The End

GOVERNMENT

• Write words or draw pictures that come to mind about when you hear the word “government.”

• What is the reason or purpose for having a government?

Freedoms Security

John LockeHow he influenced

the Constitution of theUnited States of America

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/

SWBAT

• Define “political power.”

• Explain why a “Social Contract” is better than a “State of Nature.

• Explain how a “Social Contract” is necessary to avoid the “State of War.”

• List and describe three things that are required to ensure the preservation of property.

Just a question . . . • Do you believe that

humans are:– Naturally good: Society and the

environment are what corrupts them.

– Naturally bad: Society and the social environment teach people how to be good.

– Neither good or bad: Society and the social environment define whether or not people will become good or bad.

– Some combination of the above.

Hobbes

• Wrote Leviathan 1651• Introduced the State of Nature• All had the right to

– Do everything and anything.

– Self-preservation through self-defense.

• This naturally brought man into war.• War is not in man’s best interest• The only way out of war, is by entering into a

social contract under an authority who will provide safety and order.

“Leviathan”was the

The Monarch

• The ruling, protective authority had complete power even to matters of religion and conscience.

• There is no separation of powers. • The Leviathan was the Lawmaker, the

Judge, and the Executioner.• Who was in authority over the

Leviathan / Monarch?

18th Century Philosophy

• Emphasis on reason and logic

• Social progress = people friendly politics

• John Locke was a political philosopher– If Natural Laws were logical and could be

“discovered” or “uncovered” (gravity) then so should there be discoverable / uncoverable political / social laws.

Natural Rights

• All men possess or are “granted” these by the Creator (“among these are . . .”)– Life– Liberty– Property (the right to have)

• Problem: the study of history shows these rights have often been denied

The Various States

I. State of NatureNEVER LASTS

II. State of WarPERSISTS INDEFINITELY

but individually it cannot last forever . . .

III. Political / Civil SocietySocial Contract

§ 3 Political power

• Authorized to make rules and penalties, even severe,

• to ensure protection of property,

• and using the force of the community to enforce these rules

– and protect from other groups;

• All this for the good of the group.

CHAP. II. Of the State of Nature

• Read §. 4,–What two words describe and

characterize the State of Nature? •FREEDOM•EQUALITY

State of Nature• A state of Freedom

and Equality• Live by Natural Laws• § 7 Everyone has

Equal power and jurisdiction to enforce infringements on Freedom & Equality

• How? § 8-12

http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/http://art-smart.ci.manchester.ct.us/artists/ar_hicks.html

• Do we live in a State of Nature?

• Do we have full Freedom and Equality?

• What would be another word for this state? Why?

How are Infringements handled?

• Who Handles infractions?– There is no “TEAM” in “ I “

• Ultimately,Killing is the only option (§ 12)

• Ensures full protection of your own Freedoms.

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Once an Infringement begins, we are in a . . .

http://sill-www.army.mil/Graphics/WEAPONS/page.html

State of War

• Once one man attempts to place another under his absolute power . . .

• Enmity and Destruction! §16

• The transgressor has left “reason” and become a “wolf.”

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§ 21 How about a Society?

• Under Social Contract there is a constant balancing of Natural Rights vs Security

• Why? To preserve . . .http://www.fotosearch.com/EYW130/bes_013/

Freedoms Security

• Individuals consent to become a community• Government w/Political Power given over to selected members of the group

& Protect Natural Rights

• Life

• Liberty

• Preservation of Property

Preservation of Property

• What does a State of Nature “want” to achieve Preservation of Property? Ref to § 123.– §124 An established and known law– §125 An indifferent judge– §126 Power to “execute,” carry out the law

• How far does Political Power extend?– §131 as far as the “common good”– § 3 “only for the public good.”

Back to § 3Political power, reprise

• Authorized to make laws and penalties, even severe,

• to ensure preservation of property,

• and using the force of the community to enforce these rules

– and protect from other groups;

• All this for the public good.

Are all Persons in aSocial Contract?

• Babies?

• Objectors?

• Tyrants?

• Can more than one STATE exist at the same time among different persons?

• What is the ultimate desire of all Persons?

REBELLION!!

• When is rebellion against the standing government permitted?

• Refer to the opening paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence.

When is Rebellion Justified?

• § 202 Where-ever law ends, tyranny begins . . . • § 203 . . . Leave nothing but anarchy and

confusion• §210 . . . If a long train of actions shew . . .• § 211 distinguish between dissolution of the

society . . . And the government• § 220 . . . The people are at liberty to provide

for themselves, by erecting a new legislative . . . (For society can never lose its right to preserve itself)

Connect the Dots . . .

• Prove that you understand Locke’s explanation of the derivation of Political Power.– Quote a portion of the Declaration of Independence

that was adapted from Locke’s Second Treatise of Government.

• What fat S did that DOI reference come from?

– What principle of government do we practice based on Locke that was different from Hobbes?

• In which fat S’s does that principle originate?

Locke Study Guide• What three “states” does Locke describe?

– Place them in their logical order and briefly explain each providing a quote from The Second Treatise on Government.

• What do individuals hope to gain by giving up certain freedoms?– Give an example of a freedom given up to gain a benefit.

• List three things that a “State of Nature” wants to achieve “preservation of property.”

– Explain each of the three terms.• Under what conditions can an established authority be rebelled against?• Define the following terms:

– State of Nature– Political Power– State of War– Social Contract

• Why do individuals move toward “social contracts?”

Fun (but not Extra Credit)

• Riddle me this:

A man came into town on Friday.

Three days later he left on Friday.

Explain.