The Employment Situation of Immigrants and Natives in June ... · The labor force participation rate is simply the share of people in the labor force. Definition of Immigrant. The

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Center for Immigration Studies

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C I S

CIS Letterhead_Layout 1 7/26/12 4:34 PM Page 1

July 2020

An analysis by the Center for Immigration Studies of public-use data released earlier this month by the Bu-reau of Labor Statistics shows that while there was some improvement in the number and share of native-born Americans and immigrants (legal and illegal) out of work, unemployment remains extraordinarily

high. The unemployment rate improved slightly more for immigrants than for the native-born between May and June, but native unemployment at 10.7 percent remains a good deal lower than the 13.8 percent for immigrants. Despite the recent improvement, the 18.1 million unemployed immigrants and natives in June is still nearly three times what it was in June last year. While workers of every education level have experienced significant job losses during the Covid-19 shutdown, the situation for workers without a college education is especially bleak. It re-mains extremely difficult to justify the continued entry of new immigrants on the grounds of any “labor shortage”.

Among the findings:

• Theunemploymentratefornative-bornAmericans(ages16-plus)was10.7percentinJune.Whilelowerthan the 12.4 percent in May, it is still almost three times what it was before Covid-19 hit. Among immi-grants(ages16-plus),theratewas13.8percentinJune,comparedto15.8percentinMay.Theimmigrantrate is still nearly four times what it was before Covid-19. (Figure 1, Table 1B)

• Thenumberofnativesandimmigrantsunemployeddeclinedbyabout12percentforbothgroupsbe-tween May and June. Still, the number of natives and immigrants unemployed stood at 18.1 million, nearly three times what it was in February, before Covid-19 hit. (Figure 2, Table 1A)

• Inadditiontotheunemployed,therewere45.7millionworking-age(16-64)native-bornand9.4millionworking-age immigrants entirely out of the labor force — neither working nor looking for work. This is still 1.7 million higher for the native-born and 800,000 higher for immigrants than it was in February. (Table 2A)

• WeestimatetheunemploymentrateforlegalimmigrantsinJunewas13.3percent,animprovementfromthe15.6percent inMay.Therate for illegal immigrantswas15.1percent,an improvement from16.4percent in May. (Our estimates by legal status are approximations only.) (Table 4B)

Among the less-educated:

• Theunemploymentrateforthenative-born(ages25-plus)withoutabachelor’sdegreewas10.8percentinJune,comparedto6.6percentforthosewithatleastabachelor’s.Amongimmigrants(ages25-plus),16.3percentwithoutabachelor’sdegreewereunemployed,comparedto8.9percentwithabachelor’s.(Table1B)

The Employment Situation of Immigrants and Natives in June 2020Employment improved slightly more for immigrants, but remains dismal for both groups By Steven A. Camarota, Jason Richwine, and Karen Zeigler

Steven A. Camarota is the director of research and Karen Zeigler is a demographer at the Center. Jason Richwine, PhD, is a public policy analyst based in Washington, D.C., and a contributing writer at National Review.

1629KStreet,NW,Suite600•Washington,DC20006•(202)466-8185•[email protected]•www.cis.org

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• Theunemploymentrate(combinedimmigrantandnative-born)inmanyjobstypicallyperformedbytheless-edu-cated has improved but remains high. (Table 3C)

o 28.5percentforfoodpreparersandserverso 21.4 percent for maids and housekeeperso 20.1 percent for retail salespersonso 15percentforconstructionlaborerso 7.2 percent for health care aides and nursing assistants

• TheCovid-19shutdownhasexacerbatedthelong-termdeclineinthelaborforceparticipationrate(shareworkingorlookingforwork)oftheless-educated.InJune2020,only67percentofworking-age(16-64)nativeswithoutabachelor’sdegreewereinthelaborforce,downfrom72percentin2007and76percentin2000.(Figure5)

• Focusingonlyonmenwhoareofprimeworkingage(25to54)stillshowsalong-termdeclineinlaborforcepar-ticipation. The share of these native-born men without a bachelors in the labor force was 83 percent in June 2020, comparedto88percentinJune2007and90percentinJune2000.(Figure6)

Data and MethodsThis report uses the Current Population Survey (CPS) to examine the employment situation in the United States as of June 2020,withparticularattentionpaidtodifferencesbetweenimmigrantsandnatives.Basedonamonthlysurveyof60,000households,theCPSisthenation’sprimarysourcefortheunemploymentrateandotherlaborforcestatistics.Thesampleisweighted to reflect the actual size and demographic makeup of the civilian non-institutionalized population. The raw data used in this analysis comes directly from the Census Bureau, which collects the data for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.1

Key Concepts and Terms. The labor force includes all workers, plus non-workers who have actively looked for work in the four weeks prior to the survey. The standard unemployment rate, referred to by the BLS as the U-3 rate, is calculated by di-viding the number actively looking for work by the number in the labor force. The labor force participation rate is simply the share of people in the labor force.

Definition of Immigrant. The foreign-born in the CPS are all persons who were not U.S. citizens at birth. They include naturalized citizens, permanent residents (green card holders), temporary visitors, guestworkers, and illegal aliens. We use the term “immigrant” to encompass all of these foreign-born individuals. In Tables 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B we report figures separatelyfornon-citizensandnaturalizedcitizens.Tables4A,4B,5A,and5Breportfiguresforlegalimmigrantsandillegalimmigrants separately.

Identifying Illegal Immigrants. Prior research indicates that most illegal immigrants are included in Census data. To de-termine which respondents are most likely to be illegal aliens, CIS first excludes immigrant respondents who are almost cer-tainly not illegal aliens — for example, spouses of native-born citizens; veterans; people who have government jobs; Cubans (becauseofspecialrulesforthatcountry);immigrantswhoarrivedbefore1980(becausethe1986amnestyshouldhaveal-ready covered them); people in certain occupations requiring licensing, screening, or a government background check (e.g., doctors, pharmacists, and law enforcement); and people likely to be on student visas.

The remaining candidates are weighted to replicate known characteristics of the illegal population (population size, age, gender, region or country of origin, state of residence, and length of residence in the United States). CIS has previously used the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as the source of those known characteristics; however, DHS data were last pub-lishedin2015.Formorerecentdata,weturnto2018estimatesfromtheCenterforMigrationStudies(CMS),includingtheirestimates of educational attainment.2 The resulting illegal population, which consists of a weighted set of CPS respondents, is designed to match CMS on the characteristics listed above. However, we do not adjust the number of illegal immigrants for undercount in the CPS.3 Estimates for legal immigrants are calculated simply by subtracting estimated counts of illegal immigrants from the total immigrant population.

All of our findings that separate immigrants by legal status should be considered rough approximations only. Because we do not have information about the illegal immigrant population in 2020, we are forced to take the known characteristics of illegal aliens from 2018 and apply them to the new labor market data in 2020. The primary weakness of this approach is that

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Figure 1. Unemployment Rate, Natives and Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresareforpersons16andolder.Immigrants(legalandillegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

14.0%

4.0%

12.4%

10.7%

Natives

Immigrants

16.4%15.8%

13.8%

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

it assumes the illegal immigrant population still has the same demographic profile (population size, age, gender, etc.) as it did in 2018.

Matching Published BLS Tables. In this report, all statistics covering the entire population, such as the headline unem-ployment rate, match those published by the BLS. However, the counts and percentages for sub-populations will in some cases be slightly different. The reason is that the Census Bureau adds “perturbations” to the public-use microdata to protect respondent confidentiality. Fortunately, the Census Bureau states that any differences between published figures and those calculated from the public-use data will be so small that they “fall well within the sampling variability associated with CPS estimates”.4 In other words, there should be no meaningful difference between statistics calculated from the pubic-use data and those published by the BLS.

Finally, the figures in this report are not seasonally adjusted. Unadjusted figures are conceptually simpler and easier for other researchers to replicate.5 Also, the limited number of statistics on the foreign-born published in the BLS monthly “Employ-ment Situation” reports are also not seasonally adjusted.

Potential Problems with the Data. The BLS reports a potential problem with the CPS for March, April, May, and June.6 First, the response rates in all these months were significantly lower than prior months. This increased the sampling error of the surveys for these months. However, “BLS was still able to obtain estimates that met our standards for accuracy and reliability,” according to statement from the bureau. Second, interviewers who administered the survey miscoded some respondents as employed when they were on furlough, temporarily laid off, or in similar situations. They should have been considered tem-porarily laid off and coded as unemployed. The number unemployed and the unemployment rate would be higher in March through June if these individuals were counted as unemployed. Neither the Census Bureau, which collects the data, nor the BLS has altered the data in response to these issues. Our analysis takes the raw CPS data as provided; and our results match published non-seasonally adjusted figures, with the caveats about perturbations in public-use data discussed above.

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Figure 2. Number of Natives and Immigrants Unemployed (millions)

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresareforpersons16andolder.Immigrants(legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

5.2

6.0

18.2

16.3

14.4

5.4

Natives

Immigrants

1.31.01.1 4.3 4.2 3.7

January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

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Figure 3. Unemployment Rate, Native-Born Only, by Education

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresareforpersons25andolder.Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

20%

15%

10%

5%

0January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

< H.S.H.S. Only

Some CollegeBachelor’s

or More

12.2%

7.8%

10.8%

4.6%

10.6%

3.0%

6.6%

1.9%

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Figure 4. Unemployment Rate, Immigrants Only, by Education

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresareforpersons25andolder.Immigrants(legaland illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

18.1%

6.9%

16.9%

3.5%

13.4%

3.7%

8.9%

2.5%

20%

25%

15%

10%

5%

0

January 2020 February 2020 March 2020 April 2020 May 2020 June 2020

< H.S.H.S. Only

Some CollegeBachelor’s

or More

7


Figure 5. Labor Force Participation for Less-Educated Natives, June 2000 to 2020There has been a long-term decline in labor force participation for natives without a bachelor’s degree that the Covid-19 shutdown has exacerbated.

