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The Eisenhower EraThe Eisenhower Era
1952-19601952-1960
Chapter 38Chapter 38
Election of 1952Election of 1952
Democrats Democrats nominate Adlai nominate Adlai StevensonStevenson
Republicans chose Republicans chose General Dwight General Dwight David EisenhowerDavid Eisenhower
Richard Nixon was Richard Nixon was chosen to run as chosen to run as VP for the VP for the Republicans Republicans
Election of 1952Election of 1952
During the campaign, During the campaign, Nixon was accused of Nixon was accused of using government using government fundsfunds
Checkers SpeechCheckers Speech – – Eisenhower was going Eisenhower was going to drop Nixon but he to drop Nixon but he went on TV and went on TV and apologizedapologized
Ike Ike – won by a large – won by a large majoritymajority
KoreaKorea
Eisenhower promised to Eisenhower promised to end the Korean Warend the Korean War
July 1953 – Ike July 1953 – Ike threatened to use threatened to use nuclear weapons to end nuclear weapons to end the warthe war
An armistice was signedAn armistice was signed Korea remained divided Korea remained divided
at the 38at the 38thth parallel parallel
Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy
Sen. McCarthy Sen. McCarthy Feb. 1950Feb. 1950 Accused Sec. Of State Accused Sec. Of State
Dean Acheson of Dean Acheson of knowingly employing knowingly employing 205 communists205 communists
Public supported Public supported McCarthy’s attempt to McCarthy’s attempt to rid the government of rid the government of communistscommunists
McCarthyismMcCarthyism McCarthy was the most McCarthy was the most
ruthless of all the Red ruthless of all the Red HuntersHunters
Did the most damage to Did the most damage to American tradition of free American tradition of free speech and fair playspeech and fair play
1954 – McCarthy 1954 – McCarthy attacked the US Army – attacked the US Army – went too farwent too far
Charged with “conduct Charged with “conduct unbecoming a member”unbecoming a member”
Desegregating the SouthDesegregating the South All aspects of blacks’ lives in All aspects of blacks’ lives in
the South were controlled by the South were controlled by Jim Crow laws.Jim Crow laws.
WWII generated a new WWII generated a new militancy in the black militancy in the black populationpopulation
Dec. 1955 – Rosa Parks Dec. 1955 – Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama busa Montgomery, Alabama bus
Her arrest sparked a yearlong Her arrest sparked a yearlong boycott of the bus systemboycott of the bus system
The Civil Rights RevolutionThe Civil Rights Revolution
1946 1946 –– Truman ended segregation in Truman ended segregation in federal civil servicesfederal civil services
1954 1954 –– Brown V. Board of EducationBrown V. Board of Education - - the Supreme Court ruled that segregation the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unequal and thus in public schools was unequal and thus unconstitutional.unconstitutional. The decision reversed The decision reversed the previous ruling in the previous ruling in Plessey v. Plessey v. Ferguson Ferguson ((18961896).).
States in the Deep South resisted the States in the Deep South resisted the rulingruling
Crisis at Little RockCrisis at Little Rock
Ike was not inclined to Ike was not inclined to promoting integration. promoting integration.
Sept. 1957 – Ark. Gov. Sept. 1957 – Ark. Gov. Orval Faubus mobilized Orval Faubus mobilized the Arkansas National the Arkansas National Guard to block 9 black Guard to block 9 black students from entering students from entering Central High School in Central High School in Little RockLittle Rock
Little RockLittle Rock
Eisenhower sent federal Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the 9 troops to escort the 9 children to class children to class
Faubus had directly Faubus had directly challenged federal challenged federal authorityauthority
Students were allowed Students were allowed to attend after a white to attend after a white mob and state guard mob and state guard backed away from a backed away from a confrontationconfrontation
Civil Rights Act of 1957Civil Rights Act of 1957
11stst Civil Rights legislation since the Civil Rights legislation since the Civil WarCivil War
Set up a permanent Set up a permanent Civil Rights CommissionCivil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights and to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights.rights.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Ph.D. from Boston Ph.D. from Boston UniversityUniversity
Alabama preacherAlabama preacher Formed the Formed the Southern Southern
Christian Leadership Christian Leadership ConferenceConference ( (SCLCSCLC) in ) in 19571957.. It aimed to It aimed to mobilize the vast mobilize the vast power of the black power of the black churches on behalf of churches on behalf of black rights.black rights.
