The end of an age

Between 1875 and 1914 the condition of the poor in most of Britain greatly improved.

In 1870 and 1891 two Education Acts were passed -

all children had to go to school.

“Redbrick” universities were built, which were unlike

Oxford and Cambridge, and taught more science and

technology.

Victorians had developed the administrative and scientific means. The power had moved from shires to the towns. The country squire

couldn’t use his power to rule the village.The authority of the Church was also

weakened, the village priest no longer had the power they had had.

By the 1880s, working people could think about enjoying some free time – the real popular

social centre remained the alehouse or pub.They began to travel for pleasure, the seaside

was a place where families could take holidays together.

The invention of bicyvle was also important. It gave a new freedom to working-class and

middle-class people.

By the end of the nineteenth century, two

sports, cricket and football, had become of

great interest to the British public.

Cricket had become an extremely popular village game. Although it had first developoed

in the eighteenth century, it was not until a century later that its rules were organised.

Cricket was a game which encouraged both individual and team excellence and taught

respect for fair play. It was successfully exported to the empire:

to the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Celyon, Australia and New Zealand.

By the end of the nineteenth century almost every town had its own football, or “soccer” team.

Britain exported football abroad, as young commercial travellers took the game with them.

Britain’s other main game, football, was also organised with proper rules in the nineteenth century. It was at first a middle-class or gentleman’s sport, but it quickly became popular among all classes.

The most important idea of the nineteenth century was that everyone had the right to personal freedom, which was the basis of capitalism.

This idea has spread widely through the book Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations, written by the Scotsman Adam Smith in the eighteenth century.

It soon became very clear that the freedom of factory owners to do as they pleased had led to slavery and mistery for the poor, not to happiness or freedom. By 1820 more and more people had begun to accept the idea that government must interfere to protect the poor and the weak.

The result was a number of laws to improve working conditions. One of these, in 1833, limited the number of hours that women and children were allowed to work. Factory owners were quick to point out that while slave owners were compensated for the loss of slave labour, they were not compensated for the new limits on labour in Britain.

By the end of the century, few people thought it was wrong for the government to interfere in factory conditions, healt in towns, and education for children. People now saw these as government duties.

At the beginnging of the century Robert Owen, a factory owner in Scotland, gave his workers shorter working hours.

He built his factory in the countryside, away from the fog and dirt of the cities.

Owen was able to prove that his workers produces more in less time than those forced to work long hours.

In spite of men like Owen, improvements were slow. By the end of the century, 30 per cent of the nation was still extremely poor. It was an uncomfortable fact for the most powerful nation on earth.

William Booth startes a religious movement, the Salvation Army, to “make war” on poverty. His book In Darkest England and the Way Out was a reminder that while the British called Africa “the dark continent”, areas of possibility greater “darkness” were just down the road in their own towns. In the middle of the century Charles

Dickens attacked the rich and powerful for their cruelty towards the weak and unfortunate in society. Painting too was affected. A century earlier it had been the great landowning aristocracy who had bought paintings and paid artists.

Later on in the century, many of the first socialists in Britain were writers and artists. Some of these belonged to the “Arts and Crafts Movement”, whose members turned away from the new middle-class values, and looked to pre-industial handcraft and to nature for inspiration.

Above all, Victorian society was self-confident. This had been shown in 1851. In 1857 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. His theory was welcomed by many as proof of mankind’s ability to find a scientific explanation for everithing.

But for churchgoing people, who were mostly to be found among the middle classes, the idea that all animals, including human beings, had develop from more simple creatures shook this self-confidence and led to a crisis in the Church.

Most of the churchgoing population found it difficult to accept Darwin’s theory.

Even less acceptable was the idea that over a period of thousands of years man had developed from the ape.

There was one dangerous result of Darwin’s book. Some of those who accepted his ideas began to talk of “advanced” and “inferior” races. These ideas soon influenced Britain’s imperial policity.

Today it is difficult to understand how these ideas could have been accepted. But at the time there was little doubt among most of the British that Britain was the most advanced of the “advanced” races, with a duty to govern the “inferior” races.

The end of “England’s summer”

At the beginning of the twentieth century, people in England still believed that improvements in the economic and social areas could be achieved.

The government provided free school meals, started an old age pension scheme, Labour Exchanges were opened and other improvements were made. In 1902-1910 there was a battle between two Houses which produced a crisis. King

George V was the one who put an end to this crisis. As a result of the Parliament Act in 1911 The House of Lords lost some of its power.

In the same year it was decided that the MPs should be paid, a far more important step that it may seem.

Exchanges were opened and other improvements were made. Even the most conservative-minded realized that the socialists should work inside the Parliament, rather than outside it, soon to be noticed that the dangers of revolution were far less important than those of political evolution.

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