Source: June public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey 2000 to 2020. Figures are only for the native-born. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. The labor force participation rate is the share of persons by age group working or looking for work.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

71%

76%

77%

82%

69%

75%

77%

82%

68%

75%

77%

81%

66%

74%

77%

81%

64%

73%

76%

81%

64%

73%

76%

81%

64%

73%

76%

81%

63%

72%

76%

80%

63%

73%

76%

81%

61%

72%

76%

80%

57%

70%

75%

79%

57%

69%

74%

79%

58%

69%

73%

78%

58%

69%

73%

78%

57%

68%

72%

77%

58%

68%

72%

77%

57%

68%

72%

78%

58%

68%

72%

78%

58%

69%

73%

78%

59%

69%

73%

78%

54%

67%

72%

77%

Recessions in Gray

Youths 16-24

Ages 16-64

Ages 25-64

Prime Age 25-54

8


Figure 6. Labor Force Participation for Less-Educated Native-Born Men, June 2000 to 2020There has been a long-term decline in labor force participation for native-born men without a bachelor’s de-gree that the Covid-19 shutdown has exacerbated.

Source: June public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey 2000 to 2020. Figures are only for the native-born. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. The labor force participation rate is the share of persons by age group working or looking for work.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

74%

82%

85%

90%

72%

81%

84%

89%

70%

80%

84%

89%

68%

79%

83%

88%

66%

79%

83%

88%

67%

79%

83%

88%

67%

78%

83%

88%

65%

78%

83%

88%

65%

78%

83%

87%

62%

77%

82%

86%

59%

75%

80%

85%

59%

74%

80%

85%

60%

74%

80%

85%

60%

74%

79%

84%

59%

73%

79%

84%

59%

73%

79%

84%

59%

74%

79%

85%

60%

74%

79%

84%

60%

74%

79%

85%

60%

74%

79%

84%

55%

72%

78%

83%

Recessions in Gray

Ages 16-64

Youths, 16-24

Ages 25-64

Prime Age 25-54

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All U.S. Residents 16+Youths(16-24)

All Residents 25+WithoutBachelor’s

<High SchoolH.S. OnlySome College

Bachelor’sorMoreNatives 16+

Youths(16-24)Natives 25+

WithoutBachelor’s<High SchoolH.S. OnlySome College

Bachelor’sorMoreAll Immigrants 16+

Youths(16-24)All Immigrants 25+


Bachelor’sorMoreNaturalized Citizens 16+

Youths(16-24)Naturalized Citizens 25+


Bachelor’sorMoreNon-Citizens 16+

Youths(16-24)Non-Citizens 25+


Bachelor’sorMore

Apr. 20

133,326 13,112

120,214 65,0056,856

27,497 30,65255,208

111,389 12,199 99,190 53,1763,06222,85027,26446,014 21,937

913 21,024 11,830

3,794 4,647 3,388 9,194

11,661 239

11,421 5,779 1,180 2,427 2,172 5,643

10,276 674

9,602 6,0512,615 2,220 1,2163,552

Mar. 20

7,370 2,007 5,363 3,884

732 1,6971,455 1,479 6,031 1,861 4,169 3,021 363

1,420 1,239 1,148 1,339 145

1,194 863 370 277 217 331

595 40

555 33686

129 121 219 744 105 639 527 283 148 96

112

Feb. 20

158,017 19,082

138,936 79,5358,65334,75736,12559,401

130,360 17,300

113,060 64,1113,91528,295 31,901 48,949 27,657

1,781 25,876 15,424

4,738 6,462 4,224 10,45214,128

55313,575 7,255 1,438 3,148 2,6696,320

13,529 1,228

12,301 8,169 3,300 3,314 1,555 4,132

June 19

157,828 20,639

137,189 80,373 9,68534,55336,13556,816

130,215 19,031

111,184 64,078

4,227 28,02531,82647,106 27,613 1,608

26,005 16,2955,4586,528 4,309 9,709

14,035 559

13,476 7,6861,6393,1612,8865,790

13,578 1,050

12,529 8,609 3,820 3,366 1,424 3,919

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Figures for all immigrants and non-citizens include illegal immigrants.

May 20

137,461 14,352

123,109 67,1616,87828,68431,59855,948

115,057 13,378

101,679 55,1383,18623,658 28,294 46,541 22,404

973 21,431 12,023 3,6925,0263,305 9,408

11,920 316

11,604 5,8351,1582,549 2,128 5,769

10,484 657

9,826 6,1882,534 2,477 1,177 3,638

Apr. 20

22,504 4,817

17,687 12,7751,8155,6455,314 4,912

18,191 4,422

13,770 9,899

831 4,441 4,627 3,871 4,313 396

3,917 2,876

984 1,205687

1,041 2,063

138 1,926 1,282

322 536 423 644

2,249 258

1,991 1,594662669264 397

June 20

18,072 4,517

13,556 9,277 1,317 3,967 3,993 4,279

14,392 4,193

10,199 6,846

472 2,930 3,444 3,353 3,680

323 3,357 2,431 845

1,037 549926

1,903 109

1,794 1,251254592405543

1,778 215

1,563 1,180 591445 144 383

June 20

142,811 16,553

126,259 69,157

7,209 29,301 32,64857,101

119,730 15,380

104,350 56,7123,395

24,210 29,10647,639 23,081

1,173 21,908 12,446

3,813 5,0913,5429,462

12,580 459

12,121 6,158 1,227 2,561 2,370 5,963

10,501 714

9,787 6,2882,5862,530 1,172 3,499

May 20

20,514 4,870

15,644 11,312 1,5615,031 4,720 4,332

16,323 4,457

11,866 8,610692

3,887 4,031 3,255 4,191

413 3,778 2,702 869

1,143 689

1,077 2,068

131 1,937 1,306262602 442 632

2,122 282

1,841 1,396607542 248 445

June 19

6,292 2,111 4,180 2,893 467

1,324 1,101 1,288 5,512 1,973 3,539 2,456295

1,175986

1,083 779 138 641 437 172 149 115205 316

21 295 187

38 77 72

108 463 117 346 249 134

72 43 97

Mar. 20

155,167 18,060

137,107 77,682

8,420 33,46535,79759,425

128,725 16,527

112,198 63,214

3,724 27,692 31,799 48,984 26,442 1,533

24,909 14,4684,6965,774 3,999

10,441 13,461

398 13,063 6,817 1,441 2,885 2,491 6,246

12,981 1,135

11,846 7,6513,255 2,888 1,5084,195

Feb. 20

6,218 1,655 4,563 3,391 667

1,484 1,240 1,172 5,191 1,533 3,658 2,771

374 1,321 1,076

888 1,026

122 905 620 293 163164285 414 51

363 22660 74 92

137 612 71

542 394 233

89 72

148

Number Working Number Unemployed

Table 1A. Natives and Immigrants Employed and Unemployed (thousands)

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All U.S. Residents 16+Youths(16-24)

All Residents 25+WithoutBachelor’s


Bachelor’sorMoreNatives 16+

Youths(16-24)Natives 25+


Bachelor’sorMoreAll Immigrants 16+

Youths(16-24)All Immigrants 25+


Bachelor’sorMoreNaturalized Citizens 16+

Youths(16-24)Naturalized Citizens 25+


Bachelor’sorMoreNon-Citizens 16+

Youths(16-24)Non-Citizens 25+


Bachelor’sorMore

May 20

13.0%25.3%11.3%14.4%18.5%14.9%13.0%7.2%

12.4%25.0%10.5%13.5%17.9%14.1%12.5%6.5%

15.8%29.8%15.0%18.3%19.1%18.5%17.3%10.3%14.8%29.3%14.3%18.3%18.5%19.1%17.2%9.9%

16.8%30.0%15.8%18.4%19.3%17.9%17.4%10.9%

Mar. 20

4.5%10.0%3.8%4.8%8.0%4.8%3.9%2.4%4.5%10.1%3.6%4.6%8.9%4.9%3.7%2.3%4.8%8.7%4.6%5.6%7.3%4.6%5.1%3.1%4.2%9.2%4.1%4.7%5.7%4.3%4.6%3.4%5.4%8.5%5.1%6.4%8.0%4.9%6.0%2.6%

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Figures for all immigrants and non-citizens include illegal immigrants.

June 20

11.2%21.4%9.7%11.8%15.4%11.9%10.9%7.0%

10.7%21.4%8.9%10.8%12.2%10.8%10.6%6.6%

13.8%21.6%13.3%16.3%18.1%16.9%13.4%8.9%

13.1%19.1%12.9%16.9%17.1%18.8%14.6%8.3%

14.5%23.1%13.8%15.8%18.6%15.0%11.0%9.9%

Feb. 20

3.8%8.0%3.2%4.1%7.2%4.1%3.3%1.9%3.8%8.1%3.1%4.1%8.7%4.5%3.3%1.8%3.6%6.4%3.4%3.9%5.8%2.5%3.7%2.7%2.8%8.5%2.6%3.0%4.0%2.3%3.3%2.1%4.3%5.4%4.2%4.6%6.6%2.6%4.4%3.5%

June 19

3.8%9.3%3.0%3.5%4.6%3.7%3.0%2.2%4.1%9.4%3.1%3.7%6.5%4.0%3.0%2.2%2.7%7.9%2.4%2.6%3.1%2.2%2.6%2.1%2.2%3.7%2.1%2.4%2.3%2.4%2.4%1.8%3.3%10.0%2.7%2.8%3.4%2.1%3.0%2.4%

Apr. 20

14.4%26.9%12.8%16.4%20.9%17.0%14.8%8.2%

14.0%26.6%12.2%15.7%21.4%16.3%14.5%7.8%

16.4%30.2%15.7%19.6%20.6%20.6%16.9%10.2%15.0%36.5%14.4%18.2%21.5%18.1%16.3%10.2%18.0%27.7%17.2%20.9%20.2%23.1%17.8%10.1%

Table 1B. Native and Immigrant Unemployment Rate

11


All U.S. Residents 16-64Youths(16-24)

All Residents 25-64WithoutBachelor’s


Bachelor’sorMoreNatives 16-64

Youths(16-24)Natives 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreAll Immigrants 16-64

Youths(16-24)All Immigrants 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreNaturalized Cit. 16-64

Youths(16-24)Naturalized Cit. 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreNon-Citizens 16-64

