The European Middle The European Middle AgesAges

E.Q. 1: What was life like E.Q. 1: What was life like during the Middle Ages?during the Middle Ages?

Key Terms: medieval, classical, Key Terms: medieval, classical, Romance languagesRomance languages

Civilization DeclinesCivilization Declines

Middle Ages, c. 500 – 1500Middle Ages, c. 500 – 1500

Europe after the fall of RomeEurope after the fall of Rome

Medieval—Latin for Middle Medieval—Latin for Middle AgesAges

First 500 years esp. low (Dark First 500 years esp. low (Dark Ages)Ages)

Society’s RootsSociety’s Roots

Classical (Greek & Roman) Classical (Greek & Roman) heritageheritage

Christian ChurchChristian ChurchCustoms of Germanic TribesCustoms of Germanic Tribes

Cities DeclinedCities Declined

People moved from cities, People moved from cities, away from attacksaway from attacks

Rural lifestyle, villagesRural lifestyle, villages

People depended on farming People depended on farming to surviveto survive

Education DeclinedEducation Declined

Farming, surviving more important Farming, surviving more important than educationthan education

Priests only literate ones, only read Priests only literate ones, only read LatinLatin

Romance languages—Roman-based Romance languages—Roman-based languages; Latin combined w/ languages; Latin combined w/ Germanic languages (French, Germanic languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)Romanian)

Government DeclinedGovernment Declined

People feel loyal to family, village, People feel loyal to family, village, not a kingnot a king

No longer citizens of a countryNo longer citizens of a country

Christian Church IncreasedChristian Church Increased

Germanic Tribes eventually Germanic Tribes eventually settled, converted to settled, converted to ChristianityChristianity

The church was the single-The church was the single-most civilizing force in societymost civilizing force in society

E.Q. 2: What government E.Q. 2: What government and social systems and social systems

developed in medieval developed in medieval Europe?Europe?

Key Terms: feudalism, lord, Key Terms: feudalism, lord, vassal, fief, investiture, manorial vassal, fief, investiture, manorial system, serfs, three-field system, serfs, three-field system, guild system, system, guild system, CharlemagneCharlemagne

Medieval Government—Medieval Government—FeudalismFeudalism

Definition—political system, nobles Definition—political system, nobles are given land by their king in return are given land by their king in return for the vow to protect that landfor the vow to protect that land

Gradually leads to rise of kingdoms, Gradually leads to rise of kingdoms, empiresempires

Positions in FeudalismPositions in Feudalism

Lord—large land-owner, grants the landLord—large land-owner, grants the land

Vassals—nobles who receive the land & Vassals—nobles who receive the land & vow to protect it; lead the armies when vow to protect it; lead the armies when lands under attacklands under attack

Army made up of knightsArmy made up of knights

Fief—plot of land grantedFief—plot of land granted

Investiture—ceremony in which land is Investiture—ceremony in which land is granted & the vassal swears to his lordgranted & the vassal swears to his lord

Empire RevivedEmpire Revived

Charlemagne—king of Franks, 768 – Charlemagne—king of Franks, 768 – 814 814

Created 1st empire since RomansCreated 1st empire since Romans

Ran an organized, effective govt., Ran an organized, effective govt., paved the way for feudalism to paved the way for feudalism to dominate Europedominate Europe

Increased education for court Increased education for court membersmembers

Medieval Economy—Manorial Medieval Economy—Manorial SystemSystem

Manor—small estate containing village, Manor—small estate containing village, farmland, forests; was the basic social farmland, forests; was the basic social & economic unit of Middle Ages& economic unit of Middle Ages

Necessities of entire manor producedNecessities of entire manor produced

Most of pop. made of peasants Most of pop. made of peasants

Serfs—bound to land they worked; Serfs—bound to land they worked; produced all food, clothing needed by produced all food, clothing needed by those living on manorthose living on manor

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution

Three-field system—farmland divided Three-field system—farmland divided into three parts, different 2/3 planted into three parts, different 2/3 planted each yeareach year

Brought about surplus, villages Brought about surplus, villages began to tradebegan to trade

Guild system—group of people Guild system—group of people working same occupation, control working same occupation, control quality, wages & pricesquality, wages & prices

E.Q. 3: What was the role of E.Q. 3: What was the role of the Church in medieval the Church in medieval

