ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BRITANNICA

VOL. vai

jft

THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICAELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST

edition, published in three

volumes,

SECOND THIRD

ten

eighteen

17681771. 17771784. 17881797.18011810.

FOURTHFIFTH SIXTH

twenty

twenty twentytwenty-one

SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH

twenty-twotwenty-five ninth edition and eleven

18151817. 18231824. 18301842. 18531860. 18751889.19021903. 1911.

TENTHELEVENTH

supplementary volumes, published in twenty-nine volumes,

1910

COPYRIGHTin all countries subscribing to the

Bern Conventionby

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARSof the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All

rights reserved

THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICADICTIONARYOF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE

AND GENERAL

INFORMATIONELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUMEDEMIJOHNto

VIM

EDWARD

Cambridge, England:at the University Press

New

York, 35 West

3

2nd

Street

1910

AE-5

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,

by

The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company

INITIALS USED IN

VOLUME VIII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.1

A. Ca.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D.,

F.R.S. See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.

f

\

Determinant.

A. E. G.*

REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.Principal of

New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of Theology and Board of Philosophy, London University. Formerly Professor of Philosophy, Theism, Comparative Religion, and Christian Ethics in Hackney and New Colleges, London. Author of Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus; The Christian Certainty; &c.D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S.

Devil.-j

[

A. E. S.

ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A.,in

Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer of Christ's College, Cambridge. University Reader Desmoscoleeida' President of the Association of Economic Biologists. Formerly < Z? Zoology. Hcniuroiflea. University Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata. Author of Zoology of the Invertebrata. Editor of the Pitt Press Natural Science Manuals; &c. [

A. Fi.

PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE FILON.See the biographical article FILON, P.:

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M.

A.

\[I

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,

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p,^,j. French

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(m

A. P. P.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HiST.Soc.;

Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901.] Author of England under the Protector Somerset Life of Thomas Cranmer &c. I;

Edward VI

A. G.

MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHSH.M.Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Secrets of the Prison House &c.;

(d. 1908).

f

Author

of

The Chronicles of Newgale;\ Deportation.[_

A. G. D.

ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., Lrrr.D., F.R.Hisi.S. f Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint Editor of Documents relating to]I

Dorion.

the Constitutional History of

Canada.

[

A. H.

J.

G.

ABEL HENDY TONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LiTT.

(d. 1905).

Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of St John's Author of Infamia in Roman Law; Handbook of Greek ConCollege, Oxford. stitutwnal History; Roman Public Life; History of Rome. Joint Editor of Sources Roman of History, 133-70 B.C.

Dictator.\

A. H. A.

S.

REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, D.LITT., L.L.D., D.D.See the biographical article: SAYCE, A. H.

f

Echatana

\f

J. L.

ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. News, Rio de Janeiro.

Formerly Editor of the Rio

Ecuador-\

(in part).

A.

J. P.

ALEXANDER

J.

PHILIP.of Gravesend.

f

Borough LibrarianA. L. G.

._. hn i B Dreams I Marriage in Australia; &c.\

Demonology;

M

0. J. R. H.

OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A.Christ Church, Oxford. British Association.

f

Denmark: Geography andStatistics (in part)

Geographical Scholar, 1901.

Assistant Secretary of the"!L

Dnieper (in part)

nn DonP. C.

nrnpTfDvina(in part).(in part)

;

Dniester

the Cossacks, Territory of *h(in part);

(tn part);

Echmiadzin

M.

PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL,

F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc., LL.D. f Secretary to the Zoological Society cf London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891..) Lecturer on Biology at Charing Cross Hospital, 1892-1894; at London Hospital, 1894. Examiner in Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 1892-1896, 19011903. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903.I

Dog

P. C. Y.

PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford.

fI

P. Gi.

PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D.,

LITT. D. Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University J Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the Cambridge Philological 1 Society. Author of Manual of Comparative Philology &c.;

j

Derby, 7th Earl of; Digby Slr Everard; Digby> sir

R

P. G.

K.

PAUL GEORGE KONODY.Art Critic of the Observer and the Daily Mail. Formerly Editor of The Author of Ths Art of Walter Crane; Velasquez, Life and Work; &c.

f Artist. 1I

Donatello.

R. R. A.S.

LORD RAYLEIGH.See the biographical article:

RAYLEIGH, 3RD BARON.f F.S.A. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Explora- J Diptych,

M.

ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A.,St John's College, Cambridge. tion Fund.

R. C. J. R. D. M.R. H. D.*

SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE JEBB., LITT.D., D.C.L. See the biographical article: JEBB, SIR RICHARD C.

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