the European Council the European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchersof Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers

Renzo RubeleRenzo RubelePresident of EurodocPresident of Eurodoc

16th EAIE Conference, session 8.12

Doctorates – a new action in the Bologna Process

Torino, 18th October 2004

A Wide Europe forA Wide Europe forDoctoral CandidatesDoctoral Candidates

EEurouroddoc oc is the federation of the national associations ofis the federation of the national associations ofPhD candidates and young researchers in Europe PhD candidates and young researchers in Europe

What is What is eeurouroddoc ?oc ?

MembersMembers

IndividualIndividualcontactscontacts

Applying Applying forformembershmembershipip

BolognaBologna declaration, 1999 declaration, 1999 LisbonLisbon strategy, strategy, 2000,2000, ""3% objective3% objective" in R&D " in R&D Knowledge-based society: a challenge for Knowledge-based society: a challenge for EuropeEurope

Why was Why was eeurouroddoc founded ?oc founded ?

PhD candidates’ associations from Europe met PhD candidates’ associations from Europe met in Uppsala, Sweden, in February 2001 in Uppsala, Sweden, in February 2001

Need for an official frame of representation and Need for an official frame of representation and discussion at the European leveldiscussion at the European level

02-02-0202-02-02 Foundation and 1Foundation and 1stst annual meeting annual meeting EEurouroddoc 2002 in Girona, Spainoc 2002 in Girona, Spain

7-member Board 7-member Board

Annual Conference (Annual Conference (Eurodoc 2004Eurodoc 2004 in in Athens) Athens)

Delegates representing countries from all Delegates representing countries from all EuropeEurope

Workgroups for a number of priority issues:Workgroups for a number of priority issues:

PhD Supervision & TrainingPhD Supervision & Training International MobilityInternational Mobility Professional FutureProfessional Future Labour ConditionsLabour Conditions Gender EqualityGender Equality CommunicationCommunication

How does How does eeurouroddoc work ?oc work ?

www.eurodoc.netwww.eurodoc.net

Bologna Process withBologna Process with 3 tiers3 tiers

« « […] Ministers consider it necessary […] Ministers consider it necessary to go beyond the present focus on to go beyond the present focus on two main cycles of higher education two main cycles of higher education to include the doctoral level as the to include the doctoral level as the third cycle in the Bologna Process. third cycle in the Bologna Process. […] Ministers call for increased […] Ministers call for increased mobility at the doctoral and mobility at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels and encourage postdoctoral levels and encourage the institutions concerned to the institutions concerned to increase their cooperation in increase their cooperation in doctoral studies and the training of doctoral studies and the training of young researchers. […] young researchers. […] »»Berlin Communiqué of Ministers, Berlin Communiqué of Ministers,

1919thth september 2003 september 2003

The doctorate as the The doctorate as the 33rdrd cycle cycle

ProblemsProblems

National and local traditions prevail – laws and National and local traditions prevail – laws and rules vary a lot among departments and rules vary a lot among departments and disciplinesdisciplines

To what extent might it be useful to introduce To what extent might it be useful to introduce common structures? Similar practice? The ECTS common structures? Similar practice? The ECTS credit system? The Diploma Supplement? credit system? The Diploma Supplement? Standards of quality and qualification Standards of quality and qualification frameworks?frameworks?

EvidenceEvidence

Doctoral programmes are the link between Doctoral programmes are the link between Higher Education and ResearchHigher Education and Research

Everywhere in Europe candidates must defend Everywhere in Europe candidates must defend a thesis in front of a committee, with original a thesis in front of a committee, with original research research

GermanyGermany 25.7825.7800

314314

UKUK 11.7811.7800

194194

FranceFrance 9.9039.903 163163

SpainSpain 6.0076.007 150150

PolandPoland 4.4004.400 110110

ItalyItaly 3.5573.557 6262

SwedenSweden 3.0493.049 344344

NetherlandsNetherlands 2.4832.483 156156

FinlandFinland 1.8911.891 365365

AustriaAustria 1.7901.790 222222

PortugalPortugal 1.5891.589 158158

BelgiumBelgium 1.1471.147 112112

Chech Rep.Chech Rep. 895895 8787

DenmarkDenmark 913913 171171

HungaryHungary 717717 7272

NorwayNorway 658658 147147

IrelandIreland 501501 132132

EU 15EU 15 70.1770.1755

185185

USAUSA 44.8044.8088

163163

JapanJapan 12.1912.1922

9696

KoreaKorea 6.1436.143 131131

CanadaCanada 3.9783.978 129129

AustraliaAustralia 3.6873.687 191191

SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2.7332.733 380380

Ph.D. graduatesPh.D. graduatesin 2000in 2000

(absolute numbers and (absolute numbers and per million inhabitantsper million inhabitants))

Source: OECDSource: OECD

Ph.D.s in Ph.D.s in Science & Science &

TechnologyTechnology

(w.r.t. population(w.r.t. populationaged 25-34) aged 25-34)

Source: DG Research, Source: DG Research, ECECKey Figures 2003-2004Key Figures 2003-2004

Pathways to a doctoratePathways to a doctorate in Europein Europe

Doctoral schools or unstructured training?Doctoral schools or unstructured training?