Youths(16-24)Non-Citizens 25-64


Bachelor’sorMore

Apr. 20

145,526 17,929

127,597 71,898

8,082 30,579 33,237 55,698

120,571 16,621

103,951 57,9153,551

24,978 29,38646,036 24,955

1,309 23,646 13,984 4,5325,6013,8519,663

12,685 377

12,308 6,5361,350 2,778 2,408 5,772

12,270 932

11,338 7,447 3,182 2,822 1,443 3,891

Mar. 20

53,832 17,437 36,395 27,4525,554

12,290 9,608 8,943

44,934 15,839 29,095 22,2153,46310,263

8,489 6,880 8,898 1,599 7,300 5,237 2,092 2,027 1,119 2,062

3,525 455

3,070 2,136600 874 662 933

5,373 1,143 4,230 3,101 1,492 1,153456

1,129

Feb. 20

153,022 20,736

132,286 76,5148,60633,45134,45755,772

125,992 18,833

107,159 61,421

3,892 27,177 30,35145,738 27,030

1,903 25,127 15,093

4,714 6,2734,106

10,033 13,348

604 12,744 6,845 1,330 2,9762,5395,899

13,681 1,299

12,383 8,249 3,384 3,297 1,567 4,134

June 19

153,763 22,751

131,013 77,247 9,468

33,302 34,477 53,766

126,737 21,004

105,733 61,378

4,142 26,96830,26844,355 27,026 1,746

25,280 15,8705,3266,334 4,209 9,410

13,339 580

12,759 7,288 1,500 2,991 2,797 5,472

13,687 1,167

12,520 8,5823,826 3,344 1,412 3,938

June 20

55,116 16,410 38,706 28,232 5,70712,9169,610

10,474 45,698 14,864 30,834 22,6293,515

10,724 8,391 8,205 9,419 1,546 7,873 5,603 2,192 2,192 1,219 2,269

4,159 475

3,684 2,584

747 1,095

741 1,101 5,259 1,071 4,188 3,019 1,445 1,097

478 1,169

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Figures for all immigrants and non-citizens include illegal immigrants. Those in the labor force are either working or looking for work.

May 20

147,868 19,222

128,647 72,6057,86931,14633,59056,042

122,521 17,836

104,686 58,6073,54925,256 29,802 46,079 25,347 1,386

23,961 13,998

4,320 5,890 3,787 9,963

13,029 447

12,582 6,641 1,278 2,9572,4065,941

12,318 939

11,379 7,357 3,042 2,933 1,381 4,022

Apr. 20

60,162 19,568 40,593 29,9766,09013,554 10,333 10,617 49,775 17,827 31,948 23,7593,59511,157

9,007 8,189

10,387 1,741 8,646 6,2182,4952,396 1,327 2,428

4,325 531

3,794 2,628

708 1,125795

1,1666,062 1,210 4,852 3,5901,786 1,271 532

1,262

June 20

150,603 21,069

129,534 72,5497,95530,62833,96656,985

125,076 19,573

105,504 58,3823,526

24,792 30,064 47,121 25,527 1,496

24,030 14,167

4,429 5,836 3,902 9,863

13,472 568

12,904 6,852 1,318 2,904 2,6316,052

12,054 928

11,126 7,315 3,111 2,932 1,271 3,811

May 20

57,854 18,266 39,587 29,2055,818

13,241 10,146 10,382 47,995 16,632 31,363 23,2683,540

10,894 8,834 8,096 9,858 1,634 8,224 5,937 2,278 2,347 1,313 2,287

4,199 497

3,703 2,594

702 1,094

798 1,109 5,659 1,137 4,521 3,344 1,5761,253515

1,178

Mar. 20

151,851 20,067

131,785 75,448

8,442 32,481 34,52456,337

125,580 18,388

107,192 60,9083,69726,70530,50646,284 26,271 1,678

24,593 14,5404,7465,776 4,019 10,052 12,892

438 12,453 6,5961,3362,8152,4455,857

13,380 1,240

12,140 7,944 3,410 2,9601,5744,195

Feb. 20

52,660 16,775 35,885 27,229 5,465

12,303 9,4628,655

44,044 15,179 28,865 22,2153,36210,5038,3516,650 8,616 1,596 7,020 5,014 2,103 1,800 1,111 2,006

3,541 472

3,068 2,107 607865635961

5,075 1,124 3,951 2,907 1,496935476

1,044

June 19

52,484 14,988 37,497 28,194 6,136

12,430 9,628 9,303

43,306 13,535 29,772 22,733

3,729 10,4588,546 7,039 9,178 1,453 7,725 5,4612,406 1,971 1,083 2,265

3,687 404

3,283 2,311

742 919 649 973

5,491 1,049 4,442 3,1501,6641,053

433 1,292

Number in Labor Force Number Not in Labor Force

Table 2A. Natives and Immigrants in & out of the Labor Force (thousands)

12


All U.S. Residents 16-64Youths(16-24)

All Residents 25-64WithoutBachelor’s


Bachelor’sorMoreNatives 16-64

Youths(16-24)Natives 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreAll Immigrants 16-64

Youths(16-24)All Immigrants 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreNaturalized Cit. 16-64

Youths(16-24)Naturalized Cit. 25-64


Bachelor’sorMoreNon-Citizens 16-64

Youths(16-24)Non-Citizens 25-64


Bachelor’sorMore

May 20

72%51%76%71%57%70%77%84%72%52%77%72%50%70%77%85%72%46%74%70%65%72%74%81%76%47%77%72%65%73%75%84%69%45%72%69%66%70%73%77%

Mar. 20

74%54%78%73%60%73%78%86%74%54%79%73%52%72%78%87%75%51%77%74%69%74%78%83%79%49%80%76%69%76%79%86%71%52%74%72%70%72%78%79%

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Figures for all immigrants and non-citizens include illegal immigrants. Those in the labor force are either working or looking for work.

June 20

73%56%77%72%58%70%78%84%73%57%77%72%50%70%78%85%73%49%75%72%67%73%76%81%76%54%78%73%64%73%78%85%70%46%73%71%68%73%73%77%

Feb. 20

74%55%79%74%61%73%78%87%74%55%79%73%54%72%78%87%76%54%78%75%69%78%79%83%79%56%81%76%69%77%80%86%73%54%76%74%69%78%77%80%

June 19

75%60%78%73%61%73%78%85%75%61%78%73%53%72%78%86%75%55%77%74%69%76%80%81%78%59%80%76%67%76%81%85%71%53%74%73%70%76%77%75%

Apr. 20

71%48%76%71%57%69%76%84%71%48%76%71%50%69%77%85%71%43%73%69%64%70%74%80%75%42%76%71%66%71%75%83%67%43%70%67%64%69%73%76%

Table 2B. Native and Immigrant Labor Force Participation Rate

13


Occupation (Occupation Codes)

Management (0010-0440)Food service managers (0310)

Business & financial operations (0500-0960)Computer & mathematical (1005-1240)

Computerfields(1005-1021)Architecture & engineering (1305-1560)

Engineers(1320-1530)Life, physical, & social science (1600-1980)Community & social service (2001-2060)Legal occupations (2100-2180)Education instruction & library (2205-2555)Arts, design, ent., sports, media (2600-2920)Healthcare practitioner & technical (3000-3550)

Registerednurses(3255)Medicaltechnologists,techs,LPNs(3300-3500)

Healthcare support (3601-3655)Healthcareaids,nurseassists.(3601-3603)

Protective service (3700-3960)Food preparation & serving related (4000-4150)

Chefs, head cooks, & cooks (4020, 4000)Foodprep.&fastfood/counter(4030,4055)Waiters & waitresses (4110)

Build. & grounds cleaning, maint. (4200-4255)Janitors & building cleaners (4220)Maids & housekeeping cleaners (4230)Landscapers,trimmers,grounds(4251-4255)

Personal care & service (4330-4655)Hair,cosmetologists,barbers(4510,4500)Childcareworkers(4600)

Sales & related (4700-4965)First-line super. retail sales workers (4700)Cashiers (4720)Retailsalespersons(4760)

Office & administrative support (5000-5940)Customerservicerepresentatives(5240)Receptionists&informationclerks(5400)

Farming, fishing, & forestry (6005-6130)Agriculturalworkers(6050)

Construction & Extraction (6200-6950)Construction only (6200-6765)

Carpenters(6230)Constructionlaborers(6260)

Installation, maint., & repair (7000-7640)Production (7700-8990)

Butchers,meat&otherfoodproc.(7810-7855)Transpo. & material moving (9005-9760)

Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (9130)Laborers,freight,stock&materialmov.(9620)Stockers&orderfillers(9645)

Total

Mar.

2,415 n/a

1,254 1,542 1,045

617 487 303 n/a n/a 954 522

1,392 425362

1,064 854 n/a

1,647 762263 300

1,940 762725 329 847 n/a n/a

1,762 439 387 329

1,832 n/a n/a 446 381

2,442 2,423

364762 746

1,771 214

2,311 721 431 n/a

26,442

Apr.

15,623 826

7,351 4,279 2,123 2,526 1,776 1,196 2,424 1,588 7,447 2,397 7,610 2,596 2,313 3,379 2,263 2,606 3,412 1,119

898 578

2,790 1,232 396676

1,875 315 646

10,592 2,429 1,713 1,695

12,792 1,942

829 675 485

4,730 4,616

6671,006 3,575 5,025

325 7,498 2,534 1,287 1,183

111,389

June

16,478 733

6,812 4,468 2,257 2,489 1,777 1,356 2,559 1,739 7,647 2,596 8,001 2,736 2,347 3,517 2,319 2,840 4,590 1,240 1,268

962 3,352 1,318

558 974

2,654 607768

11,808 2,537 1,991 2,410

13,376 2,033 895 645 511

5,344 5,213

6811,086 3,849 5,648

311 7,963 2,733 1,487 1,365

119,730

Feb.

16,269 969

7,925 4,162 2,014 2,626 1,790 1,229 2,545 1,727 8,700 2,899 8,336 2,688 2,581 4,023 2,649 2,919 6,609 1,787 1,415 1,692 3,346 1,468

654 683

3,244 718 918

13,206 2,707 2,409 2,555

14,437 2,235 1,137

667 467

5,677 5,526

716 1,251 4,165 6,373

369 9,274 2,6581,951 1,297

130,360

May

2,354 n/a

1,257 1,494 1,013

576 458 312 n/a n/a 810 347

1,473 530 404 883 765 n/a 953 412 229 117

1,614 614455 324 411 n/a n/a

1,437 391 265195

1,633 n/a n/a 395 352

1,799 1,792

283 606 771

1,464 181

1,834 697255 n/a

22,404

Natives Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesof themonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresare forpersons16andolder. Public-usedatamaydifferslightly frompublishedBLSnumbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Data not available (n/a) due to small sample size. The new occupational codes for 2020 can be found here.

