The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain

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The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects one to two percent of people

worldwide. The disorder can develop as early as the age of five, though it is very rare atsuch an early age.(3)) Most men become ill between the ages of 16 and 25 whereas most

women become ill between the ages of 25 and 30. Even though there are differences inthe age of development between the sexes, men and women are equally at risk forschizophrenia.(4)There is of yet no definitive answer as to what causes the disorder. It is

believed to be a combination of factors including genetic make-up, pre-natal viruses, and

early brain damage which cause neurotransmitter problems in the brain.(3)

These problems cause the symptoms of schizophrenia, which include hallucinations,

delusions, disordered thinking, and unusual speech or behavior. No "cure" has yet been

discovered, although many different methods have been tried. Even in these moderntimes, only one in five affected people fully recovers.(4)The most common treatment is

the administration of antipsychotic drugs. Other treatments that were previously used,

and are occasionally still given are electro-convulsive therapy, which runs a smallamount of electric current through the brain and causes seizures, and large doses of

Vitamin B.(3)

Due to neurological studies of the brain, antipsychotic drugs have become the most

widely used treatments. These studies show that there are widespread abnormalities in the

structural connectivity of the brains of affected people.(2)It was noticed that in brainsaffected with schizophrenia, far more neurotransmitters are released between neurons,

which is what causes the symptoms. At first, researchers thought that the problem was

solely caused by excesses of dopamine in the brain. However, newer studies indicate that

the neurotransmitter serotonin also plays a role in causing the symptoms. This was

discovered when tests indicated that many patients better results with medications thataffect the serotonin as well as the dopamine transmissions in the brain.(6)

New test and machines also enabled researchers to study the structure of schizophrenic

brains using Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

(MRS). The different lobes of affected brains were examined and compared to those ofnormal brains, showing several structural differences. The most common finding was the

enlargement of the lateral ventricles, which are the fluid-filled sacs that surround the

brain. The other differences, however, are not nearly as universal, though they aresignificant. There is some evidence that the volume of the brain is reduced and that the

cerebral cortex is smaller.(2)

Tests showed that blood flow was lower in frontal regions in afflicted people whencompared to non-afflicted people. This condition has become known as hypofrontality.

Other studies illustrate that people with schizophrenia often show reduced activation in

frontal regions of the brain during tasks known to normally activate them.(1)Eventhough many tests show that the frontal lobe function performance is impaired and

although there is evidence of reduced volume of some frontal lobe regions, no consistent

pattern of structural degradation has yet been found.(2)
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There is, however, a great deal of evidence that shows that the temporal lobe structures in

schizophrenic patients are smaller. Some studies have found the hippocampus and

amygdala to be reduced in volume. Also, components of the limbic system, which isinvolved in the control of mood and emotion, and regions of the Superior Temporal

Gyrus (STG), which is a large contributor in language function, have been notably

smaller. The Heschl's Gyrus (which contains the primary auditory cortex), and thePlanum Temporale are diminished. The severity of symptoms such as auditoryhallucinations has been found to be dependent upon the sizes of these language areas.(2)

Another area of the brain that has been found to be severely affected is the prefrontal

cortex. The prefrontal cortex is associated with memory, which would explain the

disordered thought processes found in schizophrenics. Test done on humans and animals

in which the prefrontal cortex has been damaged showed similar cognitive problems asthose seen in schizophrenic patients. The prefrontal cortex has one of the highest

concentrations of nerve fibers with the neurotransmitter dopamine and scientists have

learned that the relatively new antipsychotic drug, which increases the amount of

dopamine released in the prefrontal cortex, often improves cognitive symptoms. Theyalso found that the prefrontal cortex contains a high concentration of dopamine receptors

that interact with glutamate receptors to enable neurons to form memories. This meansthat dopamine receptors may be especially important for reducing cognitive symptoms.(5)

While these drugs do help control the symptoms of schizophrenia, they do not get rid of

the disorder. It is becoming clearer ever day, just what damage schizophrenia is doing tothe brain, but researchers are nowhere near to finding all of the answers. Different

researchers are still arguing over the conclusiveness of the data that does exist. Other

scientists are trying to discover the cause of schizophrenia. Is it caused by various genes,by a virus, or from trauma? This too is still a mystery. The only thing that is truly known

is that the disorder is debilitating and that it affects nearly every portion of the brain.

Obviously, much more research still needs to be done to help those who suffer from it.

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Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)(Redirected fromNeuropsychological rehabilitation)

Rehabilitation of sensory andcognitive functiontypically involves methods for retrainingneural

pathwaysor training new neural pathways to regain or improve neurocognitive functioning that has

been diminished by disease ortrauma. Three common neuropsychological problems treatable with

rehabilitation areattention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),concussion, andspinal cord injury.

Rehabilitation research and practices are a fertile area forclinical neuropsychologistsand others.

Methods [edit]
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Speech therapy,occupational therapy, and other methods that "exercise" specific brain functions are

used. For example,eye-hand coordinationexercises may rehabilitate certain motor deficits, or well

structured planning and organizing exercises might help rehabilitateexecutive functions, following a

traumatic blow to the head.

Brain functions that are impaired because oftraumatic brain injuriesare often the most challenging

and difficult to rehabilitate. Much work is being done in nerve regeneration for the most severely

damaged neural pathways.