Sit-InsSit-Ins
February 1, 1960February 1, 1960 4 black college students in 4 black college students in Greensboro, North Greensboro, North
CarolinaCarolina demanded service at a whites-only lunch demanded service at a whites-only lunch counter. counter.
Within a week, the sit-in reached 1,000 students Within a week, the sit-in reached 1,000 students demanding equal rights. demanding equal rights.
April 1960April 1960 - southern black students formed the - southern black students formed the Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee ((SNCCSNCC) to give more focus and force to their efforts.) to give more focus and force to their efforts.
Eisenhower’s RepublicanismEisenhower’s Republicanism
When dealing with the When dealing with the economy and government, economy and government, Ike was a conservativeIke was a conservative
Wanted to balance the Wanted to balance the budget and guard America budget and guard America from isolationfrom isolation
Supported the transfer of Supported the transfer of control over offshore oil control over offshore oil fields from the federal fields from the federal government to the states.government to the states.
ImmigrationImmigration
1954 – Ike launched Operation 1954 – Ike launched Operation Wetback and rounded up 1 million Wetback and rounded up 1 million illegal Mexicans in the USAillegal Mexicans in the USA
wanted to terminate Indian tribes on wanted to terminate Indian tribes on reservations and reverse the Indian reservations and reverse the Indian policy in place since 1934policy in place since 1934
wanted to get rid of many wanted to get rid of many government programs that cost government programs that cost moneymoney
Interstate Highway Act of 1956Interstate Highway Act of 1956 Created countless jobs and Created countless jobs and
sped the suburbanization of sped the suburbanization of America as 42,000 miles of America as 42,000 miles of highways were built.highways were built.
Eisenhower only managed Eisenhower only managed to balance the budget 3 to balance the budget 3 times while in office, and in times while in office, and in 19591959, he incurred the , he incurred the biggest biggest peacetimepeacetime deficitdeficit in in the history of the United the history of the United States.States.
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
Sec. Of State John Foster Dulles – 1954Sec. Of State John Foster Dulles – 1954 proposed a plan in which Eisenhower would set aside proposed a plan in which Eisenhower would set aside
the army and the navy to build up an air fleet of the army and the navy to build up an air fleet of super-bombers (called the super-bombers (called the Strategic Air CommandStrategic Air Command, , or or SACSAC) equipped with nuclear bombs. ) equipped with nuclear bombs.
This would allow President Eisenhower to threaten This would allow President Eisenhower to threaten countries such as the Soviet Union and China with countries such as the Soviet Union and China with nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons.
Peace Conference in GenevaPeace Conference in Geneva
At the At the Geneva summit Geneva summit conference in 1955conference in 1955, , President Eisenhower President Eisenhower attempted to make peace attempted to make peace with the new Soviet Union with the new Soviet Union dictator, dictator, Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, , following Stalin’s death. following Stalin’s death.
Peace negotiations were Peace negotiations were rejected.rejected.
The Vietnam NightmareThe Vietnam Nightmare
In the early 1950s, In the early 1950s, nationalist movements had nationalist movements had sought to throw the French sought to throw the French out of Indochinaout of Indochina
VietnamVietnam’’s leader was Ho s leader was Ho Chi MinhChi Minh
He became increasingly He became increasingly communist as America communist as America became increasingly became increasingly anticommunistanticommunist
VietnamVietnam May 1954 - May 1954 - a French garrison was trapped in a French garrison was trapped in
the fortress of the fortress of DienbienphuDienbienphu in northwestern in northwestern Vietnam. Vietnam.
President Eisenhower decided not to intervene, President Eisenhower decided not to intervene, wary of another war right after Korea.wary of another war right after Korea.
The pro-Western government in the South, led by The pro-Western government in the South, led by Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem, was entrenched at , was entrenched at SaigonSaigon as as Vietnam-wide elections, which were promised by Vietnam-wide elections, which were promised by Ho Chi Minh, were never held. Ho Chi Minh, were never held.
President Eisenhower promised economic and President Eisenhower promised economic and military aid to the Diem regime of the south.military aid to the Diem regime of the south.
