The Eukaryotes 12b: Fungi

Cell wall

Fungal Morphology

mold

hypha/aecoenocytic

“fairy ring”

budding yeast

Other: fission yeast

pseudohypha

Fungal Morphology

yeast bud

Dimorphic?

Asexual

Sporangiospore

/Conidiospores

General Fungal Life Cycle

(based on having haploid adults)

plasmogamy

karyogamy

zygote

Nutrition

all chemoheterotrophic, extracellular digestion

saprobes

parasites, predators

mutualists

Mycosis

systemic

subcutaneous

cutaneous

superficial

Rhizopus nigricans

Mucor spp.

Absidia spp.

Microsporidia = Microspora

Example:

Nosema spp. (N. connori and N. ocularum) Ocular & GI infectionsMicrospora spp.

Polar filament

dikaryon

inside ascus

(Eu)penicilliumplasmogamy

karyogamy

Saccharomyces cerevisiae = baker’s & “top”-brewing yeast

S. pastorianus = “bottom”-brewing yeast

S. bayanus = champagne yeast

Neurospora

Morchella spp. = morels

Tuber spp. = truffles

Gourmet items

ascus

ascocarp (made of dikaryotic hyphae)

(side-cut view)

“ (San Joaquin) Valley fever”

Aspergillus

A. flavus

A. niger

A. oryzae

aspergillosis

Candida albicans

Pneumocystis carinii/jirovecki

“thrush”

“yeast infection” = candidiasis, balanitis (male)

“PC”

Dermatophytes

Trichophyton spp.Microsporum spp.Epidermophyton floccosum

“ringworm” =

“Tinea ____”

onychomycosis

Sporothrix

Stachybotrys

Claviceps -> ergot

ergometrine

ergotamine

lysergic acid

grain

plasmogamy

Karyogamy inside basidia

zygote

Mushroom life cycle

Ustilago maydis = corn smut =

huitlacoche/cuitlacoche

Most used edible mushroom: Agaricus

Lentinula edodes = shiitake

Amanita spp.

some edible, some poisonous

Amanita muscaria = fly agaric

death cap

The Destroying AngelAmanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera, & A. ocreata

Amanita calyptrata

Gyromitra esculentum = false morel

Cortinarius gentilis

Can be dangerous

Amanita muscaria = fly agaric

ear & jelly fungus

bracketsbolete

puffball

Some other basidios

stinkhorn

Bird’s nest

Cryptococcus neoformans

Malasezzia furfur

can cause pityriasis

Disappearing “phylum” Deuteromycetes = imperfect fungi

Aspergillus PenicilliumFusarium

endotrophic mycorrhiza

Symbiosis:

mycorrhizae

crustose

foliose

Symbiosis:

lichens

fruticose

Usnea: usnic acid

Roccella: litmus & dye

Useful lichens