Neurocognitivetechniques, such ascognitive rehabilitation therapy, provide assessment and treatment

of cognitive impairments from a variety of brain diseases and insults that cause persistent disability for

many individuals. Such disabilities result in a loss of independence, a disruption in normal childhood

activities and social relationships, loss in school attendance, and educational and employment

opportunities. Injuries or insults that may benefit from neurocognitive rehabilitation include traumatic

andacquired brain injuries(such as stroke, concussion, neurosurgery, etc.), cranial radiation,

intrathecal chemotherapy and neurological disorders, such asADHD. The rehabilitation targets

cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and executive function (organization, planning, time

management, etc.). Programs are developed to address an individual's challenges after a baseline

assessment of abilities and challenges.

ADHD [edit]

There are many therapists and interventions for rehabilitation of children and adults who suffer ADHD,

many of whom are parents of children with this problem. The most frequently used treatment methodinvolves the administration of drugs such as Ritalin, and many argue that drugs do not rehabilitate but

only relieve ADHD sufferers (and those around them) from the social and behavioral disruptiveness

caused by attention deficiencies and hyperactive behavior.

However, many others argue[who?] that such symptom relief enables the sufferer and those around him

or her to improve cognitive and motor functioning and controls through standard educational and social

training that would otherwise be impossible.

The next most common rehabilitation approach for ADHD uses various and specific

cognitive/behavioral methods to help establish new brain-behavior relationships or functioning that is

impaired in sufferers of ADHD.

Concussion [edit]

Much research and focus has been given toconcussionsuffered frequently by athletes. While the

severity ofbrain traumahas been standardized for immediate "sideline" assessment, much work
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needs to be done to understand how to rehabilitate or accelerate the rehabilitation of athletes' brain

functionfollowing serious concussionwhereconsciousness is lostfor a few moments or more.

Currently, rehabilitation of concussive brain injury is based on "quiet" time without jarring motions that

enables the brain to "heal" on its own.

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Stress on Families - schizophrenia

Family members worry about preventing relapse and keeping their loved one healthy. Unfortunately,

many families must worry about their finances because they may have high hospital or medication

expenses. Relatives of schizophrenia patients are always on guard for any change in the patients

behavior.

Being overburdened with worry about a loved one, family members of schizophrenic patients can

ignore their own needs and become depressed and anxious. In order to prevent caregiver

burnout, it is crucial that family members find support of their own.

Relatives of schizophrenia patients experience the negative effects of the stigma associated

with mental illness. In our society, mental illness is sometimes interpreted as a sign of weakness.

Some people still believe thatschizophreniais caused by bad parenting and is the fault of the family.

Others think that the mentally ill just need to get over it and move on with their lives. This

can be very difficult for someone who cares for a schizophrenic loved one. Mental illness is

different from physical illness.

When you see people who are physically disabled, you offer to help them by opening the door or carrying

their groceries. You assume that their condition is not their fault. Mental disease,schizophreniain

particular, usually just becomes apparent to other people because someone is acting weirdly. Instead of

trying to help, most people keep a safe distance and want to ignore the person wit hschizophrenia. As a

result, caregivers of schizophrenics can be alienated and made to feel guilty and alone .

Additionally, caregivers are encouraged to take personal time away from their relative. Exercise, regular

excursions out of the home, and even weekends away can provide a good vacation from the stress of

dealing with someone with mental illness. Ironically, caring for a schizophrenic relative can increase

the likelihood that the caregiver will develop symptoms of mental illness. Depression, anxiety,

and drug and alcohol abuse are common to people who take care of relatives withschizophrenia.

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Homelessness - schizophreniaSchizophreniaImpact on Families and SocietyMay 12, 2009

Unfortunately, some of the most severely illschizophreniapatients leave a safe place like a hospital or

private home and eventually live on the streets. One-third of all homeless people are believed to be

mentally ill, and a large proportion of those are schizophrenic.

According to the Department of Health and Human Services, 6 percent of allschizophreniapatients are

homeless at any one time. When schizophrenic patients are homeless, they rarely stay involved in any

sort of treatment.
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As a result, homelessschizophreniapatients may experience a worsening of their symptoms. Even more

problems may be caused by the stress of living on the streets. Poor hygiene, lack of sleep, and the threat

of violence may hasten the descent into psychosis for many patients. Drug and alcohol use is common

among schizophrenic homeless. When patients do not take their medications, they might try drugs or

alcohol in an attempt to manage their symptoms.

Schizophrenia patients become homeless for a variety of reasons. Inadequate funding can create ashortage of institutions to house those withschizophrenia. Also,schizophreniasymptoms can cause

patients to leave a safe environment.

Some patients hear voices that tell them to leave because someone is harming them. Others might

believe that the situation they are in is causing their symptoms and leave home in hopes that a new

location will make the symptoms disappear.

How long they stay away variessome patients return after only a few days, but many others return to

treatment only after being brought in by the police or a social service agency.

When someone withschizophreniais missing, caregivers try to remember what, if any, places the patient

may have mentioned wanting to visit. They may call the police or the hospital to help track down their

relative. Unfortunately, some patients feel compelled to stay away from home and out of treatment.

One solution for caregivers to help them keep track of their relative is to only give them small amounts of

money. The patient will then be forced to return home in order to obtain more money, helping the

relative monitor the patients whereabouts and symptoms.

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Following each myth is a fact that explains why the myth is a misperception.

Top ten myths about mental illness

Myth #1:Psychiatric disorders are not true medical illnesses likeheart diseaseand diabetes. People whohave a mental illness are just crazy.

