The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemAre your hormones runnin’ wild?Are your hormones runnin’ wild?

GlandsGlands

Exocrine Exocrine - Secrete into ducts or onto a - Secrete into ducts or onto a free surface - sweat, sebaceous, free surface - sweat, sebaceous, mucous, digestivemucous, digestive

EndocrineEndocrine - secrete into cellular space - secrete into cellular space then into blood - hormonesthen into blood - hormones

HormonesHormones

HormonesHormones are chemical messages are chemical messages Regulate the chemical composition and Regulate the chemical composition and

volume of the internal environmentvolume of the internal environment

What are some examples of regulation of What are some examples of regulation of chemical composition of blood. How about chemical composition of blood. How about volumevolume Glucose, WaterGlucose, Water

Regulated by insulin and a hormone called ADH Regulated by insulin and a hormone called ADH (antidiuretic hormone)(antidiuretic hormone)

HormonesHormones

Help regulate organic metabolism and energy Help regulate organic metabolism and energy balancebalance

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

Help body cope with emergency environmental Help body cope with emergency environmental demands - infection, trauma, emotional stress, demands - infection, trauma, emotional stress, dehydration, starvation, hemorrhage, and dehydration, starvation, hemorrhage, and temperature extremes.temperature extremes.

Adrenaline (epinephrine)Adrenaline (epinephrine) Fight or flight syndromeFight or flight syndrome SympatheticSympathetic

Hormone producing cells are sent Hormone producing cells are sent information from sensing and signaling information from sensing and signaling systems - permit regulation of amount systems - permit regulation of amount and duration of hormone releaseand duration of hormone release

Examples: Blood glucose, Na+, K+, Ca++, Examples: Blood glucose, Na+, K+, Ca++, O2O2

Target cellsTarget cells - cells that are affected by - cells that are affected by specific hormonesspecific hormones

ReceptorsReceptors - most cells have receptors that - most cells have receptors that bind to one or more hormonesbind to one or more hormones

There are about 50 different hormones - cells There are about 50 different hormones - cells only respond to specific hormonesonly respond to specific hormones

Once a hormone binds to a cell’s receptors, Once a hormone binds to a cell’s receptors, there is a set of reactions within the target cell there is a set of reactions within the target cell to produce the desired effectsto produce the desired effects

Feedback SystemsFeedback Systems

““Circular situation in which information Circular situation in which information about the status of something is about the status of something is continually reported (fed back) to a continually reported (fed back) to a central control region.” central control region.”

Like a thermostat.Like a thermostat. Negative feedbackNegative feedback system - reverses the system - reverses the

direction of the initial conditiondirection of the initial condition Negative - response is opposite to the Negative - response is opposite to the

stimulusstimulus

ThalamusHypothalamus

Pituitary GlandThyroid

Parathyroids

PancreasThymus

AdrenalsOvaries

Testes

Posterior PituitaryPosterior Pituitary

ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) Controls KidneysControls Kidneys

OxytocinOxytocin Stimulates mammary glands to produce milkStimulates mammary glands to produce milk Stimulates uterine contractionsStimulates uterine contractions

Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

HGH (Human Growth Hormone)HGH (Human Growth Hormone) Stimulates cell division, protein synthesis, Stimulates cell division, protein synthesis,

bone growthbone growth

ProlactinProlactin Milk productionMilk production

MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) Skin color in lower verts, unknown in humansSkin color in lower verts, unknown in humans

Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Stimulates thyroidStimulates thyroid ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Stimulates adrenal cortexStimulates adrenal cortex

Gonadotropic HormonesGonadotropic Hormones Gamete and sex hormonesGamete and sex hormones

ThyroidThyroid

ThyroxinThyroxin Increases metabolic rateIncreases metabolic rate regulates growth and developmentregulates growth and development

CalcitoninCalcitonin Lowers blood Calcium levelsLowers blood Calcium levels

ParathyroidParathyroid

PTHPTH Raises blood Calcium levelsRaises blood Calcium levels

Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla

Epinepherine and NorepinephrineEpinepherine and Norepinephrine AdrenalineAdrenaline Cardiac and other musclesCardiac and other muscles

Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids Raise blood glucose level, stimulates Raise blood glucose level, stimulates

breakdown of proteinbreakdown of protein

MineralcorticoidsMineralcorticoids Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium and Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium and

excrete potassiumexcrete potassium

Sex HormonesSex Hormones pubertypuberty

PancreasPancreas

InsulinInsulin Lowers blood glucoseLowers blood glucose

Promotes formation of glycogen, proteins, fatsPromotes formation of glycogen, proteins, fats

GlucagonGlucagon Raises blood glucoseRaises blood glucose

Promotes breakdown of glycogen, proteins, fatsPromotes breakdown of glycogen, proteins, fats

GonadsGonads

TestesTestes Androgens (Testosterone)Androgens (Testosterone)

Stimulates spermatogenesisStimulates spermatogenesis Develop and maintain male characteristicsDevelop and maintain male characteristics

OvariesOvaries Estrogen and ProgesteroneEstrogen and Progesterone

Growth of uterine liningGrowth of uterine lining Develop and maintain female characteristicsDevelop and maintain female characteristics

ThymusThymus

TymosinsTymosins Stimulates maturation of T LymphocytesStimulates maturation of T Lymphocytes

Disorders of Endocrine GlandsDisorders of Endocrine Glands

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus: Insulin Lack and Insensitive : Insulin Lack and Insensitive CellsCells

Symptoms:Symptoms: Sugar in urineSugar in urine Frequent urinationFrequent urination Abnormal thirstAbnormal thirst Rapid Weight LossRapid Weight Loss ItchingItching Visual DisturbancesVisual Disturbances Skin disorders - boils, infectionsSkin disorders - boils, infections

DiabetesDiabetes

Sugar is not being metabolizedSugar is not being metabolized Liver fails to store glucose as glycogenLiver fails to store glucose as glycogen Cells fail to utilize glucose efficientlyCells fail to utilize glucose efficiently Body turns to breakdown of protein and Body turns to breakdown of protein and

fatsfats