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http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 213 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 213–223, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_022
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
THE EFFECT OF PALM KERNEL POWDER ON
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND ABSORPTION
OF PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
College of Materials Engineering, University of Babylon 51002, Babylon, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Cement is one of the most common material that widely used in the construction
field, both at the construction or by using the ready-made concrete molds. The reason
for its publicity revert to several reasons, including low-cost, scalability with high
compression, stiffness and mold it as required easily (mouldabilty) and durability,
making it preferable to other materials used in construction, however, the cement
lacks the important factors that reduced the use of such brittleness, low tensile stress,
the small force of the impact, and high-density.
Dealing with this study by adding palm kernel (cellulose material) to cement
mortar and study their effect on the compressive strength and absorption, the palm
kernel used after conversion into powder and mixed with cement in the following
proportions: (5% - 10% - 15%) by weight of cement and then mixed with standard
sand by 3:1, then cast in molds, placed in humidity basins, then placed in basin
contains different media (water , salt solution 3% NaCl, acid solution 3% HCl), then
test the compressive strength after (7 and 28) days . Also, Absorption is tested over the
same period. The results showed that the compressive strength of all PK percent
replacement decrease. Also the absorption increase compared to control mix, the
higher value was at a 15% of PK replacement.
Key words: palm kernel, composite materials, mortar compressive strength,
absorption.
Cite this Article: Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al
Mohnia, The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption
of Portland Cement Mortar, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology (IJCIET) 9(10), 2018, pp. 213–223.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10
1. INTRODUCTION
Cement in origin is translated from the Latin word “cementum” that means the stone and
marble powder which is used as binding material for the blocks at the time of the Romans. In
the European languages the word “cement” is named on, any organic and inorganic binder
such as gum, gels, plastics, welding and asphalt alloy and aqueous cement [1].
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 214 [email protected]
Cement is a building material which has a cohesive and adhesive properties in the
presence of water. Therefore, we can say the cement has hydraulic properties, i.e. cement has
efficiency to cohesiveness and hardening in the presence of water due to different chemical
reactions that forms a product resist weathering conditions and natural factors thus it is known
as hydraulic cement. Portland cement is the most important type of hydraulic cement which is
discovered by Joseph Asbeden in the early nineteenth century, in 1825, and it is so called due
to the similarity in the color a building block named as Portland stones in the Aosland Island
in England [2].
Cement is the main construction material for making concrete. It provides good bonding
between aggregates and also provides strength. In order to reduce the environmental impact
and to improve the property of concrete, Palm ash concrete are used as a partial substitute for
cement. The properties of palm ash concrete are compared with the conventional concrete that
it is very economical and also ecofriendly concrete with low weight, low density, non-toxic,
sources renewable, and availability as well as low-cost [3]. Many studies have entered
cellulose material to the mortar or concrete , some of them replaced it with cement, others
with aggregate and other researchers replaced both.
Fadele studied the use of sawdust and palm kernel shells (PKS) as alternative for fine and
coarse aggregates in slab concrete for reinforcing it. The replacement of sawdust and PKS,
both fine and coarse aggregates from 0% to 100% in steps of 25%.Both flexural and
compressive strength values decreasing as the percentage of sawdust or palm kernel shells
increasing in concrete slabs. It can produce lightweight reinforced concrete slabs at a low
value of 25% sawdust and PKS with reduced cost for low stress which could be used. A
weight reduction of 14.5% and 17.9% was achieved for sawdust and PKS replacement slabs
respectively, and cost reduction up to 7.43% can be achieved for every cubic meter of slab
production [4].
the effect of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland
cement in high strength palm kernel shell ash concrete were investigated by Olowe and
Adebayo. They used PKSA contents in mixes ranged between 0% and 50% by weight of
cement. They found that using palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) has advantages like; reduction in
the cost of concrete, solving environmental pollution problems as well as reduced the number
of landfill areas required for disposing the PKSA. It is recommended that the optimum
replacement level of ordinary Portland cement by Palm kernel shell ash is 25% for good
compressive and tensile properties[5].
Oil palm kernel shell OPKS is a waste material obtained during the extraction of palm oil
by crushing of the palm nut in the palm oil mills. Alengaram, with other reserchers used
OPKS as lightweight aggregates (LWAs) to produce lightweight concrete (LWC) [6].