Fact:Brain disorders, likeheart diseaseand diabetes, are legitimate medical illnesses. Research shows

there are genetic and biological causes for psychiatric disorders, and they can be treated effectively.

Myth #2:People with a severe mental illness, such asschizophrenia, are usually dangerous and violent.

Fact:Statistics show that the incidence of violence in people who have a brain disorder is not much

higher than it is in the general population. Those suffering from a psychosis such a sschizophreniaare

more often frightened, confused, and despairing than violent.

Myth #3: Mental illness is the result of bad parenting.

Fact:Most experts agree that a genetic susceptibility, combined with other risk factors, leads to a

psychiatric disorder. In other words, mental illnesses have a physical cause.

Myth #4: Depression results from a personality weakness or character flaw, and people who are

depressed could just snap out of it if they tried hard enough.
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Fact:Depression has nothing to do with being lazy or weak. It results from changes in brain chemistry or

brain function, and medication and/or psychotherapy often help people recover.

Myth #5: Schizophrenia means split personality, and there is no way to control it.

Fact:Schizophrenia is often confused with multiple personality disorder. Actually,schizophreniais a brain

disorder that robs people of their ability to think clearly and logically. The estimated 2.5 millionAmericans withschizophreniahave symptoms ranging from social withdrawal to hallucinations and

delusions. Medication has helped many of these individuals to lead fulfilling, productive lives.

Myth #6: Depression is a normal part of the aging process.

Fact:It is not normal for older adults to be depressed.

Signs of depression in older people include a loss of interest in activities, sleep disturbances, and lethargy.

Depression in the elderly is often undiagnosed, and it is important for seniors and their family members

to recognize the problem and seek professional help.

Myth #7: Depression and other illnesses, such asanxiety disorders, do not affect children or adolescents.Any problems they have are just a part of growing up.

Fact:Children and adolescents can develop severe mental illnesses. In the United States, one in 10

children and adolescents has a mental disorder severe enough to cause impairment. Only about 20

percent of these children receive needed treatment. Left untreated, these problems can get worse.

Anyone talking about suicide should be taken very seriously.

Myth #8: If you have a mental illness, you can will it away. Being treated for a psychiatric disorder

means an individual has in some way failed or is weak.

Fact:A serious mental illness cannot be willed away. Ignoring the problem does not make it go away

either. It takes courage to seek professional help.

Myth #9: Addiction is a lifestyle choice and shows a lack of willpower. People with a substance abuse

problem are morally weak or bad.

Fact:Addiction is a disease that generally results from changes in brain chemistry. It has nothing to do

with being a bad person.

Myth #10: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly known as shock treatment, is painful and barbaric.

Fact:ECT has given a new lease on life to many people who suffer from severe and debilitating

depression. It is used when other treatments such as psychotherapy or medication fail or cannot be used.

Patients who receive ECT are asleep and under anesthesia, so they do not feel anything.

Read more:Top ten myths about schizophrenia -Schizophrenia- Outlook for the Future-

http://www.health.am/psy/more/op-ten-myths-about-schizophrenia/#ixzz2UNmByLky

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Violence and trouble with the LawSchizophreniaImpact on Families and SocietyMay 12, 2009
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People who exhibit unpredictable behavior can be frightening.

Likewise, patients withschizophreniaoften behave in ways that are difficult to understand and sometimes

scary.

Although the media tends to linkschizophreniaand violence, research has shown that the majority of

patients withschizophreniaare no more likely to be violent than someone withoutschizophrenia.

Mostschizophreniapatients prefer to be alone and rarely wish to interact with other people. When violence

does occur, it is most likely to be directed at family members or treatment team members rather than

strangers.

Criminalizing the Mentally ill

Thousands of mentally ill Americans in prison arent getting the psychiatric care they need

according to a report from the Human Rights Watch. The report also suggested that prison

poplations have a disproportionately high rate of mentally ill people.

Prisons have disproportionately high rate of psychoses

In a 1998 report an estimated 8 percent to 19 percent have significant psychiatric disabilities.

Mentally Ill in U.S. population - 5%

Mentally ill in prisons -8% to 19%

Source: Equpped: U.S. Prisons and Offenders with mentall illness. Human Rights Watch

One group ofschizophreniapatients that is more prone to violence includes those who abuse alcohol or

illegal drugs.

In fact, a recent study in the American Journal of Psychiatry investigated the current relationship

amongschizophrenia, criminal behavior, and drug abuse.18 The study revealed that over the past 25

years, 22 percent ofschizophreniapatients were convicted of a crime compared to only 8 percent ofnonschizophrenics.

At the same time, drug use amongschizophreniapatients also increased. Whereas 25 years ago only 8

percent of schizophrenics used drugs, currently more than 26 percent have been found to use illegal

drugs. Mostschizophreniapatients are nonviolent, but patients who use illegal drugs may be more likely

to commit a crime.

