The Evolution of Dynamic Random Access Memory

(DRAM)

CS 350Computer Organization and Architecture

Spring 2002Section 1

Nicole ChungBrian C. Hoffman

Joel D. ThrockmortonThomas C. Wear

DRAM

•Manufacturer: IBM Speed: 35-200ns

•Year Introduced: 1969 Frequency: 4.77-40MHz

• Burst Timing: 5-5-5-5 Pins: SOJ(20,24,26)

•Voltage: +5v,-5v,+12v

• Similar to manufacturing processors

• Multiplexed address lines

• Separate data inputs and outputs

• Three control signals

• Two primary effects

DRAM

FPM DRAM

•Manufacturer: many Speed: 50ns

•Year Introduced: 1987 Frequency: 16-66 MHz

• Burst Timing: 5-3-3-3 Pins: 72/168

•Voltage: 5.0v Bandwidth: 188.71MBs

• Simple DRAM slightly slower than FPM

• How it works

• “Safe”

• Used primarily for main system memories

• Not well-suited for high-performance video applications

FPM DRAM

EDODRAM

• Extended Data Output Random Access Memory• Introduced in 1994, Improvement over FPM• Up to 40% increase in access time, over FPM• EDO shortens the read cycle between the memory

and the CPU • EDO chips still hold data valid after the signal that

“strobes” the column address goes inactive. Meaning, the CPU can perform other operations while memory is being accessed.

EDODRAM

• EDODRAM runs asynchronously w/ the CPU clock• SDRAM has taken the place of EDODRAM• There is no difference between SDRAM and EDO at

bus speeds at or below 83MHz.• EDO timing: 5-2-2-2 at 66 MHz

BEDODRAM

• Burst EDODRAM• Introduced in 1995• Read/write cycles were batched in bursts of four

• “The memory bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that only the two least significant bits of the CAS (Column Address Strobe) are modified internally to produce each address of the burst sequence”

• BEDO memory speed ranged from 40-66 MHz which was faster than the FPM at 33MHz

BEDODRAM

• At bus speeds at or below 100 MHz, BEDO would have been faster and more reliable than SDRAM

• BEDO never really took off• There was more support for the production and

development of SDRAM

SDRAM differs from past

DRAM in two ways

• The way it’s organized– Multiple banks on a single DIMM– Allows banks to recharge while others read/write

• The way it’s controlled– Synchronous (aligned with the clock)– Performs commands that are fed by the clock signals

SDRAM Ratings• PC66, PC100, PC133

– SDRAM ratings which describe which bus speeds the RAM will support and work correctly with.

– Ratings can also be in form x-y-z: • CAS latency (X)• RAS-to-CAS delay (Y)• RAS precharge time (Z)

– There is tolerance• (83MHz,100MHz works in 66MHz bus)

RDRAM (Rambus)

• Single chip

• Low pin count

• High capacity

• High bandwidth

Rambus Channel Diagram

Double Data Rate SDRAMIntroduced in 2000

• - Doubles bandwidth by accessing data on both the “rising edge” and “falling edge” of the memory bus clock

• - 2.5V versus 3.3V of the PC133 SDRAM

• 184-pin DDR DIMMs versus

168-pin SDRAM DIMMs

DDR SDRAM Politics

• ISSUE 1 – Support

– AGP standard (NVIDIA GeForce 3D)

– Intel exclusive deal with Rambus

– AMD and VIA support DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM Manufacturers

• Hitachi

• Hyundai

• IBM

• Infineon

• Micron

• Mitsubishi

• Toshiba

• NEC

DDR SDRAM Politics

• Issue 2 – Name– Proposed:

• DDR SDRAM PC200/266– (100/233 MHz memory bus)

– Conflict:• Rambus RDRAM PC600/700/800

DDR SDRAM Politics

• Issue 2 – Name (cont.)– DDR SDRAM Resolve…

use the peak data transfer rate…• PC1600 = PC200

Formula (64 bit * 2 * 100MHz = 1600 MB/sec)

• PC2100 = PC233

Formula (64 bit * 2 * 133MHz = 2133 MB/sec

Citations

• Arnold, Eric (2002). “Computer Memory Ram Sdram Buffered Pc66 Pc100 Pc133 Mem Dram.” URL:

http://home.cfl.rr.com/bjp/• Cullen, Drew (2002). “Hynix Rations DDR Supply.” URL:

http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/3/23876.html• Howe, Denis (1996). “Dynamic Random Access Memory by FOLDOC.”

URL:http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?DRAM

• Howe, Denis (1996). “Page-Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory.” URL:

• http://burks.brighton.ac.uk/burks/foldoc/94/85.htm• Kanellos, Michael (2002). “Memory Market Optimistic about 20002.”

URL:http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1103-858175.html

• Kozierok, Charles (2001). “PC-Guide Ref DRAM Technologies.” URL:http://www.pcguide.com/ref/ram/tech_FPM.htm

Citations

• Kozierok, Charles (2001). “PC-Guide Ref DRAM Technologies.” URL: http://www.pcguide.com/ref/ram/techDDRSDRAM-c.html

• Micron Technology(2000) “Memory Upgrades.” URL: http://www.crucial.com/DDR/index.asp

• Pabst, Thomas (2002). Tom’s Hardware Guide, “RAM Guide.” URL:http://www6.tomshardware.com/mainboard/98q4/981024/

• Russell, Rick (2000). “The Memory Conundrum.” URL:• http://peripherals.about.com/library/weekly/aa021300a.htm?

terms=DDR+DRAM• Thing, Lowell (2001). “What is.” URL:

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci213955,00.html