Apr.

2,293 n/a

1,143 1,472

988 530 451 330 n/a n/a 834 324

1,396 479 397 945 783 n/a 934 423 184 149

1,523 633 413 312 446 n/a n/a

1,630 393 347 231

1,537 n/a n/a 403 349

1,819 1,804

304 612 617

1,346 207

1,904 695 303 n/a

21,937

May

15,815 720

7,143 4,267 2,202 2,590 1,795 1,314 2,469 1,721 7,635 2,470 7,866 2,6992,368 3,389 2,180 2,606 3,874 1,209

988 739

2,982 1,242

417 862

2,187 515615

11,006 2,434 1,801 2,024

12,864 1,831

899 724 547

5,075 4,959

741 1,020 3,596 5,404

294 8,060 2,807 1,362 1,317

115,057

Feb.

2,485 n/a

1,163 1,503

948 664 549 349 n/a n/a

1,016 470

1,574 493 436

1,121 835 n/a

1,878 839 307 361

1,973 664 813 345 909 n/an/a

1,862 405 437 335

1,863 n/a n/a 477 421

2,465 2,446

405 787 755

1,990 212

2,497 765426 n/a

27,657

Mar.

16,458 918

7,791 4,105 2,056 2,633 1,845 1,265 2,481 1,715 8,607 2,947 8,370 2,676 2,781 4,029 2,616 2,758 6,246 1,705 1,309 1,670 3,397 1,536

567745

3,233 743 978

12,834 2,568 2,273 2,573

14,455 2,179 1,147

659 490

5,586 5,453

814 1,223 4,039 6,207

371 8,910 2,803 1,679 1,300

128,725

June

2,452 n/a

1,150 1,529 1,043

515 436 360 n/a n/a 856 330

1,470 499 405 984 848 n/a

1,093 462 270 155

1,591 557 471 391 398 n/a n/a

1,698 387 273 318

1,637 n/a n/a 302 277

2,013 2,003

307 694 606

1,553 119

1,920 600 240 n/a

23,081

Number Working

Table 3A. No. of Natives and Immigrants Working by Occupation, 2020 (thousands)

https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/datasets/2020/basic/2020_Basic_CPS_Public_Use_Record_Layout_plus_IO_Code_list.txt

14


Occupation (Occupation Codes)

Management (0010-0440)Food service managers (0310)

Business & financial operations (0500-0960)Computer & mathematical (1005-1240)

Computerfields(1005-1021)Architecture & engineering (1305-1560)

Engineers(1320-1530)Life, physical, & social science (1600-1980)Community & social service (2001-2060)Legal occupations (2100-2180)Education instruction & library (2205-2555)Arts, design, ent., sports, media (2600-2920)Healthcare practitioner & technical (3000-3550)

Registerednurses(3255)Medicaltechnologists,techs,LPNs(3300-3500)

Healthcare support (3601-3655)Healthcareaids,nurseassists.(3601-3603)

Protective service (3700-3960)Food preparation & serving related (4000-4150)

Chefs, head cooks, & cooks (4020, 4000)Foodprep.&fastfood/counter(4030,4055)Waiters & waitresses (4110)

Build. & grounds cleaning, maint. (4200-4255)Janitors & building cleaners (4220)Maids & housekeeping cleaners (4230)Landscapers,trimmers,grounds(4251-4255)

Personal care & service (4330-4655)Hair,cosmetologists,barbers(4510,4500)Childcareworkers(4600)

Sales & related (4700-4965)First-line super. retail sales workers (4700)Cashiers (4720)Retailsalespersons(4760)

Office & administrative support (5000-5940)Customerservicerepresentatives(5240)Receptionists&informationclerks(5400)

Farming, fishing, & forestry (6005-6130)Agriculturalworkers(6050)

Construction & Extraction (6200-6950)Construction only (6200-6765)

Carpenters(6230)Constructionlaborers(6260)

Installation, maint., & repair (7000-7640)Production (7700-8990)

Butchers,meat&otherfoodproc.(7810-7855)Transpo. & material moving (9005-9760)

Driver/sales workers & truck drivers (9130)Laborers,freight,stock&materialmov.(9620)Stockers&orderfillers(9645)

Total

Feb.

283 24

163 109

57 28

7 34 16 11

155 98

102 13 77

116 85 75

433 120 114 127 311 124

71 102

93 21 28

585 75

197 157 489 118

63 81 65

475 459

47 192 114 357

24 640 170 19685

5,191

May

156 n/a 78 32

9 42 25 14 n/an/a

147 123

70 9

27 163

70 n/a

583 182

73 173 378 158186

29 289 n/an/a

376 74

101 131 293 n/a n/a 26 19

366 361

73 122

72 287

25 575 107 60n/a

4,191

June

734 126 365 197

98 153

92 85

146 80

946 578 381 159 111 357 195 207

1,775 378 286 482 418 213 104 64

894 177 219

1,807 178 435599

1,493 277 184

48 32

696 672 126 238 357 645

21 1,196

243 176 148

14,392

Mar.

68 n/a 29 25

5 35 26 13

n/a n/a 43 22 54

7 28 15 15

n/a 146

38 28 52

125 44 56 17 38

n/a n/a 57

1 9

27 69

n/a n/a 63 52

176 176

41 84

2 148

3 152 2516

n/a 1,339

Apr.

1,000 144 470 195

77 154

86 74

118 62

1,226 507 568 128 221 470 171 267

2,475 573385 721 756 337 218 160

1,224 321 299

2,184 325467 902

1,839 358 219

86 48

1,136 1,096

154 318 500

1,085 32

1,532 339 257205

18,191

Natives Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesof themonthlyCurrentPopulationSurvey.Figuresare forpersons16andolder. Public-usedatamaydifferslightly frompublishedBLSnumbers; see text for details. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Data not available (n/a) due to small sample size. The new occupational codes for 2020 can be found here.

Mar.

363 35

172 110

39 54 15 54 40 33

264 148 108

28 77

103 74 56

622 129 145 181 326 128 66

122 255

19 94

607 34

211 252 535 123

47 67 59

545 536

54 233 130 306

20 693 191 168 101

6,031

June

187 n/a 72 72 53 39 33 31

n/a n/a 121 138

35 10 6

113 50

n/a 492 186

39 146 297

98 177

11 320 n/a n/a 265

42 8686

265 n/a n/a 27 18

254 254

5976

119 242

15 501

93 60

n/a 3,680

Feb.

32 n/a 29 31 13 20

8 13

n/a n/a 17 28 34 16 13 29 24

n/a 78 34

6 24 83 10 40 19 35

n/a n/a 75

5 21 18 62

n/a n/a 101

96 125 125

10 55

8 89

1 46 6

12 n/a

1,026

Apr.

198 n/a 70 63 18 26 17 14

n/a n/a 109 114

85 10 25

151 101 n/a 641 253

94 122 453 137 25351

286 n/a n/a 329

3663159 244 n/a n/a 65 47

392 387

54 112 121 365

21 516 100 54

n/a 4,313

May

839 180 360 194

75 116 66 66

109 92

973 490 506 109 180 466 196 250

2,174 468 293 626 521 274 11695

1,012 276 237

2,046 228 492 786

1,645 348 200

78 49

868 847 142 230 470 936

35 1,632

223 307 279

16,323

Number Unemployed

Table 3B. No. of Natives and Immigrants Unemployed by Occupation, 2020 (thousands)


15


Occ

upat

ion

(Occ

upat

ion

Cod

es)

Man

agem

ent

(001

0-04

40)

Food

serv

ice

man

ager

s (03

10)

Busi

ness

& fi

nanc

ial o

pera

tions

(05

00-0

960)

Com

pute

r & m

athe

mat

ical

(10

05-1

240)

Com

puterfi

elds(1005-1021)

Arc

hite

ctur

e &

engi

neer

ing

(130

5-15

60)

Engineers(1320-1530)

Life

, phy

sica

l, &

soci

al sc

ienc

e (1

600-

1980

)C

omm

unity

& so

cial

serv

ice

(200

1-20

60)

Lega

l occ

upat

ions

(210

0-21

80)

Educ

atio

n in

stru

ctio

n &

libr

ary

(220

5-25

55)

Art

s, de

sign

, ent

., sp

orts

, med

ia (2

600-

2920

)H

ealth

care

pra

ctiti

oner

& te

chni

cal (

3000

-355

0)Re

gisterednurses(3255)

Medicaltechno

logists,techs,LP

Ns(3300-3500)

Hea

lthca

re su

ppor

t (3

601-

3655

)Health

careaids,nurseassists.(3601-3603)

Prot

ectiv

e se

rvic

e (3

700-

3960

)Fo

od p

repa

ratio

n &

serv

ing

rela

ted

(400

0-41

50)

Che

fs, h

ead

cook

s, &

cook

s (40

20, 4

000)

Food

prep.&fastfo

od/cou

nter(4

030,4055)

Wai

ters

& w

aitr

esse

s (41

10)

Build

. & g

roun

ds cl

eani

ng, m

aint

. (42

00-4

255)

Jani

tors

& b

uild

ing

clea

ners

(422

0)M

aids

& h

ouse

keep

ing

clea

ners

(423

0)Land

scapers,trim

mers,grou

nds(4251-4255)

Pers

onal

car

e &

serv

ice

(433

0-46

55)

Hair,cosm

etologists,barbers(4510,4500)

Childcareworkers(4

600)

Sale

s & re

late

d (4

700-

4965

)Fi

rst-

line

supe

r. re

tail

sale

s wor

kers

(470

0)C

ashi

ers (

4720

)Re

tailsalespersons(4

760)

Offi

ce &

adm

inis

trat

ive

supp

ort

(500

0-59

40)

Custom

erse

rvicerepresentativ

es(5

240)

Receptionists&

inform

ationclerks(5

400)

Farm

ing,

fish

ing,

& fo

rest

ry (

6005

-613

0)Agriculturalw

orkers(6

050)

Con

stru

ctio

n &

Ext

ract

ion

(620

0-69

50)

Con

stru

ctio

n on

ly (

6200

-676

5)Carpenters(6230)

Con

structionlabo

rers(6

260)

Inst

alla

tion,

mai

nt.,

& re

pair

(700

0-76

40)

Prod

uctio

n (7

700-

8990

)Bu

tchers,m

eat&

otherfo

odproc.(7810-7855)

Tran

spo.