Read more:Violence and trouble with the Law -Schizophrenia- Impact on Families and Society-

http://www.health.am/psy/more/violence-and-trouble-with-the-law/#ixzz2UNngBDYB

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How Does Schizophrenia Affect Society?Schizophrenia is a frightening disease which can bring about a great deal of suffering to the

patients and the family and severe problems to society. Schizophrenia is an important factor in

social aid and welfare costs, health care costs, employment inefficiency, impaired learning

ability, alcoholism, broken homes and suicide. The average person with schizophrenia will cost

one to two million dollars to society, directly and indirectly, in his/her lifetime.
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Schizophrenia: How it Affects the FamilyMental illness is one of the most common afflictions in the United States, and schizophrenia is themost severe; yet mental illnesses carry a huge social stigma (National Institute of Mental Health, "The

Numbers Count" and "Schizophrenia"). Forming stereotypes and initiating stigmas, when a personlacks knowledge, is a common practice in our society in regards to mental illnesses. Most of thestereotypes and stigmas, surrounding schizophrenia, are derived from the way this terrible disease

manifests and presents itself. The symptoms involved in this illness are often frightening to those

looking in from the outside, making it easy to assume that the person afflicted is dangerous or evenviolent. This often disabling disorder, when not understood by others, can lead to the assumption that

those suffering with schizophrenia are better off locked away in institutions, rather than risk thembecoming a violent threat to society, or another addition to the homeless factor in the United States.

Despite the over two million men and women, in America, inflicted by Schizophrenia, society still

continues to place a stigma on mental illness, and increases the stress level for the family memberswho, too often must oversee their loved one's care; and through an understanding of what affects this

disease has on family members, will bring about a compassionate awareness of this devastatingdisorder.

It is easy to overlook the family members, who are also affected by the disease, that afflicts their loved

one. They are the first hand witnesses to a disease, which manifests itself on several different levels;

and the family members must somehow find the strength to cope and endure. The family members

experience a magnitude of emotions due to the behaviors and situations schizophrenics present to

them, and circumstance stemming from society's view on mental illness. The following are some ways

in which schizophrenia affects the family member: stress and anguish, guilt and shame, bitterness,

sacrifice, limited financial resources, and diminished personal health and wellness (Long, "How

Schizophrenia Affects the Family").

As each symptom surfaces for the schizophrenic, stress and anguish wear at the family members, who

are drawn into this disease. At the center of this stress and anguish is an overwhelming sense of

sorrow. As mentioned on the web site, Internet Mental Health, the family may feel as though they

have lost their loved one (Long, "How Schizophrenia Affects the Family"). Whether it is a son,

daughter, mother, father, wife, husband, brother, or sister, the family member is aware that this person

at one time was healthy and normal; but now, is no longer the same person. With the sorrow comes

fear, fearing what they do not know about the disease, fearing what they do know about the disease,and fearing the possibility that their loved one may harm their self or someone else (Long, "How

Schizophrenia Affects the Family"). These fears are realistic, especially when considering

schizophrenics and the incidence of suicide. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has

noted, "Suicide is a serious danger in people who have schizophrenia," and "Approximately ten

percent of people with schizophrenia (especially younger adult males) commit suicide." Therefore,

families do have reason to be fearful of this possibility. Also, as hard as it may be for a family member,

of a schizophrenic, to see amongst the irrational behaviors they witness, harming others is a less likely

occurrence; since schizophrenics tend to recluse and isolate themselves from society. According to

NIMH, "Studies indicate that except for those persons with a record of criminal violence beforebecoming ill, and those with substance abuse or alcohol problems, people with Schizophrenia are not

especially prone to violence" (NIMH, "Schizophrenia").

Along with sorrow and fear, family members are also stricken by guilt and shame brought on by this

mental illness. According to information on the Internet Mental Health web site, family somehow

feels as if they may be to blame for their loved one's condition; and genetic linkage as one of the

possible causes of the disease leads to more feelings of guilt. When a family is faced with having toplace the person in an institution, they feel a sense of guilt, because they could not do more for the


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person. At times, there is an amount of shame experienced by family members, who are dealing with a

schizophrenic loved one (Long, "How Schizophrenia Affects the Family"). Shame due to how society

stigmatizes mental illness and the person inflicted with it; and shame from inappropriate behaviors

that the inflicted engages in, when they are in a social setting. If onlookers do not understand why the

person acts this way, it becomes easy to dismiss

it as crazy; and even if onlookers did know the cause, it is still easy to label a person crazy. It is often

the family members who are aware; they absorb the comments, and the brunt of the stereotypes andstigmas.

Bitterness is also a common emotion the family of a schizophrenic may feel. The Internet MentalHealth website suggests, "They are bitter because they cannot understand why this may be happening

to them"; and they are bitter from how consumed they are by this disease, which often keeps them as

isolated as their loved one (Long, "How Schizophrenia Affects the Family"). This can lead to

resentment of all the time they spend caring for this person. They must keep a close eye on their

schizophrenic loved one, making sure medication is taken, making sure they do not place themselvesinto a predicament which can result in harm. Schizophrenia takes precedence in the lives of those

involved with the schizophrenic.

Family members, who take on the role of caregiver, often must sacrifice their careers and social life.

Caring for someone inflicted with schizophrenia can be time consuming, and those who fulfill the rolefeel alone, and may not feel anyone understands what they are going through (Long, "HowSchizophrenia Affects the Family"). Because the disease can be debilitating to the schizophrenic, the

caregiver may be forced to give up their job, and care for their loved one full time. The behaviordisplayed by their loved one may be embarrassing, and this may cause them to avoid attending social

functions. Schizophrenia can shatter the goals anddreamsof both the schizophrenic, and the family

members who sacrifices to become the caregiver.