The additive ratio of (PKS) of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% to replace by Portland cement in
a 1:2:4 control mix resulted in an decrease in the density and workability of concrete; so the
best ratio was 20% with the maximum strength at each palm kernel shell replacement. There
were similar effects of pozzolana and PKS on the density and workability of concrete, while
different effects of the strength of concrete were remarkably [7]. The PK ash that were
produced at varying temperature (350-7500C) used in concrete as a PC replacement, which
reached up to 50% PC. The PK shell was also used to replace up to 100% of coarse aggregate.
The 90 day compressive explained a remarkable strength gain (up to 26.2 N/mm2) Compared
to the equivalent PK ash and PK shell [8].The mechanical properties such as splitting tensile
strength and modulus of elasticity of the oil palm shell concrete OPSC were inferior
compared to normal weight concrete (NWC), usually the OPSC improved permeation
properties such as the water absorption [9,10] .
The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 215 [email protected]
the effect of Palm Bunch Ash (PBA) on concrete properties were investigated by Amaziah
and Alison. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%
and 25% PBA. They showed that when the content of PBA was increased the Compressive,
flexural and split tensile strength decreased, with workability decreased at 5% PBA, and the
setting time increased. At 15% PBA, the PBA started acting as a retarding agent in concrete.
At 5% PBA content, a savings in cost of about 2.2% is achievable per m3 of concrete [11].
The aim of this project is to replace part of the cement by micro-powder, palm kernel with
a certain proportion and then study the effect of this addition on compressive strength and
absorption. This process helps to produce lightweight and economic mortar.
2. EXPERIMENT PART
2.1. The used Materials
Palm kernel (cellulose material).
Sulfate resistance Portland cement.
Standard sand.
Oil to lubricate the molds.
Salt solution where the used salt is 3% NaCl of the weight of water.
Acid solution where the used acid is 3% HCl of the weight of water.
Distilled water must be used to clean and free of dirt.
The standard (cement, sand and water) with different amount of (PK) prepares to be used
in this study, as shown in table (1) and table (2).
Table 1 Materials amount used to prepare cement mortar for compressive strength test at (MPa) with
palm kernel.
Table 2 Materials amount used to prepare the cement mortar for absorption test % with palm kernel.
Samples A B C D
Palm kernel (%) 0% 5% 10% 15%
Cement amount ( g) 75 71.25 67.5 63.75
Sand amount (g) 225 225 225 225
Water amount (ml) 30 29.62 29.25 28.87
2.1.1. Chemical Composition of Cement
Sulfate resistance cement (type V) was used. Table (3) and (4) show the physical properties
and chemical properties of it respectively. The test results indicate that the used cement
satisfies the requirements of the Iraqi Specifications No. 5 / 1984 [12].
Samples A B C D
Palm kernel (%) 0% 5% 10% 15%
Cement amount (g) 200 190 180 170
Sand amount (g) 600 600 600 600
Water amount (ml) 80 79 78 77
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 216 [email protected]
Table 3 Physical properties of cement
.Limits according to
IQS Sample Physical Properties
00.45(Min.)
10:00(Max.)
105
3:20
Initial setting time(min)
Finale setting time(hour :min)
250(Min.) 315 Fineness in Blaine m2/kg
23(Min.)
34.5(Min).
28.04
Compressive strength MPA at
7 days
days
2.2. Equipment and Tools
2.2.1. Sensitive Balance
The sensitive balance is used to measure the mass (weight) of the materials and gives the
result directly on screen and it determines the weight with high accuracy. Fig (1) shows the
balance. Table 4 Chemical properties of cement
Oxide Test result sample Limits according to
IQS
CaO% 62.54 -
SiO2% 19.82 -
Al2O3% 3.05 -
Fe2O3% 4.91 -
MgO% 3.10 ≤5%
SO3% 1.54 ≤2.5%if C3A<5% or
≤2.8 if C3A>5%
Loss on ignition% 2.26 <=4%
Total 96.97 -
F.CaO 2.80 -
Insoluble residue 0.73 ≤1.5%
L.S.F 0.95 0.66-1.02
M.S. 2.38 -
M.A. 0.73 -
C3S% 62.05 -
C2S% 9.51 -
C3A% 1.25 ≤3.5%
C4AF% 14.51 -
2.2.2. Rotary Mixer (Electric Mixer)
It used to give homogeneity to cement paste and gives the right consistency as shown in fig
(2).
Figure 1 Sensitive balance
Figure 2 Rotary mixer
The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 217 [email protected]
2.2.3. Molds
A metal molds from cast iron are usually used that has polished and free off deteriorates inner
surface, and fixated on a metal base with screws. Fig (3) shows the cubic molds with
dimensions (70*70*70) mm and (50*50*50) mm to examine compressive strength and
absorption respectively.