EuropeEurope 19551955, , West GermanyWest Germany was let into was let into NATONATO 19551955, the Eastern European countries and the , the Eastern European countries and the
Soviets signed the Soviets signed the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact, creating a red , creating a red military counterweight to the newly-bolstered military counterweight to the newly-bolstered NATO forces in the WestNATO forces in the West
May 1955May 1955, the Soviets ended the occupation of , the Soviets ended the occupation of Austria. Austria.
In 1956, In 1956, HungaryHungary rose up against the Soviets rose up against the Soviets attempting to win their independence. When their attempting to win their independence. When their request for aid from the United States was denied, request for aid from the United States was denied, they were slaughtered by the Soviet forces.they were slaughtered by the Soviet forces.
The Middle EastThe Middle East
In In 19531953 - the CIA - the CIA engineered a coup that engineered a coup that installed installed Mohammed Mohammed Reza PahleviReza Pahlevi as the as the dictator of dictator of IranIran..
An effort to secure An effort to secure Iranian oil for the Iranian oil for the United StatesUnited States
The Middle EastThe Middle East
President NasserPresident Nasser of of EgyptEgypt was was seeking funds to build a dam on the seeking funds to build a dam on the Nile River. Nile River.
After associating with the After associating with the communists, secretary of state communists, secretary of state Dulles pulled back U.S. monetary Dulles pulled back U.S. monetary aid for Egypt. aid for Egypt.
Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which was owned by the French and which was owned by the French and British. British.
The Middle EastThe Middle East October of October of 19561956, the , the Suez CrisisSuez Crisis ensued as the French ensued as the French
and British launched an assault on Egypt. The two and British launched an assault on Egypt. The two countries were forced to withdraw their troops as countries were forced to withdraw their troops as America refused to release emergency supplies of oil to America refused to release emergency supplies of oil to them.them.
In In 19571957, Congress proclaimed the , Congress proclaimed the Eisenhower Eisenhower DoctrineDoctrine, pledging U.S. military and economic aid to , pledging U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression. aggression.
In In 19601960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and , Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela joined together to form the Venezuela joined together to form the Organization of Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesPetroleum Exporting Countries ( (OPECOPEC
Election of 1956Election of 1956
Eisenhower again defeated Eisenhower again defeated Adlai Stevenson to win re-Adlai Stevenson to win re-electionelection
Again, Richard Nixon was Again, Richard Nixon was selected as his VP running selected as his VP running matemate
LaborLabor 1959 - 1959 - a a drastic drastic labor-reform billlabor-reform bill grew out of grew out of
recurrent strikes in important industries and corruption recurrent strikes in important industries and corruption in unions. The in unions. The Teamsters UnionTeamsters Union leader, leader, “Dave” Beck “Dave” Beck was sentenced to prison for embezzlement. When his was sentenced to prison for embezzlement. When his union replaced him with union replaced him with James R. HoffaJames R. Hoffa, the AF of L-, the AF of L-CIO expelled the Teamsters. Hoffa was later jailed for CIO expelled the Teamsters. Hoffa was later jailed for jury tampering. jury tampering.
In In 19591959, President Eisenhower passed the , President Eisenhower passed the Landrum-Landrum-Griffin ActGriffin Act. It was designed to bring labor leaders to . It was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics.tactics.
The Race To SpaceThe Race To Space
October 4, 1957October 4, 1957, the , the Soviets launched the Soviets launched the Sputnik ISputnik I satellite into spacesatellite into space
November, they launched November, they launched the satellite the satellite Sputnik IISputnik II, , carrying a dog. The two carrying a dog. The two satellites gave credibility to satellites gave credibility to the Soviet claims that the Soviet claims that superior industrial superior industrial production lay through production lay through communism.communism.
The Race To SpaceThe Race To Space President Eisenhower established the President Eisenhower established the National National
Aeronautics and Space AdministrationAeronautics and Space Administration ((NASANASA).).
As a result of the new technological advances in As a result of the new technological advances in the Soviet Union, it was thought that the the Soviet Union, it was thought that the educational system of the Soviet Union was better educational system of the Soviet Union was better than the United States‘than the United States‘
A move to improve the American education A move to improve the American education system was taken. In system was taken. In 19581958, the , the National Defense National Defense and Education Actand Education Act ( (NDEANDEA) authorized $887 ) authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the improvement of teaching sciences grants for the improvement of teaching sciences and languages.and languages.