As if dealing with the seriousness of schizophrenia is not enough to endure; the family may face

struggles due to limited financial resources to meet the demands of long term treatment. Schizophreniadoes not have a cure, and since it requires varying treatments it can become a financial burden to

family members. Depending on the age of the person suffering from schizophrenia, there may be a

limited medical coverage for them. Insurance companies vary in their coverage of mental illness,

because the demands of care are often long term and costly. When the loved one is not able to work oris a child, they may have to apply for disability, Medicaid, and other forms of public assistance to helpwith the cost of care. For some with this disease, they do not meet the criteria of total disability;

therefore, limited resources are made available to them. This unfair treatment of mental illness has

lead to the push for mental health parity. Mental Wellness.com comments, "Mental health parity is theterm used to describe the effort to create an equal health insurance system that covers mental illness in

the same way that it covers physical illnesses" ("Mental Health Insurance Parity"). The Bush

Administration originally supported mental health parity, but as of recent, legislation efforts have been

stopped. As of June, 2004, legislation for mental health parity was blocked from passage ("Lobbyists

Block Mental Health Parity"). This reflects society's inability to equate mental illness as a disease.

Another affect schizophrenia has on family members, is their personal health and wellness diminishes.

Becoming consumed by their loved one's illness, they forget to take care of themselves. Some of thehealth related issues affecting the family are weight loss, inability to sleep, and their own mental

illness of depression, which is mentioned on the Internet Mental Health web page (Long, "How

Schizophrenia Affects the Family"). Weight loss occurs from the constant vigilance that has to go intocaring for the schizophrenic and the family member forgets to take care of their selves. There may be

an inability to sleep or insomnia because they are so consumed with caring, and watching their loved

one. Depression can occur due to the family member dealing with so many emotions and witnessing

this dreadful disease as it affects the schizophrenic. This can eventually lead to "burnout" for the

family member, which is why it is necessary for the family member to seek support. As stated on
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Internet Mental Health, "The other reason for joining a support group early is to find ways of avoiding

the burnout that so often comes with the burden of caring for someone with schizophrenia" (Long,

"Schizophrenia: A Handbook for Families"). It is important for the family members to know that there

is help out there for them, and to seek it so they do not wind up sick.

To summate how schizophrenia affects the family, one can look to the example given in the Ron

Howard box office hit "A Beautiful Mind." This movie offers aHollywoodglimpse into livesconfronted by schizophrenia. Though this story depicts the true schizophrenic life of John Forbes

Nash, JR., it reflects a more positive outcome for this schizophrenic; however, this is not always the

case ("A Beautiful Mind"). Schizophrenia is not just devastating to the person who isinflicted; instead, it is an often devastating journey of crisis for a whole family. The experience can

often leave a family destroyed, or bind them unconditionally. The Schizophrenic and their family are

afflicted with so much turmoil, and suffer not only because of the debilitating symptoms of the disease,

but because of too little care, and not enough understanding. There is added challenges due too the

unfounded and misplaced stigmas. Society is compassionate toward the terminally ill, and thoseinflicted by diseases of other bodily systems; then why not have the same compassion for those

inflicted with diseases of the brain? Is the brain not a system of the body? As with all mental illnesses

in the United States, the public should become aware and tolerant of those who are suffering; and stop

feeding the stigmas, and start pushing for equal treatment and funding for mental health related

disorders.

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ORTHOMOLECULAR TREATMENT

What is it?

Orthomolecular treatment is defined as providing the brain and the body with the best possible

biochemical environment, especially with those substances

normally found in the body such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other essential

molecules.

What are the Principal Components of the Treatment?

Vitamins and minerals are administered according to the individual needs of patients. A good

diet is considered to be an important part of the therapy. Treatment for such disorders as low

blood sugar,

allergies, and thyroid problems are included when

necessary. Sometimes tranquilizers are used for brief periods, and other treatments and

supportive therapy are included.

For Which Disorders is it Used?

The orthomolecular treatment can be used for a wide variety of disorders such as

schizophrenia and other mental illnesses, behaviour and learning disorders in children,

problems of aging, alcoholism and addiction, arthritis, heart and circulatory problems and

many other diseases.
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How Can a Person Receive Orthomolecular Therapy?

A physician should be consulted for all medical problems. The vitamin dosages and diet and

other therapies should be regulated to suit the needs of the individual patient. If the physician

is not familiar with the therapy, he can consult other physicians who are. In addition, the ISF

can provide literature for physicians.

Are there any Adverse Effects?

The orthomolecular treatment is generally very safe. A small percentage of people experience

some discomfort when taking vitamins, but the doctor can prescribe other forms of these

vitamins or adjust the dose.

How Effective is Orthomolecular Treatment?In the treatment of schizophrenia, the American Schizophrenia Association Committee onTherapyreported 80 percent recoveries based on a follow-up of 1,500 patients. Other physicians reporta recovery rate of more than 75 percent and considerably higher in children. The

orthomolecular treatment has been found to be highly effective in treating many otherdisorders including depression, behaviour and learning problems in children, alcoholism andproblems associated with aging.

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Psychotherapy is a general term referring to therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted

between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group. The problems

addressed arepsychologicalin nature and can vary in terms of their causes, influences, triggers,

and potential resolutions. Accurate assessment of these and other variables is dependent on the

practitioner's capability and can change or evolve as the practitioner acquires greater experience,

knowledge, and insight.

Psychotherapy aims to increase the individual's sense of his/her ownwell-being.

Psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship

building,dialogue,communicationandbehaviorchange that are designed to improve themental

healthof a client or patient, or to improve group relationships (such as in afamily).