2.2.4. Mechanical vibrator
This machine is used to compact the mortar automatically Fig (4) shows the mechanical
vibrator. Rotation speed of vibrator axis is (12000±400) revolution per minute. The vibrator
keeps working for 2 minutes to compact the mortar.
Figure 3 Metal molds Figure 4 Mechanical vibrator
2.2.5. Compressive Strength Testing Machine
Compression strength machine test shown in Fig (5). It is used to know the compressive
strength of the samples that have been molded. The specific strength will be applied until
failure occurs in the sample.
2.3. Preparing of Palm Kernel
The palm kernel cutting into small pieces, Fig (6-a) shows it, and dried in open air for two
days, then placed in a drying oven at a temperature of 120 °C for 4 hours to full drying.
These pieces, crushed first with pestle, after that grind with an electric grinding mill fig(6-b)
to get finer and micro powder as shown in fig (6-c). Grain size of palm kernel powder was
detected by the device (Better size 2000 particle size analyzer) as shown in Fig (7). Where the
less particle size is 0.4 microns and larger one is 1000 microns fig (8).
Figure 6 a- Pieces of palm kernel , b-Electric mill, c-powder of palm kernel
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 218 [email protected]
Figure 5 Compressive strength testing machine Figure 7 Particle size analyzer device.
Figure 8 Particle size analysis report of palm kernel
The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 219 [email protected]
2.4. Mixing Procedures and Testing
The dry bowl and feathers are fixated in the mixer and prepare to put the materials in the bowl,
then adding the appropriate amount of water and mixed together at low speed about (140±15)
revolution per minute, after that, stop the mixer to scrape the mortar from the bowl walls with
15 seconds and then re-mix using high speed. Mixing for 4 Sec, then turn off the machine and
the mixture is transferred to the mold.
Lubrication the molds to prevent sticking the mortar with the internal surfaces and prevent
water leakage from the mold outside during compaction.
Put one sample component in the mixer, adding a specific amount of water to be mixed
homogeneously for 4 minutes.
After mixing is complete, turn off the blender and then fixate the mold in the vibrator and pour
the samples in batches for 2 minutes to obtain a well- coherent structure.
After completing the compaction process, turn-off the vibrator and set the surfaces with trowel
to put significant signs on the samples to distinguish between them.
Take the molds to the humidity basins and stay there for 24 hours and the moisture is not less
than 90%.
After 24h take out the models from the molds carefully.
For compressive strength test, 12 samples were put in the basin contain water only, 12
samples in the basin contains 97% water and 3% HCl and 12 samples in the basin contain
97% water with 3% NaCl. Each sample stays there for 7 days. Another samples prepared for
absorption test, 4 samples with different ratio in the basin contains water alone, 4 samples in
the basin contains 97% water and 3% HCl and 4 samples in the basin contain 97% water with
3% NaCl. Where each Sample stays there for 7 days.
The same procedure was repeated for the same number of samples for compressive strength
and absorption tests, but immersed for 28 days.
The absorption test mechanism is concluded to immersed mortar cubs (50 × 50 ×50) mm for 7
or 28 day, then will be taken out and dried in a furnace at 220 ° C for 24 hours. After that
taken out of the furnace and weighted W1 , then they immersed in water for 24 hour, then
weighted again, this weight represent W2. Calculate the water absorption as follows (ASTM C
127), [13]:
Absorbability %
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Compressive Strength Test
The range of 72 samples were tested by the compressive strength testing machine, the results
are shown in table (5):
It is clear that the application of palm kernel as fine aggregate in mortar led to about (46 ,
53 , 61 )% reduction in the strength of concrete at 7 day age for ( 5 , 10 , 15 )% PK
replacement respectively. And a reduction reach to ( 54 , 64 , 64 )% in 28 day age
compressive strength for ( 5 , 10 , 15) % PK replacement respectively. Fig (9) relation
between compressive strength and PK% cured in water. The reduction in strength could be
due to many factors such as the lightweight, flaky shape, or semi-porous nature of palm
kernel. It is therefore obvious that palm kernel shells cannot substitute as aggregate in
concrete when it exposes to water, except for economic and environmental purposes.
However, concrete with palm kernel as aggregate could be used for lightweight construction
work.
