The Empires of the The Empires of the Axial AgeAxial Age

Invaders, Traders and Empire Invaders, Traders and Empire BuildersBuilders

Warm Up: Define the following

1.empire

2.monotheistic

3.civil law

4.rule of law

DefinitionsDefinitionsEmpire – Group of states or territories Empire – Group of states or territories

controlled by one ruler.controlled by one ruler.

Monotheism – Belief in one god.Monotheism – Belief in one god.

Civil law – Body of law dealing with the Civil law – Body of law dealing with the private lives of individuals.private lives of individuals.

Rule of law - Rule of law - Government by law. The rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.

The First Empire BuilderThe First Empire Builder

Invasion and Invasion and conquest were conquest were prominent features prominent features of the ancient of the ancient Middle East. About Middle East. About 2300 BC, 2300 BC, SargonSargon, , the ruler of the ruler of neighboring Akkad, neighboring Akkad, invaded and invaded and conquered the city-conquered the city-states of Sumer. He states of Sumer. He built the first empire built the first empire known to history.known to history.

Akkad (in green)

SumeriansSumerians

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic

Enki

Enki

Innana

Innana

Anthropomorphic Gods

Anthropomorphic Gods

Mesopotamian TradeMesopotamian Trade

“The Cuneiform World”

“The Cuneiform World”

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

Cuneiform WritingCuneiform Writing

Sumerian ScribesSumerian Scribes

“Tablet House” “Tablet House”

Ziggurat at UrZiggurat at Ur

Temple

“Mountain of the Gods”

Temple

“Mountain of the Gods”

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

Successive Mesopotamian Successive Mesopotamian EmpiresEmpires

Babylonian Empire – ca. 1790 BC Babylonian Empire – ca. 1790 BC Hammurabi’s CodeHammurabi’s Code

Hittite Empire – ca. 1400 BC Hittite Empire – ca. 1400 BC Ironworking TechnologyIronworking Technology

Assyrian Empire – ca. 1000 BC Assyrian Empire – ca. 1000 BC Most extensive, except for the Most extensive, except for the Persian EmpirePersian Empire

Babylon Revisited – ca. 612 BC Babylon Revisited – ca. 612 BC King King Nebuchadnezzar builds the Nebuchadnezzar builds the Hanging Gardens.Hanging Gardens.

Click here and on the picture for links to Hanging Gardens and Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The Babylonian Empires

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750

B. C. E.] CodeHammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750

B. C. E.] Code

Hammurabi, the JudgeHammurabi, the Judge

Assyrian Empire – ca. 1100 BCAssyrian Empire – ca. 1100 BC

Contributions of the Contributions of the AssyriansAssyrians

1.1. Improved iron weaponry.Improved iron weaponry.2.2. Warfare was central to the culture.Warfare was central to the culture.3.3. Encouraged a well-ordered society.Encouraged a well-ordered society.4.4. First rulers to develop extensive laws First rulers to develop extensive laws

regulating life within the royal regulating life within the royal household.household.

5.5. At At NinevehNineveh, King Assurbanipal founded , King Assurbanipal founded one of the first libraries, collecting one of the first libraries, collecting cuneiform tablets from all over the cuneiform tablets from all over the empire.empire.

Greek CivilizationGreek Civilization1750 BC – 133 BC1750 BC – 133 BC

Early Minoan Early Minoan civilization – the civilization – the forerunner for Greece - forerunner for Greece - began on the island of began on the island of Crete, around 1700 Crete, around 1700 BC. Evidence shows BC. Evidence shows extensive trade and a extensive trade and a very advanced culture, very advanced culture, which was exported to which was exported to mainland Greece at mainland Greece at Mycenaea.Mycenaea.

Mycenaea

Click here for online information about Mycenaean culture.

How did the geography of Greece present obstacles to a unified Greek country?

Minoan CivilizationMinoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization was one of the earliest Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest examples of what has come to be called examples of what has come to be called Greek civilization.Greek civilization.Minoans were trading at the same time as the Minoans were trading at the same time as the Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians.Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians.

Very unequal social structure with a malnourished lower class. This led to constant revolts and an overthrow of the

nobility.

MycenaeansMycenaeans1600 BC – 1200 BC1600 BC – 1200 BC

Sea traders – beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and Sea traders – beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia.