Psychotherapy may also be performed by practitioners with a number of different qualifications,

includingpsychiatry,clinical psychology,counseling psychology,clinical or psychiatric social

work,mental health counseling,marriage and family therapy,rehabilitation counseling,school

counseling,hypnotherapy,play therapy,music therapy,art therapy,drama

therapy,dance/movement therapy,occupational therapy,psychiatric nursing,psychoanalysisand

those from other psychotherapies. It may be legally regulated, voluntarily regulated or

unregulated, depending on the jurisdiction. Requirements of these professions vary, but often

require graduate school and supervised clinical experience. Psychotherapy in Europe is

increasingly being seen as an independent profession, rather than being restricted to being

practiced only by psychologists and psychiatrists as is stipulated in some countries.
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Definition

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which electric currents are passed through thebrain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry thatcan quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses. It often works when other treatmentsare unsuccessful.

Much of the stigma attached to ECT is based on early treatments in which high doses ofelectricity were administered without anesthesia, leading to memory loss, fractured bones andother serious side effects.

ECT is much safer today and is given to people while they're under general anesthesia. AlthoughECT still causes some side effects, it now uses electrical currents given in a controlled setting toachieve the most benefit with the fewest possible risks.

Why it's done

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can provide rapid, significant improvements in severe symptomsof a number of mental health conditions. It may be an effective treatment in someone who issuicidal, for instance, or end an episode of severe mania. ECT is used to treat:

Severe depression, particularly when accompanied by detachment from reality (psychosis), adesire to commit suicide or refusal to eat.

Treatment-resistant depression, a severe depression that doesn't improve with medications orother treatments.

Severe mania, a state of intense euphoria, agitation or hyperactivity that occurs as part of bipolardisorder. Other signs of mania include impaired decision making, impulsive or risky behavior,substance abuse, and psychosis.

Catatonia, characterized by lack of movement, fast or strange movements, lack of speech, andother symptoms. It's associated with schizophrenia and some other psychiatric disorders. Insome cases, catatonia is caused by a medical illness.

Agitation and aggression in people with dementia, which can be difficult to treat andnegatively affect quality of life.

ECT may be a good treatment option when medications aren't tolerated or other forms of therapyhaven't worked. In some cases ECT is used:

During pregnancy, when medications can't be taken because they might harm the developingfetus

In older adults who can't tolerate drug side effects

In people who prefer ECT treatments over taking medications

When ECT has been successful in the past


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Risks

Although ECT is generally safe, risks and side effects may include:

Confusion. Immediately after an ECT treatment, you may experience a period of confusion thatcan last from a few minutes to several hours. You may not know where you are or why you're

there. You may be able to return to normal activities right away, or you may need to rest forseveral hours after treatment. Rarely, confusion may last several days or longer. Confusion isgenerally more noticeable in older adults.

Memory loss. ECT can affect memory in several ways. You may have trouble rememberingevents that occurred before treatment began, a condition known as retrograde amnesia. It maybe hard to remember things in the weeks or months leading up to treatment, although somepeople do have problems with memories from previous years, as well. You may also have troublerecalling events that occurred during the weeks of your treatment. And some people have troublewith memory of events that occur even after ECT has stopped. These memory problems usuallyimprove within a couple of months.

Physical side effects. On the days you have an ECT treatment, you may experience nausea,vomiting, headache, jaw pain, muscle ache or muscle spasms. These generally can be treated

with medications.

Medical complications. As with any type of medical procedure, especially one that involvesanesthesia, there are risks of medical complications. During ECT, heart rate and blood pressureincrease, and in rare cases, that can lead to serious heart problems. If you have heart problems,ECT may be more risky.

How you prepare

Before having your first ECT treatment, you'll need a full evaluation, which usually includes:

A medical history

A complete physical exam

A psychiatric assessment

Basic blood tests

An electrocardiogram (ECG) to check your heart health

These exams help make sure that ECT is safe for you. You may also see an anesthesiologist togo over the risks of anesthesia.

What you can expect

The ECT procedure takes about five to 10 minutes, with added time for preparation and recovery.ECT can be done while you're hospitalized or as an outpatient procedure.

Before the procedureTo get ready for the ECT procedure:

You'll have general anesthesia, which means you may have dietary restrictions before theprocedure. Your health care team will tell you how long to avoid food and drinks before ECTtreatment. Typically, this might mean no food or water after midnight and only a sip of water totake any morning medications.


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You may have a brief physical exam to check your heart and lungs.

You'll have an intravenous (IV) line inserted. Your nurse or another health care team memberinserts an IV tube into your arm or hand through which medications or fluids can be given.

Your nurse places electrode pads on your head. Each pad is about the size of a silver dollar.ECT can be unilateral, in which electrical currents focus on only one side of the brain, or bilateral,

in which both sides of the brain receive focused electrical currents.

Anesthesia and medicationsAt the start of the procedure, you'll receive these medications through your IV:

An anesthetic to make you unconscious and unaware of the procedure

A muscle relaxant to help minimize the seizure and prevent injury

You also may receive other medications, depending on any health conditions you have or yourprevious reactions to ECT.

A blood pressure cuff placed around your ankle stops the muscle relaxant medication fromentering the foot and affecting the muscles there. When the procedure begins, your doctor canmonitor seizure activity by watching for movement in that foot.

During the procedure, monitors constantly check your heart, blood pressure and oxygen use. Youmay be given oxygen through an oxygen mask. You may also be given a mouth guard to helpprotect your teeth and tongue from injury.