& m

ater

ial m

ovin

g (9

005-

9760

)D

river

/sal

es w

orke

rs &

truc

k dr

iver

s (91

30)

Labo

rers,freight,stock&m

aterialm

ov.(9620)

Stockers&orderfillers(9

645)

Tota

l

Apr

.

7.9

% n/a

5.8%

4.1%

1.8%

4.6%

3.6%

4.0% n/

an/

a11

.5%

26.0

%5.

7%2.1%

6.0%

13.8

%11.4% n/a

40.7

%37.4%

33.7%

45.1%

22.9

%17.8%

38.0%

14.0%

39.1

% n/a

n/a

16.8

%8.4%

15.3%

40.7%

13.7

% n/a

n/a

13.9

%11.8%

17.7

%17

.7%

15.1%

15.5%

16.4

%21

.3%

9.4%

21.3

%12.5%

15.2% n/a

16.4

%

Apr

.

6.0%

14.9%

6.0%

4.4%

3.5%

5.7%

4.6%

5.9%

4.6%

3.8%

14.1

%17

.5%

6.9%

4.7%

8.7%

12.2

%7.0%

9.3%

42.0

%33.8%

30.0%

55.5%

21.3

%21.5%

35.4%

19.1%

39.5

%50.5%

31.6%

17.1

%11.8%

21.4%

34.7%

12.6

%15.6%

20.9%

11.3

%9.0%

19.4

%19

.2%

18.8%

24.0%

12.3

%17

.8%

8.9%

17.0

%11.8%

16.7%

14.8%

14.0

%

Apr

.

6.3%

15.3%

6.0%

4.3%

3.0%

5.5%

4.4%

5.5%

4.7%

3.7%

13.9

%18

.6%

6.8%

4.3%

8.3%

12.6

%8.2%

9.3%

41.8

%34.9%

30.7%

53.7%

21.9

%20.3%

36.8%

17.5%

39.4

%50.3%

31.2%

17.1

%11.4%

20.5%

35.5%

12.7

%15.1%

21.7%

12.3

%10.2%

18.9

%18

.8%

17.7%

21.0%

12.9

%18

.5%

9.1%

17.9

%12.0%

16.4%

15.9%

14.4

%

Feb.

1.3% n/

a2.

5%2.

0%1.3%

2.9%

1.5%

3.5% n/

an/

a1.

6%5.

5%2.

1%3.2%

2.8%

2.5%

2.8% n/

a4.

0%3.9%

1.9%

6.2%

4.0%

1.5%

4.7%

5.2%

3.7% n/

an/

a3.

9%1.2%

4.6%

5.2%

3.2% n/

an/

a17

.4%

18.5%

4.8%

4.9%

2.4%

6.5%

1.1%

4.3%

0.6%

1.8%

0.8%

2.7% n/

a3.

6%

June

4.3%

14.7%

5.1%

4.2%

4.1%

5.8%

4.9%

5.9%

5.4%

4.4%

11.0

%18

.2%

4.5%

5.5%

4.5%

9.2%

7.8%

6.8%

27.9

%23.4%

18.4%

33.4%

11.1

%13.9%

15.7%

6.2%

25.2

%22.6%

22.2%

13.3

%6.5%

17.9%

19.9%

10.0

%12.0%

17.1%

6.9%

5.8%

11.5

%11

.4%

15.6%

17.9%

8.5%

10.3

%6.2%

13.1

%8.2%

10.6%

9.8%

10.7

%

June

4.6%

13.3%

5.2%

4.3%

4.4%

6.0%

5.4%

6.3%

5.2%

4.1%

11.1

%19

.6%

4.2%

4.9%

4.1%

9.4%

7.2%

7.4%

28.5

%24.9%

17.4%

36.0%

12.6

%14.2%

21.4%

5.2%

28.5

%26.8%

24.0%

13.3

%7.0%

18.7%

20.1%

10.5

%13.0%

18.7%

7.3%

5.9%

11.4

%11

.4%

15.8%

15.0%

9.7%

11.0

%7.6%

14.7

%9.1%

12.0%

10.3%

11.2

%

6,0

10

319

2

,390

1

,627

8

78

910

658

540

8

84

603

2

,803

9

74

2,8

49

991

8

20

1,3

67

937

8

70

2,0

52

615

475

427

1

,566

633

341

3

89

1,1

73

260

331

4

,267

9

10

712

895

4,7

35

659

337

3

52

269

2,2

99

2,2

25

340

518

1,4

40

2,2

62

139

3

,137

1,053

510

456

45,

640

Feb.

1.7

%2.5%

2.0%

2.5%

2.7%

1.0%

0.4%

2.7%

0.6%

0.6%

1.7%

3.3%

1.2%

0.5%

2.9%

2.8%

3.1%

2.5%

6.2%

6.3%

7.5%

7.0%

8.5%

7.8%

9.8%

13.0%

2.8%

2.8%

3.0%

4.2%

2.7%

7.6%

5.8%

3.3%

5.0%

5.3%

10.9

%12.2%

7.7%

7.7%

6.1%

13.3%

2.7%

5.3%

6.1%

6.5%

6.0%

9.1%

6.2%

3.8%

Feb.

1.7%

2.2%

2.1%

2.4%

2.3%

1.4%

0.6%

2.9%

0.6%

1.0%

1.7%

3.6%

1.4%

0.9%

2.9%

2.7%

3.0%

2.8%

5.7%

5.5%

6.5%

6.8%

6.9%

5.9%

7.1%

10.5%

3.0%

2.2%

4.4%

4.2%

2.5%

7.1%

5.7%

3.3%

5.4%

5.1%

13.7

%15.3%

6.9%

6.8%

4.8%

10.8%

2.4%

5.1%

4.2%

5.5%

4.9%

8.0%

5.6%

3.8%

Nat

ives

Both

Imm

igra

nts

Sour

ce:P

ublic-usefileso

fthem

onthlyCurrentPop

ulationSurvey.Figuresareforpersons16andolder.Pub

lic-usedatam

aydifferslightlyfrom

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etails.Im

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illegal)area

lsoreferred

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ata

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ble

(n/a

) due

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e. Th

e ne

w o

ccup

atio

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odes

for 2

020

can

be fo

und

here

.

June

7.1% n/

a5.

9%4.

5%4.8%

7.1%

7.1%

8.0% n/

an/

a12

.4%

29.4

%2.

3%1.9%

1.5%

10.3

%5.6% n/

a31

.0%

28.7%

12.5%

48.5%

15.7

%15.0%

27.3%

2.6%

44.5

% n/a

n/a

13.5

%9.7%

23.9%

21.4%

13.9

% n/a

n/a

8.3%

6.0%

11.2

%11

.3%

16.2%

9.8%

16.4

%13

.5%

10.9%

20.7

%13.4%

20.0% n/a

13.8

%

May

6.2% n/

a5.

8%2.

1%0.9%

6.7%

5.1%

4.2% n/

an/

a15

.4%

26.2

%4.

6%1.7%

6.3%

15.6

%8.3% n/

a38

.0%

30.7%

24.2%

59.6%

19.0

%20.5%

29.0%

8.1%

41.3

% n/a

n/a

20.7

%16.0%

27.5%

40.2%

15.2

% n/a

n/a

6.1%

5.2%

16.9

%16

.8%

20.4%

16.7%

8.5%

16.4

%12.3%

23.9

%13.3%

19.2% n/a

15.8

%

May

5.0%

20.0%

4.8%

4.4%

3.3%

4.3%

3.5%

4.8%

4.2%

5.1%

11.3

%16

.6%

6.0%

3.9%

7.1%

12.1

%8.3%

8.8%

36.0

%27.9%

22.9%

45.9%

14.9

%18.0%

21.7%

9.9%

31.6

%34.9%

27.8%

15.7

%8.6%

21.5%

28.0%

11.3

%16.0%

18.2%

9.7%

8.2%

14.6

%14

.6%

16.1%

18.4%

11.6

%14

.8%

10.7%

16.8

%7.3%

18.4%

17.5%

12.4

%

May

5.2%

18.0%

5.0%

3.8%

2.6%

4.7%

3.9%

4.7%

4.1%

5.5%

11.7

%17

.9%

5.8%

3.5%

7.0%

12.8

%8.3%

9.5%

36.4

%28.6%

23.1%

48.3%

16.4

%18.9%

25.7%

9.4%

33.4

%36.2%

27.4%

16.3

%9.7%

22.3%

29.3%

11.8

%16.4%

19.8%

8.5%

7.1%

15.2

%15

.2%

17.3%

17.8%

11.0

%15

.1%

11.3%

18.2

%8.6%

18.5%

18.4%

13.0

%

Mar

.

2.7% n/

a2.

3%1.

6%0.5%

5.3%

5.0%

4.2% n/

an/

a4.

3%4.

0%3.

7%1.6%

7.1%

1.3%

1.7% n/

a8.

1%4.

7%9.

7%14.7%

6.1%

5.5%

7.2%

4.8%

4.3% n/

an/

a3.

2%0.2%

2.3%

7.5%

3.6% n/

an/

a12

.4%

12.0%

6.7%

6.8%

10.2%

9.9%

0.3%

7.7%

1.3%

6.2%

3.3%

3.6% n/

a4.

8%

Mar

.

2.2%

3.6%

2.2%

2.6%

1.8%

2.0%

0.8%

4.1%

1.6%

1.9%

3.0%

4.8%

1.3%

1.0%

2.7%

2.5%

2.7%

2.0%

9.1%

7.0%

10.0%

9.8%

8.8%

7.7%

10.4%

14.1%

7.3%

2.5%

8.8%

4.5%

1.3%

8.5%

8.9%

3.6%

5.3%

3.9%

9.2%

10.7%

8.9%

8.9%

6.2%

16.0%

3.1%

4.7%

5.2%

7.2%

6.4%

9.1%

7.2%

4.5%

Mar

.