Warriors, living in several city states.Warriors, living in several city states. The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek civilization.The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek civilization. Best known for Trojan War. Best known for Trojan War. 1200 BC Mycenaean Civilization collapsed because of sea invaders. 1200 BC Mycenaean Civilization collapsed because of sea invaders.

Trade and culture are at a standstill for about 100 years.Trade and culture are at a standstill for about 100 years.

The The Trojan War was fought in Troy, a trading city in Anatolia.

Phoenicians – ca. 1200 BCPhoenicians – ca. 1200 BC While powerful rulers While powerful rulers

subdued large subdued large empires, the empires, the Phoenicians gained Phoenicians gained fame as sailors, fame as sailors, traders and colonizers. traders and colonizers. They occupied a string They occupied a string of cities along the of cities along the coastal Mediterranean coastal Mediterranean and traded as far away and traded as far away as Africa and India.as Africa and India.

Phoenician ships exhibited the highest technology of the time.

Contributions of the Contributions of the PhoeniciansPhoenicians

Traded extensively Traded extensively in the Mediterranean. in the Mediterranean. Trade goods Trade goods included royal included royal purple dye, glass, purple dye, glass, rare cedar wood, rare cedar wood, linen fabric, metal linen fabric, metal ware and papyrusware and papyrusIntroduced the Introduced the Phoenician alphabet, Phoenician alphabet, which we use today.which we use today.

Athens and SpartaAthens and Sparta((Click above for a web chart comparison of Athens and Sparta.)Click above for a web chart comparison of Athens and Sparta.)

1200 – 0 BC1200 – 0 BC

Greece itself was made up of separate Greece itself was made up of separate city-states,city-states, which were constantly at which were constantly at

war.war.Define city-stateDefine city-stateCity-state definition: Political unit made City-state definition: Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands.up of a city and the surrounding lands.Two major city-states: Athens and Two major city-states: Athens and Sparta.Sparta.Create a chart on your own paper like Create a chart on your own paper like the one which follows.the one which follows.

AthensAthensGovernment:Government: Limited democracy (only male Limited democracy (only male citizens could participate), citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly.laws, voting Assembly.Soldiers:Soldiers: Citizen soldiers – only during Citizen soldiers – only during wartimewartimeSlaves:Slaves: No political rights or freedoms. No political rights or freedoms. Owned by individualsOwned by individualsWomen: Women: Cared for the home, limited Cared for the home, limited political rights.political rights.Education:Education: Upper class boys only. Military Upper class boys only. Military training and preparation for training and preparation for government involvement. government involvement. Knowledge was important for a Knowledge was important for a democratic government. democratic government.

SpartaSpartaGovernment:Government: Two kings (military generals) Two kings (military generals) and a council of elders. and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native Citizens were male, native born, over 30.born, over 30.Soldiers:Soldiers: Military society, all males Military society, all males prepared to be soldiers from prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.SlavesSlavesOwned by the StateOwned by the StateWomen:Women: Prepared physically for Prepared physically for fighting, right to inherit fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men.property, must obey men.Education:Education:Boys only. Military based Boys only. Military based training from age 7. Taught to training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.other city-states.

Persian Empire – ca. 500 BCPersian Empire – ca. 500 BC

Contributions of the PersiansContributions of the Persians

1.1. Pursued a policy of Pursued a policy of tolerance tolerance in in dealing with the extensive territories dealing with the extensive territories and cultures they conquered.and cultures they conquered.

2.2. Introduced the idea of Introduced the idea of coinage/ money coinage/ money economy economy or metal disks representing or metal disks representing money.money.

3.3. Created the first extensive, well built Created the first extensive, well built road to unite the empire. Known as road to unite the empire. Known as the the Royal Road.Royal Road.

Cyrus & Darius the GreatCyrus & Darius the Great580 – 529 B. C. E.

A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.

The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”

The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.”

(In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to

Palestine).

526 – 485 B. C. E.

Established a tax-collecting system.

Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.

Built the great Royal Road system and also created a standard monetary system adopted by the Lydians.

Established a complex postal system.

Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

Cyrus the GreatCyrus the Great

580 – 529 B. C. E.

580 – 529 B. C. E.

A tolerant ruler he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.

The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”

The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Built Persepolis.

He extended the

Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)

Built a canal in Egypt.