The Cold War ContinuesThe Cold War Continues 1958 1958 –– The US and USSR announce the end of The US and USSR announce the end of
nuclear testingnuclear testing In In JulyJuly 19581958, , LebanonLebanon called for aid under the called for aid under the
Eisenhower Doctrine as communism threatened Eisenhower Doctrine as communism threatened to engulf the country.to engulf the country.
In In 19591959, Soviet dictator Khrushchev appeared , Soviet dictator Khrushchev appeared before the U.N. General Assembly and called for before the U.N. General Assembly and called for complete disarmament.complete disarmament.
In In 19601960, an American , an American U-2 spyU-2 spy planeplane was shot was shot down in Russia, causing feelings of a possibly down in Russia, causing feelings of a possibly peaceful resolution to subsidepeaceful resolution to subside..
Cuba and CommunismCuba and Communism Fidel CastroFidel Castro led a coup that led a coup that
overthrew the government overthrew the government of of CubaCuba in in 19591959. .
The United States cut off The United States cut off the heavy U.S. imports of the heavy U.S. imports of Cuban sugar.Cuban sugar.
Cuba’s left-wing Cuba’s left-wing dictatorship quickly had the dictatorship quickly had the possibility to become a possibility to become a military satellitemilitary satellite for the for the Soviet Union. Soviet Union.
Election of 1960Election of 1960 The Republicans nominated The Republicans nominated
Richard NixonRichard Nixon to run for to run for president and president and Henry Cabot Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.Lodge, Jr. for vice president for vice president in the election of in the election of 19601960. .
The Democrats nominated The Democrats nominated John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy (MA) to (MA) to run for president and run for president and Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson (TX) for (TX) for vice president.vice president.
The Election of 1960The Election of 1960
JFK’s Catholicism JFK’s Catholicism made many in the made many in the Protestant Bible Belt Protestant Bible Belt leery of voting Dem.leery of voting Dem.
JFK claimed that JFK claimed that USSR had gained on USSR had gained on the USthe US
TV played a big role TV played a big role – JFK was TV friendly – JFK was TV friendly and Nixon was notand Nixon was not
A Changing EconomyA Changing Economy
The invention of the The invention of the transistor in 1948 transistor in 1948 sparked a revolution in sparked a revolution in electronics, especially electronics, especially computerscomputers. Computer . Computer giant International giant International Business Machines Business Machines ((IBMIBM) grew ) grew tremendously. tremendously.
A Changing EconomyA Changing Economy 19561956 - The number of - The number of
““white-collarwhite-collar” (no manual ” (no manual labor) workers exceeded the labor) workers exceeded the number of “number of “blue-collarblue-collar” ” (manual labor) workers(manual labor) workers
Feminist Feminist Betty FriedanBetty Friedan wrote wrote The Feminine The Feminine Mystique Mystique in ‘63, helping to in ‘63, helping to launch the modern women’s launch the modern women’s movement. movement.
Consumer CultureConsumer Culture
Credit cards, fast food, Credit cards, fast food, and new forms of and new forms of entertainment all began entertainment all began in the 1950sin the 1950s
1946 – 6 TV stations1946 – 6 TV stations 1956 – 400+ stations1956 – 400+ stations Sports teams also Sports teams also
moved west with the moved west with the populationpopulation
New York Giants New York Giants became S.F. Giantsbecame S.F. Giants
TV and ReligionTV and Religion
““TelevangelistsTelevangelists” like ” like Baptist Baptist Billy GrahamBilly Graham, , and Pentecostal and Pentecostal Holiness speaker Holiness speaker Oral Oral RobertsRoberts, and Roman , and Roman Catholic Catholic Fulton J. SheenFulton J. Sheen took to the television took to the television airwaves to spread airwaves to spread Christianity. Christianity.
Elvis and Rock and RollElvis and Rock and Roll
Popular Popular musicmusic was was transformed during the transformed during the 1950s. 1950s. Elvis PresleyElvis Presley created the new style created the new style known as known as rock and rock and rollroll..
Traditionalists were Traditionalists were repelled by Presley as repelled by Presley as well as many of the well as many of the new social movements new social movements during the 1950s. during the 1950s.