2.2%

4.1%

2.2%

2.3%

1.4%

2.7%

1.7%

4.1%

1.9%

2.2%

3.1%

4.7%

1.6%

1.1%

3.2%

2.3%

2.5%

2.0%

8.9%

6.3%

9.9%

10.6%

7.8%

7.0%

8.6%

11.5%

6.7%

3.2%

8.4%

4.4%

1.1%

7.6%

8.8%

3.6%

5.3%

4.7%

10.5

%11.3%

8.2%

8.3%

7.5%

13.8%

2.7%

5.4%

3.8%

7.0%

5.8%

8.0%

6.9%

4.5%

Tabl

e 3C

. Nat

ive

and

Imm

igra

nt U

nem

ploy

men

t Rat

e by

Occ

upat

ion,

202

0

Sa

mpl

e Si

ze

June


16


All U.S. Residents 16+BlackWhiteHispanic

No Bachelors 25+BlackWhiteHispanic

Bach. or More 25+ BlackWhiteHispanic

Natives 16+BlackWhiteHispanic



Immigrants 16+Hispanic

No Bachelors 25+Hispanic

Bach. or More 25+ Hispanic

New Arrivals 16+1

NoBachelors25+Bachelor’sorMore25+

Est. Legal Imms. 16+NoBachelors25+Bachelor’sorMore25+

Est. Illegal Imms. 16+2


Apr. 20

133,326 15,20283,96022,625 65,005

8,403 38,437 14,540 55,208 5,210

37,979 5,102

111,389 12,700 80,50412,555 53,176

7,102 37,1586,822

46,014 4,149 35,893

3,242 21,937 10,070 11,830

7,718 9,194 1,860

745 215 424

17,133 8,517 8,117 4,804 3,313 1,077

Mar. 20

7,370 1,342 3,475 1,841 3,884

818 1,698 1,072 1,479

107 962 173

6,031 1,234 3,284 1,089 3,021

743 1,615

478 1,148

87 867 119

1,339 752 863 594 331 54 84 15 39

967 608295 372 25535

Feb. 20

158,017 18,15197,535 28,311 79,535 10,139 45,982 18,412 59,401 5,773

40,802 5,489

130,360 15,320 92,977 15,289 64,111 8,69944,1508,524

48,949 4,539

38,343 3,308

27,657 13,023 15,424

9,889 10,452

2,181 987 308 460

21,464 11,069

9,243 6,193 4,355 1,209

June 19

157,828 17,971 98,068 27,721 80,373 10,484 46,417 18,312 56,816 5,09739,652

4,974 130,215 15,21893,60914,750 64,078 8,89544,602

7,991 47,106 4,150

37,243 3,065

27,613 12,971 16,295 10,321 9,709 1,909

n/a n/a n/a

21,331 11,7608,565 6,283 4,536 1,144

June 20

18,072 2,8459,053 4,212 9,277 1,6954,251 2,447 4,279

440 2,706556

14,392 2,331 8,5742,530 6,846 1,3504,046 1,113 3,353

323 2,494 346

3,680 1,681 2,431 1,334

926 210 149 61 38

2,743 1,765

783 937 666 142

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”.1 Immigrants who arrived in the United States between 2018 and 2020, including both legal and illegal immigrants.2 Estimates for illegal immigrants are based on their demographic characteristics in 2018 applied to current labor market data, and should therefore be considered rough approximations of their employment situation. The figures are only for those illegal immigrants in the CPS and are not adjusted for undercount. See methods section for more detail.

May 20

137,461 15,38287,125 23,321 67,161 8,695

39,920 14,994 55,948 5,077

38,713 5,161

115,057 13,124 83,397 12,789 55,138

7,444 38,6096,998

46,541 4,16436,435

3,181 22,404 10,532 12,023 7,996 9,408 1,981

732 185415

17,356 8,493 8,304 5,048 3,531 1,104

Apr. 20

22,504 2,934

12,310 5,126

12,775 1,829 6,5793,315 4,912

478 3,218 606

18,191 2,52011,685

2,827 9,899 1,5836,2651,521 3,871 358

2,966 297

4,313 2,299 2,876 1,794 1,041

309 165 6451

3,163 2,006

927 1,149 869115

June 20

142,811 15,845 89,973 24,794 69,157

9,120 40,67215,482 57,101

4,887 39,5835,596

119,730 13,50085,87614,055 56,712 7,82639,216

7,339 47,639

4,028 37,121 3,585

23,081 10,739 12,446

8,143 9,462 2,011

915 336 418

17,829 8,732 8,370 5,252 3,713 1,092

May 20

20,514 3,05610,4664,852

11,312 1,888 5,493 2,878 4,332

432 2,705642

16,323 2,5919,8642,746 8,610 1,6045,206 1,301 3,255

320 2,448

289 4,191 2,105 2,702 1,576 1,077 352 182 63 81

3,204 2,001

940 987 701 137

Mar. 20

155,167 17,717 96,26927,531 77,682 9,98645,185 17,708 59,425 5,68340,7515,656

128,725 15,01591,93615,306 63,214 8,61243,511

8,420 48,984 4,513

38,331 3,505

26,442 12,225 14,468

9,288 10,441 2,150 1,029 361 497

20,489 10,299 9,235 5,953 4,1691,206

Feb. 20

6,218 1,206 3,032 1,438 3,391 697

1,612 904

1,172 130 746115

5,191 1,088 2,909

844 2,771 624

1,579 442 888 102 667

47 1,026 595 620 463 285 67 80 18 42

735 414 244 291 207

40

June 19

6,292 1,170 3,298 1,268 2,893 616

1,435619

1,288 119 864 170

5,512 1,051 3,194 860

2,456 536

1,395352

1,083 95

823 101 779 408 437 267 205 69

n/a n/a n/a 599 345176 181

92 29

Number Working Number Unemployed

Table 4A. Number of Natives and Immigrants by Legal Status Working and Unemployed (thousands)

17


All U.S. Residents 16+BlackWhiteHispanic



Natives 16+BlackWhiteHispanic



Immigrants 16+Hispanic

No Bachelors 25+Hispanic

Bach. or More 25+ Hispanic

New Arrivals 16+1


Est. Legal Imms. 16+NoBachelors25+Bachelor’sorMore25+

Est. Illegal Imms. 16+2


May 20

13.0%16.6%10.7%17.2%14.4%17.8%12.1%16.1%7.2%7.8%6.5%11.1%12.4%16.5%10.6%17.7%13.5%17.7%11.9%15.7%6.5%7.1%6.3%8.3%

15.8%16.7%18.3%16.5%10.3%15.1%19.9%25.2%16.4%15.6%19.1%10.2%16.4%16.6%11.0%

Mar. 20

4.5%7.0%3.5%6.3%4.8%7.6%3.6%5.7%2.4%1.9%2.3%3.0%4.5%7.6%3.4%6.6%4.6%7.9%3.6%5.4%2.3%1.9%2.2%3.3%4.8%5.8%5.6%6.0%3.1%2.4%7.6%4.0%7.2%4.5%5.6%3.1%5.9%5.8%2.9%

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”.1 Immigrants who arrived in the United States between 2018 and 2020, including both legal and illegal immigrants.2 Estimates for illegal immigrants are based on their demographic characteristics in 2018 applied to current labor market data, and should therefore be considered rough approximations of their employment situation. The figures are only for those illegal immigrants in the CPS and are not adjusted for undercount. See methods section for more detail.

June 20

11.2%15.2%9.1%14.5%11.8%15.7%9.5%13.6%7.0%8.3%6.4%9.0%

10.7%14.7%9.1%15.3%10.8%14.7%9.4%13.2%6.6%7.4%6.3%8.8%

13.8%13.5%16.3%14.1%8.9%9.5%

14.0%15.4%8.2%

13.3%16.8%8.6%

15.1%15.2%11.5%

Feb. 20

3.8%6.2%3.0%4.8%4.1%6.4%3.4%4.7%1.9%2.2%1.8%2.0%3.8%6.6%3.0%5.2%4.1%6.7%3.5%4.9%1.8%2.2%1.7%1.4%3.6%4.4%3.9%4.5%2.7%3.0%7.5%5.5%8.4%3.3%3.6%2.6%4.5%4.5%3.2%

June 19

3.8%6.1%3.3%4.4%3.5%5.5%3.0%3.3%2.2%2.3%2.1%3.3%4.1%6.5%3.3%5.5%3.7%5.7%3.0%4.2%2.2%2.2%2.2%3.2%2.7%3.1%2.6%2.5%2.1%3.5% n/a n/a n/a

2.7%2.8%2.0%2.8%2.0%2.5%

Apr. 20

14.4%16.2%12.8%18.5%16.4%17.9%14.6%18.6%8.2%8.4%7.8%10.6%14.0%16.6%12.7%18.4%15.7%18.2%14.4%18.2%7.8%7.9%7.6%8.4%

16.4%18.6%19.6%18.9%10.2%14.2%18.1%22.9%10.8%15.6%19.1%10.2%19.3%20.8%9.6%

Table 4B. Share of Natives and Immigrants Unemployed by Legal Status

18


All U.S. Residents 16-64BlackWhiteHispanic

No Bachelors 25-64BlackWhiteHispanic

Bach. or More 25-64 BlackWhiteHispanic

Natives 16-64BlackWhiteHispanic



Immigrants 16-64Hispanic

No Bachelor’s 25-64Hispanic

Bach. or More 25-64 Hispanic

New Arrivals 16-641

NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

Est. Legal Imms. 16-64NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

Est. Illegal Imms. 16-642NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

Apr. 20

145,526 17,268 88,393 26,848 71,898 9,64940,699 17,212 55,698 5,40237,6365,448

120,571 14,51884,653 14,928 57,915 8,206

39,233 8,043

46,036 4,28535,5133,385

24,955 11,920 13,984 9,169 9,663 2,063

898 272 469

19,015 9,812 8,474 5,940 4,172 1,189

Mar. 20

53,832 8,001

29,383 10,741 27,452 4,533

14,971 5,965 8,943

883 5,721

771 44,934 7,26628,0506,522

22,215 4,124 14,3762,650 6,880 755

5,273 429

8,898 4,219 5,237 3,315 2,062

342 765 236 279

6,301 3,5401,726 2,597 1,697336

Feb. 20

153,022 18,375 92,102 28,765 76,514 10,154 42,934 18,601 55,772 5,603

37,742 5,335

125,992 15,637 87,820 15,699 61,421

8,778 41,2558,662

45,738 4,41535,4173,226

27,030 13,066 15,093

9,939 10,033

2,109 1,042

309 493

20,564 10,547

8,787 6,466 4,5471,246

June 19

153,763 18,317 93,370 28,144 77,247 10,543 43,412 18,270 53,766

4,949 36,9594,959

126,737 15,588 89,149 15,267 61,378

8,978 41,733 8,095

44,355 4,018 34,675

3,072 27,026 12,876 15,870 10,175 9,410 1,888

n/a n/a n/a

20,581 11,258

8,238 6,445 4,611 1,172

June 20

55,116 8,21629,855 11,208 28,232 4,86315,0876,198

10,474 929

6,7071,136

45,698 7,401 28,3606,629

22,629 4,465

14,409 2,6668,205815

6,146682

9,419 4,579 5,603 3,532 2,269 454 833 322 260

6,671 3,8691,926 2,747 1,735

344

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”.1 Immigrants who arrived in the United States between 2018 and 2020, including both legal and illegal immigrants.2 Estimates for Illegal immigrants are based on their demographic characteristics in 2018 applied to current labor market data, and should therefore be considered rough approximations of their employment situation. The figures are only for those illegal immigrants in the CPS and are not adjusted for undercount. See methods section for more detail.