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)

Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Established a tax-

collecting system.

Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.

Built the great Royal Road system.

Established a complex postal system.

Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

Ancient PersepolisAncient Persepolis

PersepolisPersepolis

The People of Persepolis

The People of Persepolis

Persian Archers & Soldiers

Persian Archers & Soldiers

Royal Road:Royal Road:

Silk Road TradersSilk Road Traders Ancient trade was not limited to the Mediterranean Ancient trade was not limited to the Mediterranean

region. The Chinese Emperor Wudi opened up a region. The Chinese Emperor Wudi opened up a trade route, later called the trade route, later called the Silk Road Silk Road that linked that linked China and the west for centuries.China and the west for centuries.

Silk Road trade goods included silk, whose production secrets were carefully guarded by the Chinese, jade, and porcelain in return for glassware, linen, fabric and cedar wood .

Click here for British Museum Silk Road exhibition website.

The HebrewsThe Hebrews: Empire Builders of : Empire Builders of Another Kind - ReligionAnother Kind - Religion

““I am the Lord your I am the Lord your God, who brought God, who brought you out of the land you out of the land of Egypt, out of the of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. house of bondage. You shall have no You shall have no other gods before other gods before Me.”Me.”

These words, the first of These words, the first of the the Ten Commandments – set the Hebrews apart from all other people of the Fertile Crescent. Instead of worshipping many gods (polytheism) they prayed they prayed to one God to one God ((monotheism). The basis for their Code of Laws is known as “the Ten Commandments.” This is the root of Judaism..

Contributions of the Hebrews: Contributions of the Hebrews: Ethical MonotheismEthical Monotheism

Monotheism – belief in Monotheism – belief in one Godone GodCovenant – belief that Covenant – belief that they had made a they had made a binding agreement binding agreement with Godwith GodEthical Law Code – A Ethical Law Code – A law code sent by God law code sent by God himself based on himself based on personal morality: the personal morality: the Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments

Click here and on the picture for links to a history of the Hebrews.

Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:

Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words

Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:

Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words

“Tree of Life”“Tree of Life”

Extent of Zoroastrianism

Extent of Zoroastrianism

Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil

Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil

Ahura Mazda“Holy Spirit”Ahura Mazda“Holy Spirit”

Ahriman“Destructive

Spirit”

Ahriman“Destructive

Spirit”

Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)Zend-Avesta(The “Book of Law”)

The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.The “Sacred Fire” the force to fight evil.

Empires of the Empires of the Ancient WorldAncient World

Define the following: Define the following:

1. civilization 1. civilization

2. democracy2. democracy

3. republic3. republic

4. rule of law4. rule of law

Warm Up DefinitionsWarm Up Definitions

1.1. Civilization – complex, highly organized Civilization – complex, highly organized social order.social order.

2.2. Democracy – government in which the people Democracy – government in which the people hold ruling power.hold ruling power.

3.3. Republic – system of government in which Republic – system of government in which representatives are chosen by the people. It is representatives are chosen by the people. It is a form of democracya form of democracy

4.4. Rule of law - government by law. Rule of law - government by law. The rule of The rule of law implies that government authority may law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an laws, which were adopted through an established procedure.established procedure.

Persian WarsPersian Wars490 – 479 BC490 – 479 BC

The Greek city-states did not unite until The Greek city-states did not unite until faced with a common enemy:faced with a common enemy: Persia

Delian LeagueDelian League

By 479 BC, the Greeks had defeated the By 479 BC, the Greeks had defeated the Persians on land in Asia Minor and Persians on land in Asia Minor and stopped their advance.stopped their advance.

Athens emerged from the war as the most Athens emerged from the war as the most powerful city-state in Greece.powerful city-state in Greece.

To continue the struggle against Persia, it To continue the struggle against Persia, it organized the Delian League, an alliance organized the Delian League, an alliance with the other Greek city states.with the other Greek city states.

Athens dominated the Delian League and Athens dominated the Delian League and used its wealth to create an Athenian used its wealth to create an Athenian empire.empire.

