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The EisenhowerChapter 27 AMSCOPart I NotesI. Themes/IntroductionContainmentBrinkmanshipModern RepublicanismCivil Rights MovementCIANuclear ProliferationHappy Days

II. Eisenhower Takes CommandDwight D. Eisenhower personified the 1950sI Like Ike expressed the feeling of millions of middle class Americans.Trusted and admired Commander of Allied Forces in WWIIAttended West Point

A. The Election of 1952Americans wanted relief from the Korean WarEnd to the mess in WashingtonFirst presidential victory in 20 yearsRepublican PrimariesSenator Robert Taft of OhioWar Hero Eisenhower Ike WinsRichard Nixon was his VPCalifornia Senator known for Alger Hiss caseDemocrat CandidateAdlai StevensonPopular Governor of IllinoisCriticized McCarthyismB. Campaign HighlightsIke non-politician spotless recordNixon almost dropped, when he used campaign funds for personal useAppealed to Americans on TV with his Checkers speechPledged to end the War in KoreaWon 55 % of popular vote, 422 20 29 electoral votes

C. Ikes Domestic PoliciesDelegated AuthorityCorporate Executives in the cabinetSec. of Defense Charles Wilson former GM headCriticized for spending to much time golfing and fishingResearch proved he was in charge

1. Eisenhowers Modern RepublicanismFiscal ConservativeGoal was to balance budgetCame close to curbing federal spendingModerate on domestic issuesAccepted New Deal programsExtended Social Security, extended to 10 million more citizensMinimum wage raisedAdditional public housingCreated Department of Health, Education, and WelfareUnder Oveta Culp Hobby first women in Republican cabinetSoil Bank Program InitiatedOpposed Federal Health Care2. Interstate Highway System3Highway Act (1956)Construction of 42,000 miles model for worldUse of fed. Money justified for national defenseCreated jobs, promoted trucking, suburbs grew, more homogenous cultureCaused decline of railroad industryDecline in public transportation3. US ProsperitySteady Growth RateNegligible inflation of 1.5 percentDeficits fell in relation to national wealthIkes economic policies considered most successful of any modern president by some historiansPer capita income tripled (1945-1960)Twice real income of 1920sHighest standard of living in the worldD. The Election of 1956Ike suffered a heart attack in 1955, major surgery in 1956Renominated by Republicans, included Nixon as VPDems. Nominated Adlai StevensonEisenhower won by an even greater margin than in 1952Why? Clue $$$$$$$$Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress

III. Eisenhower and the Cold WarMost attention in both terms on foreign policyA. Dulles DiplomacySec. of State DullesPrinceton, France, GW Law, and UN DelegateCritical of Trumans containment policy as too passiveWanted to challenge communist China and USSLiberate Captive Nations like TaiwanDeclared that if US pushed a nuclear showdown that the Soviets would back downBecame known as brinkmanshipEisenhower quelled Dulles plans

1. Dulles Massive Retaliation PlanGreater reliance on nuclear weaponsScale back conventional armyMore bang for the buckIn 1953 we produced the Hydrogen BombSoviets caught up in 1954To some massive retaliation = mutual extinctionDeterrent against superpowers but not brushfire warsSoutheast Asia, African and the Middle EastOperation Ivyhttp://youtu.be/ogUBnxnnCuM

B. Unrest in the Third WorldCollapse of Colonial Empires1947-1962 Dozen of former colonies in Asia and Africa became independent1947 India and Pakistan1949 Indonesia1957 Ghana first independent colonized African nationBecame Cold War pawns they needed economic aid1. Covert Action1953 CIA helped overthrow gov. that nationalized oil held by foreign companiesCoup de teat led for return of the Shah of IranThe Shah was pro west provided cheap oil prices and purchased American arms1954CIA helped overthrow leftist gov. in Guatemalahttp://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0518&SingleRecord=True

2. Asiaa. Korean ArmisticeEisenhower traveled to Korea to visit UN forcesThreat of Nuclear War and death of Stalin in 1953 convinced China and Korea to agree to an armistice and exchange of prisoners in July 1953Fighting stopped not all US troops removedDMZ at 38th Parallel still divides North and SouthA peace treaty was never signed

b. Fall of French IndochinaFrench lost Indochina to Japan in WWIIFrench after WWII tried to retain IndochinaVietnamese and Cambodians resistedHo Chi Minh led communists against the FrenchTruman gave military aid to FrenchChina and USSR aided the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh1954 France at the Geneva Conference gave up IndochinaBecame Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

c. Division of VietnamDivided at 17th Latitude Line according to Geneva ConferenceNorth Communist Ho Chi Minh dictatorSouth Ngo Dinh Diem supported by anticommunist, Catholic and urbanGeneral election never held feared North would winUS Gave I billion in Aid to South Truman DoctrineEisenhower mentioned the domino theory

d. SEATOSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)Put in place to prevent the spread of communismAgreed to defend one another in case of attack8 Nations SignedUS, GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, The Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan3. The Middle Easta. US QuagmireRemain cordial with oil-rich Arab statesSupport IsraelEgypt, Palestinians, and other Arabs resented formation of Israelb. Suez CrisisGeneral Nasser of Egypt asked US for Aswan Dam project on Nile RiverUS refused b/c of Egypt threatening IsraelNasser asked USSR to help build the damSoviets agreed1956 Nasser seized British and French owned Suez CanalThreatened Western Europes access to ME OilBritain, France, and Israel launched a surprise attack to reclaim Suez CanalEisenhower condemned attack on EgyptSponsored UN resolution to end crisis

c. Eisenhower DoctrinePledged economic aid to any countryUS replaced Britain and France as leading Western influence in Middle EastWanted to offset Soviet influence in Egypt and SyriaFirst applied doctrine to Lebanon in 1958Sent 14,000 troops to prevent civil war between Christians and MuslimsSupported the Christian Pro-Western President70 Ship, 40,000 sailorsOccupied Beirut International Airport

d. OPEC and OilOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960)Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and VenezuelaOngoing ConcernsWestern Dependence on OilArab NationalismIsrael Palestine Conflict

IV. US Soviet RelationsA. Spirit of Geneva1. Stalin died in 1953, Eisenhower called to slow down the arms race2. Atoms for Peace Plan3. Soviets withdrew troops from Austria and est. peace with Greece and Turkey4. Geneva Conference (1955)a. Eisenhower and Nikolai Bulganini. Ike proposed open skies5. 1956 Khrushchev denounced crimes of Stalin and supported peaceful co-existence with the West.

B. Hungarian Revolt1. East Germany and Poland wanted to reform communist policies2. Hungarians overthrew a gov. backed by the Sovietsa. Briefly established liberal rule, until the Soviets sent tanks to reestablish controlEnded first thaw in the Cold WarEnded Dulles talk of liberation3. Sputnik Shocka. USSR launched the first satellites Sputnik I and IIi. Rocket could also deliver nuclear warheadb. US rockets failed to launch satellites initiallyi. US Science and Math Education failed?ii. National Defense and Education Act (NDEA)iii. NASA (1958) build missiles, explore spaceC. Khrushchev gave the West six months to pull troops out of West Berlin and give the city to the East GermansEisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David in MarylandD. U-2 IncidentA. Two weeks before the next meeting in Paris, a US spy plane was shot down over the USSRb. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the spy flightsi. Khrushchev called off the Paris SummitE. Communism in Cuba1. Lost of Cuba to communism was extremely alarming to Eisenhower 90 miles from Florida2. Fidel Castro overthrew dictator Batista in 1959a. Later declared that he was a Marxist, allied with the USSR and set up a Communist Gov.3. Castro nationalized American-owned businesses and properties4. US Responsei. Cut of trade with Cubaii. CIA began to train exiles to retake Cuba

F. Eisenhowers Legacy1. Claimed credit for keeping peace with Communists without the loss of American lives2. Military Industrial Complexa. Spoke out against negative social impacts of the Cold Warb. Warned of becoming a military or imperial stateV. The Civil Rights MovementA. Origins of the Movement1. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in 1947 (Brooklyn Dodgers)2. Truman had integrated the armed forces and introduced civil rights leg. in Congress (1948)3. Discrimination in the South of African Americansa. Segregated schools and public facilities, kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clauses, and intimidationb. Limited education stimulated povertyB. Changing Demographics1. Migration of African Americans North in the 1940s and 1950s- African Americans became a Democratic ForceC. Changing Attitudes in the Cold War1. The US and the Soviets vied for allies in Africa and Asia2. Racial segregation and discrimination stood out as wrongs that needed to be correctedD. Desegregating Schools1. NAACP tirelessly worked to overturn Plessey v. Fergusona. End the separate but equal facilities1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)a. NAACP lawyers led by Thurmond Marshall argued that Plessey v. Ferguson violated 14th Amendment equal protection of the lawsb. Overturned Plessey casei. Separate facilities were unconstitutionalii. Segregation should endE. Resistance in the South1. Deep South states fought Brown decisiona. Closed public schoolsb. Little Rock Ninei. Gov. of Arkansas, Orval Faubus used states National Guard to prevent nine students from walking into Little Rock High Schoolii. Eisenhower did not totally support desegregation- However he ordered US troops to protect the Little Rock Nine as they entered schoolF. Montgomery Bus Boycott1. Rosa Parks fought against segregation laws on southern public transportationa. Here arrest caused the Montgomery bus boycottb. MLK, Jr. emerged as the leader of the movementi. Inspired by Gandhis non-violent tacticsii. Triumphed when Supreme Court ruled against segregation laws in 1956G. Federal Laws1. Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960 first civil rights laws since Reconstructiona. Provided for a Civil Rights Commissionb. Justice Department had new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks.H. Non-Violent Protests1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)a. Organized ministers and churches to support the civil rights movementb. 1960 Greensboro College Students Woolworth Sit In to protest segregation2. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to sustain movementa. Utilized sit in tactics to integrate restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, pools, and transportation.3. The civil rights movement would stall in the 1960s and violent confrontations would occur.