May 20

147,868 17,551 89,839 27,355 72,605

9,993 41,102 17,255 56,042 5,213

37,977 5,601

122,521 14,96485,87715,137 58,607 8,54439,658

8,020 46,079 4,23635,6563,351

25,347 12,218 13,998 9,236 9,963 2,250

899 233 495

19,325 9,778 8,724 6,021 4,219 1,239

Apr. 20

60,162 8,920

32,729 12,338 29,976

4,919 16,2216,657

10,617 1,110 6,714 1,090

49,775 7,925

31,074 7,374

23,759 4,38615,416

2,890 8,189 957

6,168580

10,387 4,965 6,218 3,767 2,428 510 774 251 249

7,415 4,2752,051 2,972 1,942

377

June 20

150,603 17,853 91,093 28,094 72,549 10,231 40,61817,262 56,985 5,07438,6615,906

125,076 15,08086,88216,112 58,382 8,63739,116

8,128 47,121

4,138 36,193

3,780 25,527 11,982 14,167

9,133 9,863 2,126 1,046

383 452

19,350 9,7968,632 6,177 4,371 1,231

May 20

57,854 8,586

31,171 11,898 29,205 4,96115,5796,499

10,382 953

6,529 1,107

47,995 7,63729,6757,165

23,268 4,484

14,840 2,835 8,096

789 6,055613

9,858 4,733 5,937 3,664 2,287 495 724 238 243

6,972 4,060 1,942 2,886 1,877

344

Mar. 20

151,851 18,120 91,708 28,403 75,448 10,15942,436 18,087 56,337 5,49738,1255,552

125,580 15,49487,54815,951 60,908

8,818 40,814 8,589

46,284 4,381 35,837

3,490 26,271 12,452 14,540

9,498 10,052 2,062 1,097 367529

19,965 10,131 8,815 6,306 4,410 1,237

Feb. 20

52,660 7,67629,160 10,310 27,229

4,340 15,2105,670 8,655 853

5,582 709

44,044 7,034

27,830 6,276

22,215 3,991 14,5612,598 6,650

718 5,178364

8,616 4,035 5,014 3,072 2,006 346 747 228 265

6,186 3,440 1,692 2,430 1,574

314

June 19

52,484 7,62228,692 10,704 28,194 4,60015,5895,933 9,303

780 6,075

944 43,306 6,877

27,117 6,369

22,733 4,230

14,811 2,630 7,039 640

5,487 481

9,178 4,335 5,461 3,303 2,265 463 n/a n/a n/a

6,741 3,9631,865 2,437 1,497

400

Number in Labor Force Number Not in Labor Force

Table 5A. Number of Natives and Immigrants by Legal Status in and out of the Labor Force (thousands)

19


All U.S. Residents 16-64BlackWhiteHispanic



Natives 16-64BlackWhiteHispanic



Immigrants 16-64Hispanic

No Bachelor’s 25-64Hispanic

Bach. or More 25-64 Hispanic

New Arrivals 16-641

NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

Est. Legal Imms. 16-64NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

Est. Illegal Imms. 16-642NoBachelors25-64Bach.orMore25-64

May 20

72%67%74%70%71%67%73%73%84%85%85%83%72%66%74%68%72%66%73%74%85%84%85%85%72%72%70%72%81%82%55%49%67%73%71%82%68%69%78%

Mar. 20

74%69%76%73%73%69%74%75%86%86%87%88%74%68%76%71%73%68%74%76%87%85%87%89%75%75%74%74%83%86%59%61%65%76%74%84%71%72%79%

Source: Public-use files of the monthly Current Population Survey. Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”.1 Immigrants who arrived in the United States between 2018 and 2020, including both legal and illegal immigrants.2 Estimates for Illegal immigrants are based on their demographic characteristics in 2018 applied to current labor market data, and should therefore be considered rough approximations of their employment situation. The figures are only for those illegal immigrants in the CPS and are not adjusted for undercount. See methods section for more detail.

June 20

73%68%75%71%72%68%73%74%84%85%85%84%73%67%75%71%72%66%73%75%85%84%85%85%73%72%72%72%81%82%56%54%63%74%72%82%69%72%78%

Feb. 20

74%71%76%74%74%70%74%77%87%87%87%88%74%69%76%71%73%69%74%77%87%86%87%90%76%76%75%76%83%86%58%58%65%77%75%84%73%74%80%

June 19

75%71%76%72%73%70%74%75%85%86%86%84%75%69%77%71%73%68%74%75%86%86%86%86%75%75%74%75%81%80%n/an/an/a

75%74%82%73%75%75%

Apr. 20

71%66%73%69%71%66%72%72%84%83%85%83%71%65%73%67%71%65%72%74%85%82%85%85%71%71%69%71%80%80%54%52%65%72%70%81%67%68%76%

Table 5B. Share of Natives and Immigrants by Legal Status in the Labor Force

20


State

Ariz.Calif.Fla.Ga.HawaiiIll.Md.Mass.Nev.N.J.N.M.N.Y.N.C.TexasVa.Wash.Nation

State


Apr. 20

81 937 427 13535168

82 195 127 241

13 46257

448 93 116

4,313

June 20

68866426

37 23 15036

190 59

193 12

442 63

334 122 51

3,680

Apr. 20

11.2%16.9%15.6%18.2%30.6%14.0%11.0%27.9%40.3%19.7%10.9%20.1%10.0%14.6%13.9%19.8%16.4%

June 20

11.4%15.6%14.9%5.5%19.3%14.1%5.8%23.5%20.8%14.4%9.4%18.8%11.6%11.0%17.1%7.1%

13.8%

May 20

7.6%16.6%17.4%8.6%30.5%15.6%8.8%25.2%39.1%18.1%8.8%22.3%12.1%12.8%13.2%16.1%15.8%

June 19

6.7%3.1%2.8%2.7%1.8%2.9%4.3%1.9%1.3%1.2%0.9%3.2%1.7%2.6%2.3%2.1%2.7%

May 20

297 2,007

923 411

90 743 229 400 287 426

83 845576

1,214 303 442

16,323

May 20

10.0%15.5%13.4%9.7%17.8%14.5%9.2%14.1%23.6%14.0%10.2%12.9%13.1%11.6%8.4%13.6%12.4%

Feb. 20

32 267

91 27

1 5425 19 6515

107 3

116 11 18

1,026

June 19

15061829615416

193 101 86 90

104 51

233 238 466

83 169

5,512

Feb. 20

4.9%4.4%3.3%3.3%1.0%4.2%3.1%2.3%2.1%3.5%4.2%3.8%0.4%3.4%1.3%2.8%3.6%

June 19

5.1%4.7%4.0%3.5%3.2%3.6%3.7%2.9%7.2%3.3%5.9%3.5%5.1%4.2%2.2%5.4%4.1%

Mar. 20

148 725 341 177 5

223 108

98 87

101 46

291 183 538 107 179

6,031

Feb. 20

120 623258 180 15175

94 112 63

130 48

247 145 399

84 143

5,191

Mar. 20

5.0%5.4%4.5%4.1%1.0%4.3%4.4%3.4%6.9%3.2%5.6%4.2%4.2%4.9%2.9%5.4%4.5%

Feb. 20

4.0%4.7%3.4%4.1%2.8%3.4%3.9%3.8%4.8%4.2%5.8%3.6%3.2%3.7%2.3%4.3%3.8%

Natives

Natives

All Immigrants

All Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurveyforpersons16andolder.Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”.

May 20

43 89650162 39

174 58

190 98 250

10 52065

418 94 116

4,191

June 19

48 191

82 19

3 34 27 16

4 16

1 85

9 75 18 16

779

June 20

312 1,859

703 38665

723 235 392 181 536

77 950368

1,063 292 302

14,392

June 20

10.5%14.1%10.1%9.0%12.6%13.4%8.9%13.4%14.7%16.7%9.5%13.6%8.4%9.7%7.8%9.6%

10.7%

Mar. 20

39 360115

49 2 54 23 39 17 70 10

124 14

128 24 32

1,339

Mar. 20

6.3%6.2%4.3%5.5%1.8%4.4%2.9%4.5%5.4%4.9%8.2%4.7%2.1%4.0%3.1%5.4%4.8%

Apr. 20

403 2,124

887 483 102 862195 389 314 477

83 954561

1,202 368525

18,191

Apr. 20

14.4%16.5%13.1%11.6%20.1%17.6%8.5%14.2%26.9%15.1%10.5%14.6%13.2%11.6%10.1%15.7%14.0%

Number Unemployed (thousands)