AthensAthens – – The City Pericles BuiltThe City Pericles Built

Direct Democracy – Citizen assembly Direct Democracy – Citizen assembly voted directly on lawsvoted directly on laws

Huge construction projects – Huge construction projects – Acropolis and Parthenon rebuiltAcropolis and Parthenon rebuilt

Emphasis on arts, architecture, Emphasis on arts, architecture, philosophy and medicinephilosophy and medicine

Greek Philosophers Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)(Lovers of Wisdom)

SocratesSocratesSocrates was born in the mid 400's B.C He taught Socrates was born in the mid 400's B.C He taught philosophy and taught Plato. philosophy and taught Plato. Before 400 B.C., he began questioning Athenian values, Before 400 B.C., he began questioning Athenian values, laws, customs, and religion. laws, customs, and religion. In 399, he was brought to trial and found guilty of treason In 399, he was brought to trial and found guilty of treason to the gods. He was sentenced to death. His teachings to the gods. He was sentenced to death. His teachings were written down by his student, Plato.were written down by his student, Plato.He was the first to make a clear distinction between the He was the first to make a clear distinction between the body and soul, placing a higher value on the soul. He body and soul, placing a higher value on the soul. He had a noble life, and his calm acceptance of death made had a noble life, and his calm acceptance of death made him a model for other philosophers to follow.him a model for other philosophers to follow.

Greek Philosophers Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)(Lovers of Wisdom)

PlatoPlatoPlato, one of the most famous Greek philosophers, was Plato, one of the most famous Greek philosophers, was born in Athens. born in Athens. In 403 B.C., democracy was restored to Athens. Plato In 403 B.C., democracy was restored to Athens. Plato then tried to get involved in politics, but was repelled then tried to get involved in politics, but was repelled again when his friend and teacher Socrates was again when his friend and teacher Socrates was sentenced to death in 399 B.C. Plato left Athens after sentenced to death in 399 B.C. Plato left Athens after Socrates was killed. He returned in 387 B.C., and Socrates was killed. He returned in 387 B.C., and founded a school of philosophy called the Academy.  founded a school of philosophy called the Academy.  The Academy was considered the first university by The Academy was considered the first university by many people.many people.He wrote the republic in which he described a perfectly He wrote the republic in which he described a perfectly governed society divided into three groups: Farmers and governed society divided into three groups: Farmers and Artisans; Warriors; and the Ruling Class. In his book the Artisans; Warriors; and the Ruling Class. In his book the person with Greatest Insight and the best Philosopher person with Greatest Insight and the best Philosopher was the King.was the King.

Greek Philosophers Greek Philosophers (Lovers of Wisdom)(Lovers of Wisdom)

Aristotle       Aristotle was born in Stagira. His father was Nichomachus, who was Aristotle was born in Stagira. His father was Nichomachus, who was the personal physician to Amyntas II, king of Macedonia. King the personal physician to Amyntas II, king of Macedonia. King Amyntas was the grandfather of Alexander the Great. Aristotle's Amyntas was the grandfather of Alexander the Great. Aristotle's parents died when he was young, so a man named Proxemus raised parents died when he was young, so a man named Proxemus raised him as his own.him as his own.When he was 18, he attended the Academy, where he was a student When he was 18, he attended the Academy, where he was a student for 20 years. He was known as "the intelligence of  the school" and for 20 years. He was known as "the intelligence of  the school" and "reader"."reader". In 347 B.C., when Plato died, Aristotle joined a group of Plato's In 347 B.C., when Plato died, Aristotle joined a group of Plato's disciples that lived with Hermias, a former Academy student. In 343 or disciples that lived with Hermias, a former Academy student. In 343 or 342 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia asked Aristotle to supervise the 342 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia asked Aristotle to supervise the education of his son, Alexander, who later conquered Greece. education of his son, Alexander, who later conquered Greece. Aristotle returned to Athens in 334 B.C. and founded the Lyceum, a Aristotle returned to Athens in 334 B.C. and founded the Lyceum, a school of philosophy. school of philosophy. After Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C., Aristotle was charged with After Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C., Aristotle was charged with impiety, which was a lack of reverence for the gods, by the Athenian impiety, which was a lack of reverence for the gods, by the Athenian people. The Athenians resented his friendship with Alexander, who people. The Athenians resented his friendship with Alexander, who conquered them. Aristotle went to Chalcis, remembering similar conquered them. Aristotle went to Chalcis, remembering similar charges against Socrates in 349 B.C. He died one year later in charges against Socrates in 349 B.C. He died one year later in Chalcis. Chalcis.