Selection and admission procedures: manifoldSelection and admission procedures: manifold

Role of the Role of the supervisorsupervisor and responsibility of and responsibility of the the institutioninstitution

Quantity and quality of Quantity and quality of trainingtraining: induction, : induction, development of disciplinary competences and of development of disciplinary competences and of general professional and transferable skills general professional and transferable skills

Qualification frameworkQualification framework targeted for targeted for endogenous (academic) perspectives or market-endogenous (academic) perspectives or market-oriented?oriented?

Assessment, programmingAssessment, programming

What is the ‘What is the ‘statusstatus’ of doctoral candidates? ’ of doctoral candidates? Students or workers (researchers)?Students or workers (researchers)?

NorwayNorway

Ph.D. candidates:Ph.D. candidates: are all workers with regular employement are all workers with regular employement contracts, and related rights (and duties)contracts, and related rights (and duties) are not students, do not need any registration are not students, do not need any registration to take coursesto take courses

Enrolment in a doctoral programme:Enrolment in a doctoral programme: by signing a by signing a ““Ph.D. contractPh.D. contract”” where where supervisors, etc. are specifiedsupervisors, etc. are specified Work contract and Ph.D. contract are 2 Work contract and Ph.D. contract are 2 separate things, also in timeseparate things, also in time

Worried about a “student-oriented” Bologna Worried about a “student-oriented” Bologna ProcessProcess

United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Ph.D. candidates:Ph.D. candidates: are all students enrolled in a graduate are all students enrolled in a graduate programmeprogramme are tipically funded with grants by external are tipically funded with grants by external bodies (not by the University itself)bodies (not by the University itself)

satisfied because of:satisfied because of: academic freedom enjoyedacademic freedom enjoyed consumer’s rightsconsumer’s rights

Claim:Claim: supervisor-student relationship is not that of supervisor-student relationship is not that of an employer-worker, and in (most of) continental an employer-worker, and in (most of) continental Europe this [supervision] sounds like a feudal Europe this [supervision] sounds like a feudal relationshiprelationship

European European featuresfeatures

GermanyGermany: fragmented situation, “free” : fragmented situation, “free” enrolmentenrolment

SpainSpain: very much unsatisfied with the ‘student’ : very much unsatisfied with the ‘student’ statusstatus

FranceFrance: worried for future prospects: worried for future prospects

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands: employees, and contracted : employees, and contracted by Unionsby Unions

PolandPoland: spectacular rise of Ph.D. candidates : spectacular rise of Ph.D. candidates from 1,820 in 1989 to 28,272 in 2001from 1,820 in 1989 to 28,272 in 2001

RussiaRussia: 2 degrees - candidate of sciences and : 2 degrees - candidate of sciences and doctor of sciencesdoctor of sciences

Charter Charter for Supervision and for Supervision and Training of Early Stage Training of Early Stage

ResearchersResearchers Supervision arrangementsSupervision arrangements

Review MethodsReview Methods

Confidential and Structured Feedback MechanismsConfidential and Structured Feedback Mechanisms

Complimentary TrainingComplimentary Training

Input to the Input to the European Researchers’ CharterEuropean Researchers’ Charter

The mobility The mobility gradientgradient in Europe in Europe

South-north and east-westSouth-north and east-west

Environment for researchEnvironment for research

Economic treatmentEconomic treatment

Academia-industry relationshipsAcademia-industry relationships

Professional futureProfessional future

Visibility and social roleVisibility and social role

All this is true in general All this is true in general for the Europe-USA for the Europe-USA relationshiprelationship

26,917,3

21,436,8

3414,514,1

5,714,2

36,212,4

6,11,1

0 10 20 30 40

USACanada

AustraliaSwitzerland

UKNorwaySwedenFinlandAustria

BelgiumSpain

PortugalItaly

Foreign Ph.D. candidatesForeign Ph.D. candidates

Source: Source: OECDOECD

Family-related issues (10)Family-related issues (10)

Financial issues (10)Financial issues (10)

Loss of reintegration prospects in the country Loss of reintegration prospects in the country of origin (9)of origin (9)

Bureaucratic/Administrative obstacles (6)Bureaucratic/Administrative obstacles (6)

Language problems (5)Language problems (5)

Social and Cultural problems (5)Social and Cultural problems (5)

Lack of information (5)Lack of information (5)

Difficult transfer of social benefits (4) Difficult transfer of social benefits (4)

Lack of international networking (3)Lack of international networking (3)

Opposition by the supervisor (2)Opposition by the supervisor (2)

Reported obstacles to Reported obstacles to mobilitymobility

Which way to a Which way to a European DoctorateEuropean Doctorate??

Clerici vagantesClerici vagantes

TodayToday: European Higher Education Area, : European Higher Education Area, European Research Area, open market of European Research Area, open market of researchers researchers JointJoint Degree Programmes , Degree Programmes , ““co-tutelleco-tutelle”” arrangements, periods of research abroad, arrangements, periods of research abroad, international collaborations of the research international collaborations of the research groupgroup Bologna ProcessBologna Process: welcomed to shed light on : welcomed to shed light on the existing situation and foster the debate at the existing situation and foster the debate at institutional level institutional level

Support to the project “Doctoral Programmes Support to the project “Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society”for the European Knowledge Society”

eeurouroddococ Annual ConferenceAnnual ConferenceStrasbourg, 10-13 march 2005Strasbourg, 10-13 march 2005

Annual ConferenceAnnual ConferenceStrasbourg, 10-13 march 2005Strasbourg, 10-13 march 2005

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