Unemployment Rate

Table 6. Unemployment for Natives and Immigrants, by Selected States

21


State


State


Apr. 20

284 2,350 1,102

200 37 396259 318

91 311 54

1,203 215

1,241 224 212

10,387

June 20

2512,362

903 242

33 255162 279

81 35245965166

1,104 224 180

9,419

Apr. 20

71%69%70%78%74%74%73%67%77%79%68%64%72%70%74%73%71%

June 20

70%69%75%73%76%79%78%74%77%78%73%70%76%72%75%79%73%

May 20

73%68%74%74%72%78%79%73%68%77%69%65%77%73%77%77%72%

June 19

79%71%76%77%81%74%83%76%76%79%71%75%75%71%78%78%75%

May 20

931 5,558 3,037 1,822 206

1,804 784 950467

1,080 358

2,738 1,741 4,3251,062 1,011

47,995

May 20

74%69%66%68%69%71%72%71%70%72%66%68%69%68%75%74%72%

Feb. 20

177 2,110

700 208 36

413 163 228 76326

42 961206976145225

8,616

June 19

933 4,834 2,5861,624

182 1,501644 808 397

1,044 337

2,782 1,5403,816

924 1,002

43,306

Feb. 20

78%73%78%79%78%74%82%77%77%81%73%73%77%77%85%73%76%

June 19

75%72%73%71%72%77%80%77%75%74%70%69%74%73%79%75%75%

Mar. 20

924 4,924 2,873 1,648186

1,734 657 832 417 874 335

2,489 1,632 4,089 1,088 1,093

44,934

Feb. 20

9644,859 2,808 1,613

199 1,670

717 729 387 966 344

2,313 1,480 4,030 1,050

979 44,044

Mar. 20

75%72%71%71%72%73%78%76%74%77%69%72%71%71%76%74%74%

Feb. 20

74%72%72%72%71%74%76%79%76%75%69%73%74%72%76%76%74%

Natives

Natives

All Immigrants

All Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurveyforpersons16to64.Immigrants(legalandillegal)arealsoreferredtoasthe“foreign-born”. Those not in the labor force are neither working nor looking for work. The labor force participation rate is the share of people in the labor force. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

May 20

208 2,429

937 244

42 299 165266 113 40552

1,165159

1,166206 211

9,858

June 19

195 2,377

879 209

32 393 121 254

92 334 45

848 168

1,136 208 201

9,178

June 20

937 5,1113,166 1,742

209 1,614698 779 472

1,119 351

2,6531,5944,026956

1,044 45,698

June 20

75%71%67%70%69%76%78%78%71%72%68%71%72%72%78%74%73%

Mar. 20

187 2,168752 227

34 348 170 247 86

377 52953 222

1,096 102 211

8,898

Mar. 20

76%72%77%79%78%77%82%77%77%78%69%72%74%73%88%72%75%

Apr. 20

9525,457 3,229 1,870

211 1,896

848 1,037 467

1,157 370

2,838 1,802 4,477 1,105 1,071

49,775

Apr. 20

74%69%66%68%69%71%72%71%70%72%66%68%69%68%75%74%71%

Number Not in the Labor Force (thousands)

Labor Force Participation Rate

Table 7. Labor Force Participation for Natives & Immigrants by Selected States

22


State


State


Apr. 20

73 723 294 111

27 127

47 160

98 193

12 294 53

332 71 81

3,215

June 20

55641 308

19 17

129 31 14654154

12 26953

227 72 44

2,664

Apr. 20

13.5%20.1%17.3%26.0%36.5%18.2%13.0%42.7%44.6%33.6%12.2%24.6%16.1%16.5%20.6%22.9%20.4%

June 20

14.4%18.7%17.9%4.4%23.2%19.8%9.8%32.5%25.4%23.5%11.5%20.5%18.2%11.4%20.1%10.6%16.6%

May 20

9.5%19.9%18.1%10.5%38.6%20.7%12.8%34.2%42.5%26.7%9.8%29.8%23.2%14.3%18.0%21.9%19.3%

June 19

8.0%3.1%4.0%2.4%2.1%5.0%1.1%2.7%

n/a2.4%1.1%4.0%2.6%2.1%0.8%2.0%3.0%

May 20

221 1,418 605 304 62546146 248 250 331

73 639504

1,072 204 354

12,662

May 20

11.3%19.6%14.5%11.5%20.5%20.1%12.3%19.7%28.0%21.7%14.3%18.5%19.3%15.9%12.0%19.5%16.1%

Feb. 20

2621555 12

1 39 13 11 6

32 562

3 101

4 14

726

June 19

131 434 212 123

12 16964 48 71 66 43 157 194 347 75

129 4,268

Feb. 20

5.5%5.5%3.2%2.5%1.5%5.4%3.3%2.6%2.9%4.3%5.5%3.8%0.7%4.4%1.1%3.5%4.1%

June 19

6.5%5.6%4.4%4.5%3.5%5.5%4.6%3.4%8.2%3.8%7.1%4.4%6.7%4.7%3.8%6.9%5.0%

Mar. 20

118 542 247 115

4 159

84 73 58 93 41 216156 439

81 150

4,770

Feb. 20

94 468 192 127

12 144 60 78 49 105

44 174 129 34553116

4,154

Mar. 20

6.0%6.9%5.3%4.4%1.1%5.7%6.8%5.5%6.6%5.8%7.4%6.4%5.9%6.1%4.5%7.8%5.8%

Feb. 20

4.9%5.9%4.0%4.6%3.7%5.3%4.8%5.6%5.2%6.6%7.8%5.0%4.7%4.9%2.9%5.7%5.0%

Natives

Natives

All Immigrants

All Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurveyforpersons16andolder.Immigrants (legal and illegal) are also referred to as the “foreign-born”. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

May 20

39 666 334

49 30 146

39 144

79 195

9 35451

288 57 94

3,059

June 19

41 126

79 12

2 34

4 14 n/a16

1 64

9 44

3 10

554

June 20

230 1,204

429 295

49 480 142 265 143 36267685261895 178 216

10,465

June 20

12.0%16.6%10.4%10.9%15.3%16.4%11.0%19.5%16.5%21.8%12.7%18.6%10.2%12.7%9.6%12.4%13.0%

Mar. 20

28 307

73 17

1 44 11 24 12 49 10 95 14 105

11 21

992

Mar. 20

6.5%8.0%4.3%3.3%1.0%6.1%3.0%5.5%5.5%8.7%10.5%6.5%3.3%4.9%2.7%5.8%5.9%

Apr. 20

307 1,421 604356

73 624 119 254267 330 75635 479 976 270 405

13,854

Apr. 20

17.1%19.7%14.9%14.1%23.4%24.6%10.0%20.6%30.8%21.6%13.9%20.2%19.3%14.8%15.8%21.1%18.0%

Number Unemployed (thousands)

Unemployment Rate

Table 8. Unemployment for Natives and Immigrants Without a Bachelor’s Degree by Selected States

23


State


State


Apr. 20

241 1,781

834 133 26

290 165 201 68

224 54

893 183 948 182 159

7,773

June 20

200 1,815

737 188

27 159

94 180 64

223 41

713 153862161 128

7,033

Apr. 20

69%66%65%75%72%69%68%64%76%70%64%56%64%67%64%68%66%

June 20

65%64%69%70%71%79%77%71%76%73%71%64%64%69%68%75%69%

May 20

70%63%70%71%67%74%76%73%66%72%64%57%62%68%66%74%67%

June 19

77%68%74%76%76%71%81%74%74%73%70%72%73%70%72%73%72%

May 20

810 4,392 2,379 1,490

172 1,436611750 388 810 316

2,081 1,398 3,537850 824

39,109

May 20

70%61%62%62%62%64%64%61%68%63%60%61%63%64%65%67%65%

Feb. 20

142 1,651516 139

27 317 123 138 53

233 39

702 158 772 110 166

6,467

June 19

734 3,913 2,202 1,299 151

1,210 454602326869 290

2,184 1,224 3,231

721 788

35,629

Feb. 20

76%69%76%76%76%68%75%75%78%75%68%68%74%74%78%70%72%

June 19

72%65%67%67%67%71%74%69%71%64%66%60%69%68%72%70%69%

Mar. 20

795 3,971 2,365 1,430

147 1,464527 707 324 660 287

1,908 1,391 3,507

888 874

37,393

Feb. 20

813 4,017 2,325 1,337 159

1,381 592616 324 716 294

1,9161,2603,435865 737

36,862

Mar. 20

71%65%65%63%66%64%69%63%72%68%64%62%64%66%65%67%67%

Feb. 20

69%65%66%66%65%65%66%67%73%66%64%62%67%66%66%72%68%

Natives

Natives

All Immigrants

All Immigrants

Source:Public-usefilesofthemonthlyCurrentPopulationSurveyforpersons16to64.Immigrants(legalandillegal)arealsoreferredtoasthe“foreign-born”. Those not in the labor force are neither working nor looking for work. The labor force participation rate is the share of working age people in the labor force. Public-use data may differ slightly from published BLS numbers; see text for details.

May 20

171 1,886746 181

33 222 96

149 90 26151

838 134 923 154 147

7,410

June 19

149 1,842 674152

29 257

79 166

74 225

38 560 118 840 145164

6,780

June 20

801 3,980 2,438 1,408

172 1,269544592 387 827 301

2,063 1,238 3,246

730 826

36,686

June 20

70%63%61%64%63%69%69%68%67%64%62%62%66%67%70%67%67%

Mar. 20

149 1,723 560167

23 245

99 13657

278 49 688186 888

79 152

6,691

Mar. 20

74%68%74%75%77%74%79%75%78%65%65%67%70%70%82%70%70%

Apr. 20

811 4,4662,4961,508165

1,517687 808 363 840 319

2,200 1,5173,725

918 887

40,865

Apr. 20

68%60%60%61%63%61%62%58%69%62%61%57%60%62%64%67%64%

Number Not in the Labor Force (thousands)

Labor Force Participation Rate

Table 9. Labor Force Participation for Natives and Immigrants Without a Bachelor’s by Selected States

24


End Notes1 “Basic Monthly CPS”, U.S. Census Bureau, undated.

2 “State-Level Unauthorized Population and Eligible-to-Naturalize Estimates”, Center for Migration Studies, undated.

3In2018,CMSestimatedatotalillegalimmigrantpopulationof10.6million,whichincludesanundercountadjustmentforthosemissedinCensusBureaudata.OuranalysisoftheCPStotalsto9.8millionillegalimmigrants,reflectinga7.5percentundercount.

4 “Monthly Current Population Survey Public Use Microdata Files”, U.S. Census Bureau, undated.

5 “Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted”, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 12, 2020.

6 For a brief discussion of the problems with the CPS beginning in March, see the section entitled, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on June 2020 Establishment and Household Survey Data” at the bottom of the June Employment Situation press release. For a more detailed look at the issues see the statement issued by BLS on the matter for June.

https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/cps/cps-basic.html

http://data.cmsny.org/

https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/methodology/PublicUseDocumentation_final.pdf

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t07.htm

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm

https://www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-faq-june-2020.pdf

Documents

The Employment Situation of Immigrants and Natives in June ... · The labor force participation rate is simply the share of people in the labor force. Definition of Immigrant. The