Athens – Athens – Conquered by SpartaConquered by Sparta

In 404 BC, Sparta attacked and conquered the fading Athenian empire in what came to be know as the Peloponnesian War. For the next century, fighting continued to dominate the Greek city-states. By 359 BC, the Macedonians from the north, under the leadership of Philip II invaded and conquered all of Greece.

The World of The World of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great

359 BC – 323 BC359 BC – 323 BC

Philip of Macedonia

Philip conquered Greece in 359 BC

His next conquest was to be the Persian empire.

The Macedonian army was the most superbly trained in the world. It made use of the phalanx

configuration.

Philip was assassinated before he could attack and conquer Persia.

His son, Alexander (20)– took the throne.

Over the course of the next eleven years, Over the course of the next eleven years, Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Persian empire. When Darius III died, Persian empire. When Darius III died, Alexander took over all of his realm and his Alexander took over all of his realm and his possessions. possessions.

AlexanderAlexander

Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire began to divide and dissolve. However, Alexander left behind a legacy of Greek thought, language and custom that survives in part today.

The Legacy of AlexanderThe Legacy of Alexander

Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and language. They became Hellenic – or “Greek like” The Hellenistic Age is the age of world wide Greek culture after Alexander.

Left behind the idea that all people are morally equal. Aided in the spread of Christianity.

Encouraged the work of scholars. Built libraries all over the empire – especially at Alexandria, Egypt. Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science and philosophy.

Review of Government Systems:Review of Government Systems:MonarchyMonarchy

State ruled State ruled by Kingby King

Rule is Rule is HereditaryHereditary

Some rulers Some rulers claim divine claim divine rightright

Practiced by Practiced by Mycenae Mycenae (1450 BCE)(1450 BCE)

AristocracyAristocracy

State ruled State ruled by nobilityby nobility

Rule is Rule is hereditary & hereditary & Based on land Based on land ownershipownership

Social Status Social Status & Wealth & Wealth support rulers’ support rulers’ authorityauthority

Practiced by Practiced by Athens (594 Athens (594 BCE)BCE)

OligarchyOligarchy

State ruled State ruled by small group by small group of citizensof citizens

Rule is based Rule is based on wealthon wealth

Ruling group Ruling group controls controls militarymilitary

Practiced by Practiced by Sparta (800-Sparta (800-622 BCE)622 BCE)

Direct Direct DemocracyDemocracy

State ruled State ruled by its citizensby its citizens

Rule is based Rule is based on Citizenshipon Citizenship

Majority rule Majority rule decides votedecides vote

Practiced in Practiced in Athens (461 Athens (461 BCE)BCE)

The Roman WorldThe Roman WorldThe earliest of the Roman civilizations were the Etruscans. With the fall of Hellenic influence, the Etruscans conquered all of the Italian peninsula. Their competition for control of the Mediterranean Sea were the Carthaginians in Africa.

After three wars with the Carthaginians – called the Punic wars – the Romans emerged as the supreme rulers of the Mediterranean area.

The REAL HannibalThe REAL Hannibal

In 218 BC the Carthaginian In 218 BC the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, general Hannibal led his army, including dozens of war including dozens of war elephants, from Spain across elephants, from Spain across the Pyrenees, through Gaul to the Pyrenees, through Gaul to Rome. Hannibal surprised the Rome. Hannibal surprised the Romans and began 15 years Romans and began 15 years of fighting. In the end, the of fighting. In the end, the Romans attacked Carthage Romans attacked Carthage and ended Hannibal’s attacks and ended Hannibal’s attacks against Rome. Rome now against Rome. Rome now ruled the Mediterranean.ruled the Mediterranean.

The REAL HannibalThe REAL Hannibal

““The Carthaginians fought for their own The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The preservation and the sovereignty of Africa. The Romans for supremacy and world domination.” Romans for supremacy and world domination.” ( a Greek witness to the destruction of ( a Greek witness to the destruction of Carthage.)Carthage.)The Romans were committed to a policy of The Romans were committed to a policy of imperialism.imperialism.Define “imperialism”Define “imperialism”Domination by one country of the political, Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or economic or cultural life of another country or region.region.

