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The European Seaborne Empires in 1700
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade peaked in 1750-1800
King Tegesibu of Dahomey, ca. 1790
African slave trader in Angola, 1787
Sale of Africans, ca. 1760:
The English merchant licks the slave’s chin to ascertain his age and state of
health
Revolt aboard a Slave Ship, 1787
J.W. Turner, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead & Dying), based on an incident
from 1781
Anthony Benezet, Quaker
abolitionist pamphleteer.The Society of
Friends founded the Society for the
Abolition of the Slave Trade in
1787
John Wesley (1703-1791), writing to William Wilberforce (1759-1832) on his deathbed
“Am I not a man and a brother?”(designed by Josiah
Wedgwood, 1790)
The European Economy around 1700
WHAT WAS “REVOLUTIONARY” ABOUT THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
1. Technology: the substitution of inanimate sources of energy (coal) for animate sources (muscle power, wind, water) in manufacturing.
2. Institutions: the development of large-scale units of production, with an elaborate division of labor and quasi-military discipline, to supplant the old household economy.
3. Sectors: a massive redeployment of investment capital and labor power away from agriculture, toward mining and manufacturing, a process linked with urbanization.
For a thousand years, iron and steel had been made by hand at charcoal forges
This forge at a small town near Paris, painted in
1823, would have seemed
very old-fashioned to any
Englishman
Alexis, “Interior of the Workshop of a Silkweaver of Lyon”
ENGLISH ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT BY 1800
Brown=coalOrange=iron oreBlue=woolensPurple=cottonWhite square=shipbuilding
Lack of wood forced the English to make use of coal,
and to dig ever deeper into the ground for it
This Newcomen steam engine, invented in 1712, needed so much coal that it could only be used at coal mines, for pumping or ventilation….
James Watt’s steam engine of
1774, which maintained a vacuum in the
piston
By 1784 the steam engine could yield rotary motion
James Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny” (1769)
The Jacquard Power Loom (France, 1804)
British textile factory, 1840s: Note the prevalence of women &
children
Coke-fired blast furnace
to produce pig iron
Puddling furnace to refine pig iron into wrought iron (1784)
The “Iron Bridge,” Shropshire (built in 1787)
“Coalbrookdale by Night” (1801)
Francis Egerton,3rd Duke of Bridgewater,invested $30 million in a
canal to link his coal mines with Manchester and the port of
Liverpool
THE BRINDLEY AQUEDUCT IN BARTON(the Bridgewater Canal originated underground
in the coal mine and ended above ground)
On the day the Bridgewater Canal opened in 1761,
the price of coal in Manchester dropped 50%
Cuckoo clock, made in the Black Forest around 1770
Manchester in 1750 (population ca. 25,000)
Manchester in 1850 (population: 400,000)
THE INDUSTRIAL “TAKE-OFF” IN THE UNITED KINGDOM:
The growth curve kinks upward around 1780
YEARTons of raw
cotton consumed
Tons of pig iron forged
1750 1,000 23,000
1770 1,500 32,000
1780 3,000 40,000
1790 15,000 80,000
1810 56,0001,000,00
0
1850 300,0002,285,00
0
Estimate by N.F.R. Crafts of average annual growth of British industrial
output
1700-1760
0.71%
1760-1780
1.51%
1780-1800
2.11%
1800-1830
3.00%
BARRIERS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE
• Low agricultural productivity; the open-field system
• High costs of transportation
• Internal tolls or tariffs
• Artisanal guilds
• Barriers to the free movement of workers
• Barriers to the free flow of capital
• Lack of information about markets
• Price controls
A.R.J. Turgot (1727-1781),
French Finance Minister
(1775-76): This
“physiocrat” sought in the spirit of Adam
Smith to abolish the corvée,
controls of the grain trade, and internal tariffs
Joseph Vernet, “Construction of a Road” (ca. 1780):Reliance on the corvée, which Turgot sought to abolish