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THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI: A CASE STUDY OF MUDI DAM IN BLANTYRE PETER STEWART KADEWERE HYDROLOGIST MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION AND WATER DELOPMENT MALAWI (16/10/07)

THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

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Page 1: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI:

A CASE STUDY OF MUDI DAM IN BLANTYRE

PETER STEWART KADEWERE

HYDROLOGIST

MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION AND WATER DELOPMENT

MALAWI  (16/10/07)

Page 2: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

INTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAMMudi  dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre  (≈ 750,000 People) 

The dam is 15m high and has a storage capacity of 1.5 million m3 with a treatment plant of design capacity of 45,000m3 per day.  

Blantyre Water  Board  (Parastatal  body)  uses water  from  the  dam  and Walkers ferry on Shire River to supply water to the city and surrounding areas with a 75% coverage.

Currently,  the  annual  average  daily  demand  from  the  two  water  sources  is 70,700m3 per day. 

However, the operating costs from the Walkers ferry are very high due to:

Pumping cost (from a 780m head and for a distance of 48km)

The river carries a high silt  load  in rainy season causing sedimentation at the intake, high treatment costs and frequent pump wear. 

Mudi dam is therefore an important source of supply for its low operating cost.

Page 3: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

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Page 4: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

MUDI RESERVOIR

PART OF RESERVOIR INTAKE STRUCTURE

Page 5: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

CAUSES OF SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS ON MUDI RESERVOIR

Deforestation in the catchment (Ndilande Forest reserve

Cultivation crops in the catchment area 

Vandalism  and  lack  of  maintenance  of  sediment preventing structures  (silt traps and weirs).

Reservoir operation – Mainly impounding the water at all times hence allowing accumulation of more sediments.

Consequently,  the dam became vulnerable  to  increased siltation as a result of soil erosion  in the catchment and its direct release into the reservoir.

Page 6: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

LAND USE IN THE CATCHMENT

Page 7: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

LAND USE IN THE MUDI CATCHMENT

Page 8: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION ON MUDI1999  hydrological  survey  revealed  silt  accumulation  of  2m from the original reservoir bed  (1955); marking at estimated total loss of about 30% of the reservoir capacity.  

Use of agricultural inputs (i.e. fertilizer and pesticides):

blossoming  of  water  weeds  in  the  reservoirs  (very significant on Hynde dam) 

affecting the water quality. Mudi  reservoir  only  supplies  about  8000m3/day  (20%  of potential yield and 10% of the water demand), . 

The  Board  now  largely  depends  pumping water  from Walkers Ferry  and  spending  huge  sums  of  money  on  power consumption. 

More water problems  in  the  rainy season    (siltation at walkers ferry)

Page 9: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

RESULTS OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY ON MUDI RESERVIOR

Page 10: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

RESULTS CONT……

Page 11: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMSON MUDI DAM

ACCUMULATED SILT ON BANKS SILT ACCUMULATING TOWARDS INTAKE

Page 12: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

INFESTATION OF WEEDS ON HYNDE DAM

WATER WEEDS ON THE HYNDE RESERVOIR

Page 13: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

PROPOSED REHABILITATION WORKS

The Government through the Blantyre Water Board and Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development, has  lined a number of projects  to address  the current problems.  

Catchment rehabilitation and protection works

Under this initiative, the Mudi‐Ndirande catchment areas have been targeted for rehabilitation. The works would involve the following:

Reforestation  of  the  Mudi‐Ndirande  catchment  and  construction  of contour ridges to improve soil and water conservation

Rehabilitation of check dams and other silt trap structures long the Mudi River to prevent excessive deposition of silt into the Mudi reservoir

Conduct  awareness  campaigns  on  catchment  protection  and  establish local institutions for monitoring the catchment rehabilitation works.

Page 14: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

PROPOSED REHABILITATION WORKSRehabilitation of the actual reservoir

The  Government  through  the  Ministry  of  Irrigation  and Water  plans  to  conduct  a  comprehensive  study  on  the sedimentation problem on the Mudi and Hynde dams using hydrographic surveys. The study is expected to establish the volume of the silt  in the reservoirs and propose methods of removing the silt.  

Enforcement of rules regarding catchment protection

The Board is looking at ways of enforcing the rules already in place  that  aims  at  protecting  the  Mudi‐Ndilande  forest reserve  which  is  now  under  encroachment  despite  being declared a reserve and compensating the communities in the catchment area. 

Page 15: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

EXPECTED BENEFITS 

• The  proposed  works  are  expected  to  yield  the following benefits:

improve  the  contribution  of  the  Mudi  reservoir  and become a reliable water supply source  for  the Board and hence enable the Board to significantly increase savings on power required for pumping water from Walkers Ferry at Shire River. 

Rehabilitation of the catchment is also expected to reduce algae count and hence reduce treatment cost of water  in terms of chemicals  required  for purification  to attain  the recommended standards for human consumption.  

Page 16: THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION IN MALAWI case study.pdfINTRODUCTION OF MUDI DAM Mudi dam is located in the commercial city of Blantyre (≈750,000 People) The dam is 15m high and has

THANK YOU 

ZIKOMO!