The Republic of RomeThe Republic of RomeDefine Define RepublicRepublicRepublic: System of Republic: System of government in government in which officials are which officials are elected by the elected by the people.people.Senate:Senate: Most Most powerful governing powerful governing body. 300 members body. 300 members – all patricians. – all patricians. Made the laws.Made the laws.First laws codified First laws codified into the into the Twelve TablesTwelve TablesTwo ConsulsTwo Consuls – – elected by Senate. elected by Senate. Ran the government Ran the government and the army.and the army.TribunesTribunes – elected – elected by the people by the people (plebeians)(plebeians)Judges Judges – Oversaw – Oversaw courts casescourts cases

Wide spread Wide spread use of use of slave labor from slave labor from conquered territoriesconquered territories

Slave labor forced Slave labor forced small farmers out of small farmers out of business. Led to business. Led to mass unemployment mass unemployment and poverty.and poverty.

Mob riots and Mob riots and corruption in the corruption in the government.government.

Attempts at reform Attempts at reform failed.failed.

Civil wars began.Civil wars began.

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar emerged as dictator emerged as dictator of Romeof Rome

Julius Caesar and the Julius Caesar and the Empire of RomeEmpire of Rome

Caesar conquers Gaul What is Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? Gaul called today? FranceFranceFirst Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and CrassusPompey, and CrassusCaesar defeats Pompey in a civil Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil war after Crassus dies in battle.war after Crassus dies in battle.Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt Caesar pursues Pompey to Egypt where he meets Cleopatra and has where he meets Cleopatra and has a child with her.a child with her.Caesar becomes dictator of RomeCaesar becomes dictator of RomeCaesar is assassinated by the Caesar is assassinated by the Senate he tried to displace.Senate he tried to displace.Rome plunges into Civil War.Rome plunges into Civil War.Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are defeated by Caesar Augustus.defeated by Caesar Augustus.Caesar Augustus ends all hope for Caesar Augustus ends all hope for a further Roman empire.a further Roman empire.

Rome at its HeightRome at its Height60 – 400 AD60 – 400 AD

On your own paper, describe the extent of the On your own paper, describe the extent of the Roman Empire at its height. Be sure to name Roman Empire at its height. Be sure to name oceans, rivers and seas in your description. oceans, rivers and seas in your description.

Pax RomanaPax RomanaPax RomanaPax Romana, Latin for "the Roman , Latin for "the Roman peacepeace", is the ", is the

long period of peace experienced by states long period of peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. The term stems from within the Roman Empire. The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system the fact that Roman rule and its legal system pacified regions which had suffered from the pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival leaders, sometimes quarrels between rival leaders, sometimes forcefully. During this time Rome still fought a forcefully. During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against neighboring states and number of wars against neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and Parthia. It was an era of relative tranquility, in Parthia. It was an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome endured neither major civil wars, which Rome endured neither major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first century BC, nor serious invasions. century BC, nor serious invasions. Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy. Strong military presence.democracy. Strong military presence.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement Roman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a good Roman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a good

road system was recognized as vital for military road system was recognized as vital for military deployment, communication and increasing deployment, communication and increasing commerce. By having an option to traveling around commerce. By having an option to traveling around the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, pirates and navigational problems.pirates and navigational problems.

Well trained and extensive military. Because the Well trained and extensive military. Because the military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, travel and trade were safer and much faster.travel and trade were safer and much faster.

Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent until proven guilty.until proven guilty.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement Aqueducts – Roman Aqueducts – Roman

water systems often water systems often carried water to carried water to cities from cities from mountain streams mountain streams hundreds of miles hundreds of miles away. Only a highly away. Only a highly organized organized civilization with civilization with advanced advanced technology could technology could create such a create such a system.system.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement Highly sophisticated Highly sophisticated

public buildings and public buildings and baths.baths.

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

Despite Roman persecution Despite Roman persecution of the early Church, the Pax of the early Church, the Pax Romana and the extensive Romana and the extensive Roman transportation Roman transportation system allowed Christianity system allowed Christianity to spread throughout the to spread throughout the Roman empire. The huge Roman empire. The huge slave population made slave population made Christianity attractive to a Christianity attractive to a wide section of the wide section of the population. By 312 AD, population. By 312 AD, Emperor Constantine had Emperor Constantine had decreed Christianity the decreed Christianity the official religion of Rome.official religion of Rome.

Jesus healing the blind man.Jesus healing the blind man.