Inducing a seizureWhen you're asleep from the anesthetic and your muscles are relaxed, the doctor presses abutton on the ECT machine. This causes a small amount of electrical current to pass through theelectrodes to your brain, producing a seizure that usually lasts less than 60 seconds.

Because of the anesthetic and muscle relaxant, you remain relaxed and unaware of the seizure.

The only outward indication that you're having a seizure may be a rhythmic movement of yourfoot if there's a blood pressure cuff around your ankle. But internally, activity in your brainincreases dramatically. A test called an electroencephalogram (EEG) records the electricalactivity in your brain. Sudden, increased activity on the EEG signals the beginning of a seizure,followed by a leveling off that shows the seizure is over.

A few minutes later, the effects of the short-acting anesthetic and muscle relaxant begin to wearoff. You're taken to a recovery area, where you're monitored for problems. When you wake up,you may experience a period of confusion lasting from a few minutes to a few hours or more.

Series of treatmentsIn the United States, ECT treatments are generally given two to three times weekly for three tofour weeks for a total of six to 12 treatments. The number of treatments you'll need dependson the severity of your symptoms and how rapidly they improve.

Some people may be advised not to return to work until one to two weeks after the last ECT in aseries or for at least 24 hours after the last treatment.


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Results

Many people begin to notice an improvement in their symptoms after two or three treatments withelectroconvulsive therapy. Full improvement may take longer. Response to antidepressantmedications, in comparison, can take several weeks or more.

No one knows for certain how ECT helps treat severe depression and other mental illnesses.What is known, though, is that many chemical aspects of brain function are changed during andafter seizure activity. These chemical changes may build upon one another, somehow reducingsymptoms of severe depression or other mental illnesses. That's why ECT is most effective inpeople who receive a full course of multiple treatments.

Even after your symptoms improve, you'll still need ongoing treatment to prevent a recurrence.Known as maintenance therapy, that ongoing treatment doesn't have to be ECT, but it can be.More often, it includes antidepressants or other medications, or psychological counseling(psychotherapy).

-----------------------------------------==============================--------------------------------

Schizophrenia - Who it affects and how

Schizophrenia does not just affect the person who has the illness it affects everyone. It affects the family of

the individual who has schizophrenia. When they start to notice their childs emotional and psychological

issues they begin to analyze earlier years of parenting. They are looking for answers to why their child is

behaving the way they are. In the end they blame themselves. Some families even after seeking

professional help for their child turn away in anger and frustration. These are their ways to cope with

everything that is going on.

It affects the individuals relationship with a significant other. It will be hard to preserve feelings and

affections for one another when one partner has schizophrenia but being open with one another is the key to

a healthy relationship. If the ill partner gets the support they need recovery will be much easier.

It affects the individuals work environment; their job and their co-workers. In this sort of environment a

schizophrenic individual would be very paranoid that his/her co-workers are being judgmental. With this in

mind he/she may begin to not interact with co-workers, not keep up with work or neglect it all together. In the

end the individual may get fired or quit because the thoughts are just too overpowering. There are programs

ill individuals to attend to re-build their work skills and social skills. There are also certain jobs that are made

available just for these types of people. They can work at a slower pace and not feel so alienated. Eventually

if the ill individual gets the help they can then they will be able to return to a normal work environment.

Everyday life problems

Schizophrenia is not easy for anyone to accept but sometimes the family of the ill person has the hardest

time. Family members sometimes decide they want to withdraw from interacting with the ill individual by

neglecting them and not attending to their needs. This causes serious problems for the individuals recovery.


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Some other everyday problems that occur are: no social life - no friends and having very few recreational

interests, delusional thoughts, strange behaviour e.g. laughing at inappropriate times and talking to voices.

As well as the illness gets worse and worse the individual tends to not care about their appearance.

Typical problems families face

violent behaviour

suicide

depression

Most schizophrenic individuals are not aggressive unless they feel threatened, so by helping them feel safe

and calm will minimize this problem. Suicide thoughts occur more in the peak states for schizophrenics, to

minimize this they will need close supervision at all times until these thoughts are controlled. Usually

depression occurs when the schizophrenic individual is recovering. To help the individual cope with this

emotion present them with a successful time(s) in their life to raise their spirits. The main goal is to give them

a sense of support.

-----------------------========================================================---------------------

There are several main broad systems of psychotherapy:

Psychoanalytic- This was the first practice to be called a psychotherapy. It encourages the

verbalization of all the patient's thoughts, includingfree associations, fantasies, and dreams,

from which the analyst formulates the nature of the unconscious conflicts which are causing

the patient's symptoms and character problems.

Behavior therapy/applied behavior analysis- Focuses on changing maladaptive patterns of

behavior to improve emotional responses, cognitions, and interactions with others. Cognitive behavioral- Generally seeks to identify maladaptive cognition, appraisal, beliefs

and reactions with the aim of influencing destructive negative emotions and problematic

dysfunctional behaviors.

Psychodynamic- A form ofdepth psychology, whose primary focus is to reveal the

unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate psychic tension. Although its

roots are in psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive

than traditional psychoanalysis.

Existential- Based on the existential belief that human beings are alone in the world. This

isolation leads to feelings of meaninglessness, which can be overcome only by creating one's

own values and meanings. Existential therapy is philosophically associated

withphenomenology.