Europe?Europe?Key Terms: seven sacraments, Key Terms: seven sacraments, monasteries, Christendom, Holy monasteries, Christendom, Holy Roman Empire, Gothic Roman Empire, Gothic architecturearchitecture

Church PracticesChurch Practices

Seven Sacraments—practices/rituals Seven Sacraments—practices/rituals to receive forgiveness of sins & to receive forgiveness of sins & salvation (God’s favor)salvation (God’s favor)

Baptism, penance, communion, Baptism, penance, communion, confirmation, matrimony, anointing confirmation, matrimony, anointing the sick, holy ordersthe sick, holy orders

Monastic LifeMonastic Life

Monasteries—religious communities Monasteries—religious communities where people gave up all possessions where people gave up all possessions and devoted their lives to God (monks and devoted their lives to God (monks & nuns)& nuns)

Followed strict rules, schedules for Followed strict rules, schedules for work & prayerwork & prayer

Best-run, most civilized communities Best-run, most civilized communities in medieval Europein medieval Europe

Preserved writing & education Preserved writing & education

Church HierarchyChurch Hierarchy

Catholic Church has many ranks of Catholic Church has many ranks of powerpower

Pope—leader of Catholic Church; Pope—leader of Catholic Church; God’s representative on earthGod’s representative on earth

Cardinals, archbishops, bishops, Cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priestspriests

The Church Becomes The Church Becomes PoliticalPolitical

Pope Gregory I, 590—first pope to Pope Gregory I, 590—first pope to become a religious & political leaderbecome a religious & political leader

Developed concept of Christendom—Developed concept of Christendom—society based on a Christian Kingdomsociety based on a Christian Kingdom

Felt his power should extend to all Felt his power should extend to all ChristiansChristians

Popes followed same idea, led to Popes followed same idea, led to Schism of 1054Schism of 1054

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Empire of central Europe, included Empire of central Europe, included mostly modern-day Germany & parts mostly modern-day Germany & parts of Italyof Italy

Worked closely w/ Catholic ChurchWorked closely w/ Catholic Church

Pope was spiritual leader of Pope was spiritual leader of ChristiansChristians

Emperor was protector & political Emperor was protector & political leader of Christianityleader of Christianity

Church ArchitectureChurch Architecture

Gothic—architectural design to Gothic—architectural design to make cathedrals taller & more make cathedrals taller & more decorativedecorative

Allowed light into the cathedralsAllowed light into the cathedrals

Depicted Bible stories to largely Depicted Bible stories to largely illiterate pop.illiterate pop.

The CrusadesThe Crusades

E.Q. 4: How did conflicts E.Q. 4: How did conflicts arise between the Church & arise between the Church &

European kingdoms?European kingdoms?Key Terms: lay investiture, Key Terms: lay investiture, Gregory VII, Henry IVGregory VII, Henry IV

Selecting Church OfficialsSelecting Church Officials

Lay investiture—ceremony in which Lay investiture—ceremony in which kings & nobles appointed church kings & nobles appointed church officialsofficials

Gave kings & nobles power over the Gave kings & nobles power over the ChurchChurch

Reformers Demand ChangeReformers Demand Change

Pope Gregory VII—banned lay Pope Gregory VII—banned lay investitures in 1075investitures in 1075

Henry IV—Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV—Holy Roman Emperor, called meeting of his bishops & called meeting of his bishops & ordered Gregory to resign as popeordered Gregory to resign as pope

Gregory excommunicated HenryGregory excommunicated Henry

Bishops & princes sided w/ the pope, Bishops & princes sided w/ the pope, rebelled against Henryrebelled against Henry

Henry begged forgivenessHenry begged forgiveness

Stood in front of Gregory’s castle for Stood in front of Gregory’s castle for 3 days in the snow3 days in the snow

Pope forgave him, but humiliated Pope forgave him, but humiliated himhim

Issue of lay investiture still Issue of lay investiture still unresolvedunresolved

Concordat of Worms, 1122Concordat of Worms, 1122

Meeting of Church representatives & Meeting of Church representatives & the HREthe HRE

Agreed that Church had sole power Agreed that Church had sole power to appoint bishops, but HRE could to appoint bishops, but HRE could veto appointment veto appointment