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 220 [email protected]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
CO
MP
RES
SIV
E S
TREN
GTH
MP
A
PALM KERNAL %
after 7 day after 28 day
Table 5 Compressive strength of mortar cubes
Palm kernel
proportion%
Immersion type
Immersed for 7 days Immersed for 28 days
Compressive
strength(MPA)
Load
(KN)
Compressive
strength(MPA)
Load
(KN)
0
Water
NaCl
HCl
28.04
23.90
22.33
137.39
117.11
109.41
39.04
36.39
35.08
191.29
178.31
171.89
5
Water
NaCl
HCl
15.09
12.22
13.61
73.94
59.87
66.68
18.67
14.50
15.80
91.48
71.05
77.42
10
Water
NaCl
HCl
13.53
10.66
12.25
66.29
52.23
60.02
14.68
9.71
14.26
71.93
47.57
69.87
15
Water
NaCl
HCl
11.86
10.16
12.01
58.11
49.78
58.84
14.32
11.70
13.50
70.16
57.33
66.15
Figure 9 The relation between compressive Figure 10 The relation between compressive
strength and PK% in water strength and PK% in NaCl
Figure 11 The relation between compressive strength and PK% in HCl
The results showed that the effect of NaCl is approximately the same for each mixes
contain PK for all percent and the control mix, NaCl caused a reduction in 7 day strength
about 20%. While in 28 day compressive strength PK caused a more reduction than a control
mix which are ( 22 , 36 , 21 )% for (5 , 10 , 15 )% PK respectively. Fig (10) shows the
relation between compressive strength and PK% in NaCl.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25
com
pre
sive
str
enge
th M
pa
palm kernal %
after 8 day after 28 day
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25
CO
MP
RES
IVE
STR
ENG
TH M
PA
PALM KERNAL %
after 7 day after 28 day
The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 221 [email protected]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
AB
SOP
TIO
N
PALM KERNAL %
after 7 day after 28 day
Fig (11) show the relation between compressive strength and PK% in HCl, the effect of HCl
acid on 7 day strength shown that the mixes with PK in more resistance to acid than control
mix. The reduction is (21 , 13 , 8 , 0 )% for (0 , 5 , 10 , 15) % PK replacement respectively.
While the reduction percent in 28 day s compressive strength is (10 , 11 , 2 , 5 )% for (0 , 5 ,
10 , 15) % PK respectively.
The chemical durability results demonstrated that after a prolonged period of exposure,
significant strength losses in all the concretes were observed. This phenomenon is explained,
due to lower change in concrete morphology and inhibition of reaction species.
3.2. Absorption Test
The range of 32 samples were tested by absorption. Table (6) shows the results of absorption
for mortar cubes immersed for 7 and 28 days. Fig (12), (13) and (14) shows the relation
between absorption and PK% in water, NaCl and HCl respectively.
All Mixes that contain PK replacement shows an increment in absorption, which return to
the semi-porous nature of palm kernel that absorbed more water , NaCl and HCl acid.
Table 6 Results of absorption
Figure 12 The relation between absorption Figure 13 The relation between absorption
and PK% in water and PK% in NaCl
Palm kernel
%
Immersion
Type
Absorption %
Immersed for 7
days
Immersed for
28 days
0
Water
NaCl
HCl
6.89
6.24
7.86
4.23
5.15
7.24
5
Water
NaCl
HCl
8.97
8.03
10.21
6.01
7.11
8.41
10
Water
NaCl
HCl
11.59
10.91
13.12
9.1
8.31
12.45
15
Water
NaCl
HCl
12.63
12.54
14.5
10
11.71
15.63
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25
AB
SOR
TIO
N
PALM KERNAL %
after 7 day after 28 day
Elham Abd Al-Majeed, Dalya H. Hameed and Mhmood S. Al Mohnia
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 222 [email protected]
Figure 14 The relation between absorption and PK% in HCl
4. CONCLUSIONS
PK replacement shows an increment in water absorption at 7 day age reached to (30, 68.2, 83)
% of control mix for (5 , 10 , 15) % PK respectively. While the increment in 28 day
immersion were ( 42 , 115 , 136)% of control mix for ( 5 , 10 , 15) % PK
PK helps to produce lightweight and economic environmental mortar.
The compressive strength of the mortar produced using palm kernel was lower relative to
those, which made with Portland cement only.
The strength value of mortar incorporating palm Kernel aggregates decreased as the PK
percent increase.
The effect of NaCl is more harmful on compressive strength of PK mixes than HCl, while the
reserve effect was show in control mix.
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The Effect of Palm Kernel Powder on Compressive Strength and Absorption of Portland Cement Mortar
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