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The Effectiveness of Irrigation and Cover Cropping to Produce Sustainable Hops
Krista Delahunty & Jason Johnston Westfield, ME
www.aroostookhops.com & facebook
Where is Aroostook Hops?
We now have 4 acres @ 46.5°North
One-acre hopyard established 2009-’10
2012-2013 three-acre expansion
350 certified spruce poles
Setting the poles
“You don’t meet many first generation hops farmers” (For the Love of Hops,
Hieronymus, 2012)
Our thanks to:
• USDA SARE (funding)
• Steve Johnson, UM Cooperative Extension
• Marcus Flewelling, Crop Production Services
• Kate and Larry Fisher
• NEHA
• Rosalie, Heather, the UVM team and collaborators
• Steve Miller et. al.
• Crannog Ales Hops Manual
• Family, friends & volunteers
Weeds, yield, and cowpeas…
Hopyard Map and Treatments Row # 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Growth Year 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
Cover Method A S A S A S A S mix A S A S
Irrigation Y N N Y Y N N Y Y N Y Y
# hills 71 71 57 57 57 57 14 14 43 57 57 57 57 669
Centennial Ct
50'
100' Nugget Ng Nugget Nugget
Cascade Centennial
50'
Willamette
50'
KEY:
A alfalfa
S straw
Y yes - will be irrigated
N no - will not be irrigated
Ct Centennial
Ng Nugget
Drip tape (inexpensive setup)
2011 Rainfall: (what a year to study irrigation…)
Mid-late April…Shoots!
Flowers: beauty is in the eye of the beholder…!
Cones!!! (Cascade)
4-year Nugget, ready to harvest
Harvest can be fun!...
…But, it’s A LOT of work!
…we need a harvester!
Marking 3rd-year Nugget for Yield Data
Irrigated Nugget bines (foreground)
Wet Mass per Bine, varieties pooled
Wet Mass per Bine, by Variety
Recall 2011 Rainfall
However, only 0.37” of rain fell
between 10 and 20 July
Yield Increase Factor
Extrapolated yield/acre (pounds)
Irrigation Costs ~ $193/acre/year
Net Financial Gain from Irrigation
Alfalfa made only minor increase in nitrates by first fall
Can rapeseed cover-cropping make a 1-year planting delay
worth it?
Year 1: with straw mulch
Year 1: no mulch or tilling
What we’ve learned (so far!)
• Irrigation significantly increased yield
• Irrigation is cost-effective (at current scale)
• Summer alfalfa as ‘green manure’ may actually reduce yield
• Straw is the best mulch (of what we’ve tried)
• Previously established perennial weeds hard to eliminate
Current cultivation strategy
Interrow
Intrarow
Current cultivation strategy
• Start with as weed-free intrarow as possible in early spring (grub, hand-tiller, new planting, etc.)
• Till interrow
• Apply lime, fertilizer, etc.
• Straw mulch intrarow when bine shoots are 6-12”
• Plant interrow with perennial (clover) or annual (e.g. rapeseed) as green manure and/or nitrogen source
• We would really like to know what others do!
Thanks to UVM! Thanks to Northeast Hops community!
Soil Test Differentials (Fall ‘10 Fall ‘11)