, experiences for response to nuclear accident under widely development of NPP in this region.
Results
• Strengthen the food and water radioactivity monitoring as baseline
• Standardized the emergency monitoring method.
• Exchange information on monitoring methodology and results
• Communication and Cooperation!
Prospective
Routine monitoring
Samples Grain, Vegetables, fruits, Meat, Fresh milk,
Seafood, Drinking water
Radionuclide Food for radionuclides (artifical and
natural), drinking water for gross , gross
(further, radionuclide)
Monitoring stations From provinces of NPPs vicinity to
Nationwide
Lab equipments
Reference materials
Guidelines on Intervention and medical management in the nuclear and radiological accident
2006
Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources
2002 (China BSS)
Generic Action Levels for foodstuffs Radionuclides Foods for general
consumption (kBq/kg) Milk, infant foods and drinking
water (kBq/kg)
134Cs, 137Cs, 103Ru,106Ru,89Sr 1 1
131I 1 0.1
90Sr 0.1 0.1
241Am, 238Pu, 239Pu 0.01 0.001
Active Standard
Total 106 indices (limit)
Including in radioactivity (guidelines, not limit):
Gross 0.5 Bq/L
Gross 1 Bq/L
Standards for drinking water quality
2006 GB 8537-1995 Drinking natural mineral water
GB17324-2003 Hygienic standard of bottled purified water for drinking
Gross ﹤1.5 Bq/L 226Ra ﹤1.1 Bq/L
Gross ≤ 0.1 Bq/L
Gross ≤ 1 Bq/L
Active Standard
Category 3H 89Sr 90Sr 131I 137Cs 147Pm 239Pu
Grain 2.1X105 1.2X103 9.6X101 1.9X102 2.6X102 1.0X104 3.4
Tubers 7.2X104 5.4X102 3.3X101 8.9X101 9.0X101 3.7X103 1.2
Vegetables
and fruits 1.7X105 9.7X102 7.7X101 1.6X102 2.1X102 8.2X103 2.7
Meat 6.5X105 2.9X103 2.9X102 4.7X102 8.0X102 2.4X104 10.0
Fresh milk 8.8X104 2.4X102 4.0X101 3.3X101 3.3X102 2.2X103 2.6
Category 210Po 226Ra 223Ra Natural Th Natural U
Grain 6.4 1.4X101 6.9 1.2 1.9
Tubers 2.8 4.7 2.4 4.0X10-1 6.4X10-1
Vegetables
and fruits 5.3 1.1X101 5.6 9.6X10-1 1.5
Meat 1.5X101 3.8X101 2.1X101 3.6 5.4
Fresh milk 1.3 3.7 2.8 7.5X10-1 5.2X10-1
GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive materials in foods
Active Standard
Unit: Bq/kg (L)
NOTE: mg were used for the natural Th and natural U
GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive materials in foods
Radionuclide Annual limit on intake, Bq
Adult Children Infant 3H 6.2X107 5.3X107 2.4X107
89Sr 4.6X105 1.9X105 6.7X104
90Sr 2.8X104 2.3X104 1.1X104
131I 7.7X104 3.1X104 9.1X103
137Cs 7.7X104 1.0X105 9.1X104
147Pm 3.2X106 1.6X105 5.9X105
210Po 2.2X103 1.0X103 3.3X102
226Ra 4.0X103 2.5X103 1.0X103
223Ra 2.0X103 2.1X103 7.7X102
Natural Th 347 297 206
Natural U 551 358 142
239Pu 1.0X103 1.0X103 7.1X102
Active Standard
GB 14882-201X
National food safety standard: Limited concentration of radionuclides in foods
From: GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive
materials in foods
Artificial & natural radionuclides
Investigation level & limited level
Infant foods and other foods
…
National Standard
Revised Draft
Started in 2011
GB/T XXXXX-201X
Guidance levels for radionuclides in drinking water
Cited: WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,
Chapter 9 “Radiological aspects”, Fourth Edition, 2011.
191 Radionuclides
Uranium (30 μg/L)
Radon in drinking water
…
National Standard
new DRAFT
Started in 2011