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THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
IN INFANCY Sasha Kellogg
Lee Honors College Thesis Defense
Western Michigan University
June 9, 2014
TRAUMA STATISTICS
• 40% of all children in the United States will experience trauma before 18
• 46 million children experience trauma on in a year.
• 686,000 children were victims of abuse and neglect
• 3.8 million children received preventive services by CPS
• Over 1,600 children died in 2012 as a result of maltreatment
NEURODEVELOPMENT
• Continuous process that is ongoing
• 100 billion neurons
• Ten times as many glial cells
• Linked together by synapses
EIGHT MAJOR PROCESSES OF NEURODEVELOPMENT
• Neurogenesis: birth of neurons
• Migration: movement of neurons into final resting place
• Differentiation of neurons: specialization take place
• Apoptosis: dying off of neurons
• Arborization: formation of dendrites
• Synaptogenesis: creation of synapses
• Synaptic sculpting: building blocks of memory
• Myelination: faster communication
FOUR MAIN AREAS OF THE BRAIN
• Four main areas of the brain
• Brainstem
• Midbrain
• Limbic system
• Cortex
• Tiered fashion
• Bottom to top
• Inside to out
CORE FACTORS OF NEURODEVELOPMENT
• Genetic and environmental Influences
• Sequential development
• Activity dependent
• Windows of opportunity and windows of vulnerability
WHAT IS TRAUMA?
• Trauma is defined as experiences that cause severe mental or emotional stress; an overwhelming threat
• Types of trauma
• Natural disasters
• War
• Accidents
• Abuse
• Neglect
• Domestic violence
• Death of loved ones
• Bullying
• Illnesses
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN TRAUMA IS EXPERIENCED?
• Affects a key set of neural system
• Affects learning
• Affects behavior
• Affects body
• Affect brain development
• Affects attachment
• Affects social emotion
• Affects automatic nervous system
WAR AND MILITARY TRAUMA
• Issues
• Separation
• Deployment
• Death
• Statistics
• 2 million killed
• 6 million injured
• 1 million orphaned
• 25 million were uprooted
• Characteristics
• Anxious
• Highly alert
• Sleep deprivation
• Effects
• Regression of social, emotional, and daily living domains
• Stimuli may frighten them
• Signs of Distress
• Fear/anxiety
• Confusion
• Regression
• Loss of appetite
• Mood swings
MALTREATMENT TRAUMA
• General Statistics (Department of Human Services, 2012)
• 685,000 children are victims of maltreatment
• 86,000 were infants
• 1,640 were fatal
• 44% of deaths were infant
• Types of Maltreatment
• medical neglect
• Neglect
• psychological abuse
• sexual abuse
• physical abuse
• Other
SHAKING BABY SYNDROME
• 1,400 infants are shaken years
• 1 in 4 will die as a result of injures
• Effects of SBS
• Swelling & Bleeding on the brain
• Retinal tearing
• Skull Fractures
• Lasting effects
• permanent brain issues
• Paralysis
• Blindness
• seizures,
• cerebral palsy
• delays in development
• cognitive difficulties,
• behavior issues
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE & SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Domestic Violence
• Higher Risk of Maltreatment
• Domestic Violence Exposure
• First 6 months- indication of neglect
• Parents Availability affects attachment.
• Linked to aggression and violence later in life
Substance Abuse
• Higher Risk of Maltreatment
• Exposure to Substance abuse
• FAS
• Lower IQ scores
• Severe issues with neurodevelopment
INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN
• Smaller brain size
• Reduced IQ scores
• Social-Emotional Delays
COMPLEX TRAUMA
• Multiple traumatic experiences with different types of trauma
• Exposed to domestic violence → experiences child neglect due to parent unemotionally available → parents abuse alcohol → experiences child abuse from perpetrator of domestic violence → mother is murdered at hands of father and child witnesses it → child goes to live with grandparents → grandparents have a hard time handling child due to tantrums and nightmares → child goes into foster care……
• On average a child at the WMU Child Trauma Center who is being assessed has experienced 7 types of trauma before they are seen for treatment
COMPLEX TRAUMA
• Cumulative
• Over a period of time
• Within specific relationships
• Exposure to chronic trauma
• Multiple interpersonal traumatic events
EFFECTS OF COMPLEX TRAUMA
• Affects attachment
• Affects relationships
• Affects regulation
• Affects social behaviors
• Affects brain development
• Affects senses
• Affects the ability to learn
• Affect brain size
TRAUMA INFORMED
• Being trauma informed is crucial to the success of being able to help children/families who have experienced trauma
• Three Pillars of trauma informed care
• Connections
• Emotion and Impulse Control
• Adults co-regulate
• Active Listening
• Reflective skills
• Development of Safety
• Physical and emotions
ATTACHMENT
• All trauma experiences impact attachment
• Attachment is vital to the success of children in life
• Trust
• Interaction
• Regulate emotions
• Disorganized attachment
• Risks of Attachment Issues
• Physical ailments
• More prone to stress
• Feelings associated
• Unloved
• Abandonment
• Failure
DOMAINS OF COMPLEX TRAUMA
• Attachment
• Inability to form connections due to lack of caregiver support
• Unable to see when a relationship is safe
• Biology
• Muscle Tone
• Balance
• Sensory issues
• Affect Regulation
• Labeling feelings
• Self-regulation
• Internalize stress
• Dissociation
• Memory loss
• Altered states of consciousness
• depersonalization
• Behavior Control
• Under controlled
• Impulsivity
• Aggression
• Understanding and Complying with rules
• Over controlled
• Comply easily
• Self-soothing behaviors
• Cognition
• Ability to pay attention
• Learning difficulties
• Process information
• Self-Concept
• Sense of Self
• Self worth
• Negative body image
FOUR MAIN AREAS OF THE BRAIN
• Four Main Areas of the Brain
• Brainstem
• Midbrain
• Limbic system
• Cortex
• Tiered Fashion
• Bottom to top
• Inside to out
UNCERTAINTY
There is much uncertainty for every one involved when trauma is experienced
• For those working with the children
• Age of children
• Living situation
• Other agencies involved
• Behaviors of children
• For children
• Type of trauma was experienced and how often.
• What stage of development was the child in when the trauma occurred
• Family dynamics
SUPPORTING FAMILIES
• Meet families where they are
• Watch stereotypes and biases
• How to help children
• Relationships!!!
• Peter
• Therapy
• Traumatic play (nonverbal play for infants)
• Education
“TRAUMA TRUMPS EVERYTHING” Sandra Bloom
REFERENCES
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