THE ELEMENTS OF NONFICTIONGRADE 7

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Objectives

objectives

• understand elements of an argument (claim, support)

• analyze persuasive techniques (appeals by association, emotional appeals, loaded language)

Take Out• Binder with Paper• Use Cornell Note-taking method.

NONFICTION Part 5

NONFICTION

• LEARNING GOAL – READ NONFICTION WITH INCREASED COMPREHENSION AND A CRITICAL, ANALYTICAL POINT OF VIEW.

Nonfiction• Part 1: What Is an Argument? - a claim supported by reasons

and evidence.• In formal speaking and writing, an argument is not emotional.

• A claim is a writer’s position on a problem or an issue. • A claim might be stated directly, as in this example: “Crunchy Puffs

are an important part of a nutritious breakfast.”

• Sometimes a writer’s claim is implied, as in this slogan:• “Juan for Student Council—Let the Good Times Roll.” The slogan

suggests that if Juan is elected, everyone at school will have more fun.

• The strength of an argument depends not on the claim but on the support, or the reasons and evidence that are used to prove the claim.

• Evidence can take many forms, including facts, statistics, and

Nonfiction – Argument & Persuasion• Examples of claims:• • Middle school students with jobs should set aside 20

percent of their earnings for college.• • If you like fashion, friends, and fun, you’ll love the Farley

School of Design.

• Support - is information that helps prove a claim. It is what persuades readers to accept a writer’s claim.

• Besides facts, statistics, and examples, support may include anecdotes and quotations from ordinary people or from experts.

Nonfiction – Argument & Persuasion• People aren’t only logical; they are emotional.

• Persuasive Techniques – methods intended to affect people’s feelings.

Nonfiction – Argument & Persuasion• Persuasive Techniques: Appeals By Association1. Bandwagon- Desire to belong “See what

everyone is talking about”

2. Testimonial – Uses celebrities or satisfied customers to persuade.

3. Transfer – Connects a product to a positive image or idea.

Nonfiction – Argument & Persuasion• Persuasive Techniques – Loaded Language:1. Words with Positive Associations (all-natural)

2. Words with Negative Associations (tired, stale, dry)

Nonfiction – Argument & Persuasion• Persuasive Techniques – Emotional Appeals:1. Appeal to Pity – tap into compassion

(ASPCA)

2. Appeal to Fear (ADT Home Security)

3. Appeal to Vanity – “Only the best drive …

Nonfiction

• Textbook Pages 912-917

Nonfiction- Objectives• Elements of Nonfiction• • explore the key idea of salaries• • analyze the elements of an argument (claim, support,

counterargument)• • analyze an argument• • read editorials• Reading• • evaluate reasoning• Vocabulary• • build vocabulary for reading and writing• • define idioms by using context clues (also an• EL language objective)• Grammar and Writing• • use commas correctly (items in a series,• introductory phrases)• • use writing to analyze literature

Nonfiction- Are people paid fairly?• Summary• The first writer believes that athletes should be paid high

salaries because they generate a lot of revenue. • The second writer believes that players’ salaries are

outrageous, making a sad commentary on our social values.

Reading Strategy• evaluate reasoning• When you analyze an argument, it is important to look for

fallacies, or errors in reasoning, like those explained below:• • An overgeneralization is a statement about a group of

people or things that is much too broad to be true. “All teenagers love to listen to loud music” is an overgeneralization, because not all teenagers do.

• • A single-cause fallacy suggests there is only one cause for something when there are actually several. “The only reason people go to the beach is to swim” is a single-cause fallacy. People might go to sunbathe or to hang out with friends.

• As you read, use a chart to record errors in reasoning

elements of nonfiction: argument• An argument expresses a position on an issue or

problem and provides support for that position. • Strong arguments have the following elements:

• • a claim, which is the writer’s main idea or position• • support, or reasons and evidence that back up the claim• counterarguments, which are arguments made to address points

that someone with an opposing view might raise.

• As you read, identify the elements in each argument.

Textbook

Pages 918-927