Humanistic- Emerged in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis and is therefore

known as the Third Force in the development of psychology. It is explicitly concerned with the

human context of the development of the individual with an emphasis on subjective meaning,

a rejection of determinism, and a concern for positive growth rather than pathology. It posits

an inherent human capacity to maximize potential, 'the self-actualizing tendency'. The task of
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Humanistic therapy is to create a relational environment where this tendency might

flourish.Humanistic psychologyis philosophically rooted inexistentialism.

Brief- "Brief therapy" is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to psychotherapy. It

differs from other schools of therapy in that it emphasizes (1) a focus on a specific problem

and (2) direct intervention. It is solution-based rather than problem-oriented. It is less

concerned with how a problem arose than with the current factors sustaining it andpreventing change.

Systemic- Seeks to address people not at an individual level, as is often the focus of other

forms of therapy, but as people in relationship, dealing with the interactions of groups, their

patterns and dynamics (includesfamily therapy&marriage counseling).Community

psychologyis a type of systemic psychology.

Transpersonal- Addresses the client in the context of a spiritual understanding of

consciousness.

Body Psychotherapy- Addresses problems of the mind as being closely correlated with

bodily phenomena, including a person's sexuality, musculature, breathing habits, physiology

etc. This therapy may involve massage and other body exercises as well as talking.There are hundreds of psychotherapeutic approaches or schools of thought. By 1980 there were

more than 250;[15]

by 1996 there were more than 450.[16]

The development of new and hybrid

approaches continues around the wide variety of theoretical backgrounds. Many practitioners use

several approaches in their work and alter their approach based on client need.

Gestalt Therapy [edit]

Main article:Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt Therapy is a major overhaul of psychoanalysis. In its early development, its founders,

Frederick and Laura Perls, called it concentration therapy. By the time Gestalt Therapy,

Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality(Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman) was written(1951), the approach became known as "Gestalt Therapy".

Gestalt Therapy stands on top of essentially four load-bearing theoretical

walls:phenomenological method, dialogical relationship, field-theoretical strategies, and

experimental freedom. Some[who?]

have considered it anexistential phenomenologywhile

others[who?]

have described it as a phenomenological behaviorism. Gestalt Therapy is

ahumanistic,holistic, and experiential approach that does not rely on talking alone; instead it

facilitates awareness in the various contexts of life by moving from talking about relatively remote

situations to action and direct current experience.

Positive Psychotherapy [edit]

Main article:Positive Psychotherapy

Positive psychotherapy (PPT) (since 1968) is the name of the method of the psychotherapeutic

modality developed by Nossrat Peseschkian and co-workers. Prof. Peseschkian, MD, (1933

2010) was a specialist in neurology, psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic medicine.

Positive psychotherapy is a method in the field of humanistic and psychodynamic psychotherapy

and is based on a positive image of man, which correlates with a salutogenetic, resource-oriented,

humanistic and conflict-centered approach. It is accredited by several institutions (e.g. State
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Medical Chamber of Hessen, Germany, European Association for Psychotherapy EAP; World

Council for Psychotherapy WCP, International Federation of Psychotherapy IFP and other

statutory institutions).

Group psychotherapy [edit]

Main article:Group psychotherapy

The therapeutic use of groups in modern clinical practice can be traced to the early 20th century,

when the American chest physician Pratt, working in Boston, described forming 'classes' of 15 to

20 patients withtuberculosiswho had been rejected forsanatoriumtreatment.[citation needed]

The

termgroup therapy, however, was first used around 1920 byJacob L. Moreno, whose main

contribution was the development ofpsychodrama, in which groups were used as both cast and

audience for the exploration of individual problems by reenactment under the direction of the

leader. The more analytic and exploratory use of groups in both hospital and out-patient settings

was pioneered by a few European psychoanalysts who emigrated to the USA, such as Paul

Schilder, who treated severely neurotic and mildly psychotic out-patients in small groups at

Bellevue Hospital, New York. The power of groups was most influentially demonstrated in Britainduring the Second World War, when several psychoanalysts and psychiatrists proved the value of

group methods for officer selection in the War Office Selection Boards. A chance to run an Army

psychiatric unit on group lines was then given to several of these pioneers, notably Wilfred

Bionand Rickman, followed byS. H. Foulkes, Main, and Bridger. TheNorthfield Hospitalin

Birmingham gave its name to what came to be called the two 'Northfield Experiments', which

provided the impetus for the development since the war of both social therapy, that is,

thetherapeutic communitymovement, and the use of small groups for the treatment of neurotic

and personality disorders. Today group therapy is used in clinical settings and in private practice

settings.[28]

ThePsychotherapeutic Institute Bergerhausen(Director: Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner

Gessmann)in Germany is using group-psychotherapy since 1973.[29]

It has been shown to be as

or more effective than individual therapy.[30]

Cognitive behavioral therapy [edit]

Main article:Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapyrefers to a range of techniques which focus on the construction and

re-construction of people'scognitions,emotionsandbehaviors. Generally in CBT, the therapist,

through a wide array of modalities, helps clients assess, recognize and deal with problematic and

dysfunctional ways of thinking, emoting and behaving.

Hypnotherapy [edit]

Main article:Hypnotherapy

Hypnotherapyis therapy that is undertaken with a subject in hypnosis. Hypnotherapy is often

applied in order to modify a subject's behavior, emotional content, and attitudes, as well as a wide

range of conditions including dysfunctional habits,[31][32][33][34][35]

anxiety,[36]

stress-related

illness,[37][38][39]

pain management,[40][41]

and personal development.[42][43]

Behavior therapy [edit]

Main article:Behavior Therapy
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Documents

The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain