The Effect of E-Resources on Technology Development · Haier Group Corp Gem Services Inc Johnson Electric SA Tsinghua University IBM United Microelectronics Corp Flying Dragon Development

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Copyright 2007, 1790 Analytics, LLC

The Effect of E-Resources on Technology Development

Concert 2007 – November 15, 2007

Anthony Breitzman, Ph.D

1790 Analytics130 Haddon Ave. Haddonfield, NJ 08033www.1790analytics.com

2• • • • • • •

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Introduction

Developments in technology are visible as trends in the patent system.

In the last 20 years, the number of references from patents to scientific and technical papers has increased dramatically.

This suggests that either scientific developments are linked more closely with technology developments, or else that connection is merely becoming more visible.

Whatever the reason for the increased linkage, electronic availability of white papers, technical reports, and especially journal articles and conference papers deserves at least some of the credit.

3• • • • • • •

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Why 1790?

• 1790 Analytics– Boutique consulting firm that studies innovation and technology trends via

patent analysis.• Name

– 1790 was the year of the first US patent– Signed by George Washington; awarded to a Philadelphia inventor

• Management– Top 4 people have an average of over 10 years each in IP consulting each– 2 Ph.D.s, 3 Masters degrees– 20+ published papers; Several patents; dozens of worldwide speaking

engagements– Extensive press coverage for a boutique consulting firm

• Engagements– Work with multinational companies, govt agencies and investment institutions– Competitive Intelligence; Policy Studies; M&A Targeting and Due-Diligence;

Licensing Support; Inventor Mapping; Investment Analysis• 1790 Capital

– Sister company that manages a hedge fund based on patent models.

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Overview

Patent Analysis Macro Level Results (Slides 6-17)Patents and Metrics (Slides 18-25)

E-Resources and the Rapid Growth of Non-Patent Referencing (slides 26-41)

Conclusions (slide 42)

5• • • • • • •

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Why Analyze Patents?

• The high-tech economies of the US, Japan, and others are increasingly built upon patents.

• IBM’s patent portfolio is far more valuable than all of its plants and equipment.

• In fact, most of the value of companies like Microsoft, Intel, Sony, Canon, Philips etc. comes not from tangible assets such as plants and equipment, but from intangible assets like patents, trademarks, copyrights, know-how, etc.

• Patents are the most tangible of intangible assets.• Patent protection encourages innovation.• 196,000+ US patents issued in 2006.• On average, every business day 2000 US patents are

applied for and 900 are issued; 15 per day are issued to IBM alone.

6• • • • • • •

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Some Results of Patent Analyses

• Since many in the audience are not familiar with patent analysis we will take a quick detour and show some “macro” level results from an analysis of China and Taiwan before embarking on the main topic of the effect of E-Resources on technology development

• The following slides show some key results from the US patent system related to technology development

7• • • • • • •

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The US Patent System is Global

• Only about half of all US patents are invented in the US.

• Inventors from 150+ countries file patents in the US because it’s a very desirable consumer market.

• Hence many economists and analysts study US patents to study innovation.

• Inventor country distributions for EP and WO patents look somewhat similar except US inventors account for 40% and European countries rise a bit.

Inventor Country # US Patents 2005-06 % US Patents 2005-06US 163753 51.5%Japan 67313 21.2%Germany 19097 6.0%Taiwan 11465 3.6%Korea 10268 3.2%UK 6778 2.1%Canada 6525 2.1%France 6365 2.0%Italy 2814 0.9%

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Information and Communication Technology is a Large Fraction of US Patented Technology

(Distribution Of 2006 US Patents from all Inv. Countries)

Electrical8%

Industrial Processes/ Tools/Equip.

4%

Instruments/ Measuring, Testing & Control

10%

Mechanical8%

Other9%

Semic/ Computers/ Communic.

39%

Biotech/ Pharma/ Med.

Inst./ Health10%

Chemical8%

Building/ Constr./ Housing Materials

2%

Agric/Food2%

9• • • • • • •

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Top 7 Fastest Growing Inventor Countries in US Patent System

9.93

7.567.33

4.393.853.43

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year

# U

S P

aten

ts /

# 19

95 U

S P

aten

ts(3

-Yea

r Ru

nnin

g Av

erag

e)

China (mainland)IndiaSingaporeHong KongKorea (South)TaiwanIreland

10• • • • • • •

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Top Technologies for China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and US (1997-2005 US Patents)

3% 2% 3%5% 3%3%

2%

7%2% 8%

4%

2%3%

10%

5%

3%5%

7%

6%

9%13%

4%

3%

9%8% 7%

14%

11%4% 5% 20%5%10% 9%

8% 14%

22%14%

16% 6%

2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

CN HK TW USInventor Country

% o

f US

Pate

nts

Electrical

Computer Hardware/Software

Semiconductors

Motor Vehicle/ Other Mechanical

Chemical

Communications/TelecomFurnitureSports/GamesMedical Devices

PharmaceuticalBiotechnologyTextiles

11• • • • • • •

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China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan have different patent profiles

• Taiwan’s patents are concentrated in a few areas.– Over 33% of Taiwanese invented patents are related to

information technology; 20% are in semiconductors; 14% are related to automotive and mechanical.

• 13% of Chinese invented patents are chemical related; it also has 11% of its patents in health related technologies.– This is higher than Taiwan and comparable to the US.

• Hong Kong has a surprising amount of invention related to furniture and home fixtures, as well as sports and games.

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Companies with largest number of Chinese Invented US Patents 1990-2005

202121212424262629313438394041

6583

108668

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Bayer AG

Procter & Gamble

Winbond Electronics Corp

Haier Group Corp

Gem Services Inc

Johnson Electric SA

Tsinghua University

IBM

United Microelectronics Corp

Flying Dragon Development Ltd

Sae Magnetics (H K ) Ltd

Ningbo Beifa Group Co Ltd

C C & L Co Ltd

Great Neck Saw Mfg Inc

International Development Corp

Microsoft Corp

Inventec Corp

China Petrochem Corp (Sinopec)

Hon Hai Precision Co. Ltd.

# Patents invented in China

Taiwanese Company

German Company

Hong Kong based Company

US Company

Chinese Company

13• • • • • • •

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Implications of Previous Slide

• China’s technology rise has a completely different pattern to those previously seen in Japan and Korea– Japan’s technology rise was associated with a rise among

Japanese patenting companies like Sony, Canon, Hitachi, Toshiba, Toyota, Honda, etc.

• China’s patent rise is largely due to multinational companies setting up labs within China.– The top assignee by a wide margin is Hon-Hai (a Taiwanese

company).– Companies with the most Chinese invented patents include

companies from US, Hong Kong, and Germany.– Chinese company with largest number of US patents is the

petroleum giant Sinopec.

14• • • • • • •

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Companies with largest number of Taiwanese Invented US Patents

• We see in the next slide that the top patenting companies in Taiwan are all Taiwanese companies.

• This is very different to the top patenting companies in China shown previously.

• This is also similar to the rise of Japan 20 years ago.

• Note that almost all of the top 20 companies in the next slide are Information Technology and Semiconductor companies.

15• • • • • • •

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Companies with largest number of Taiwanese Invented US Patents 1990-2005

154

158

162

193

226

230

233

249

332

355

357

544

617

636

689

697

1968

2333

2540

3327

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Umax Data Systems Inc

Mustek Systems Inc

Primax Electronics Ltd

Advanced Semic Eng

Siliconware Precision Ind

Au Optronics Corp

Inventec Corp

Nanya Technology Corp

Mosel Vitelic Inc

Delta Electronics Inc

Via Technologies Inc

National Science Council

Vanguard Int'l Semic

Benq Corp. (Formerly Acer)

Winbond Electronics Corp

Macronix International Co Ltd

Hon Hai Precision Ind Co Ltd

Industrial Tech Res Institute

United Microelectronics Corp

Taiwan Semic Mfg

# Patents invented in Taiwan

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Companies with largest number of Hong Kong Invented US Patents

• The next slide shows that the top patenting companies in Hong Kong are mostly Hong Kong companies, with a few from the US, Netherlands, and Singapore.

• Unlike Taiwan, most of these companies are not particularly high-tech. These include flashlight, power tool, bath product, and appliance makers, mingled in with universities and other companies.

• This is different from the patent profile for both mainland China and Taiwan.

17• • • • • • •

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Companies with largest number of Hong Kong Invented US Patents 1990-2005

23

25

25

28

28

28

29

30

30

31

32

33

35

38

41

41

54

67

69

113

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Chartered Semic Mfg

Mass Technology Ltd

Choon Nang Electrical Appl

Asat Ltd

Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ

Brand New Technology Ltd

Sae Magnetics Ltd

The Brinkmann Corp

Nationalpak Ltd

Solar Wide Industrial Ltd

Alfa Technology Ltd

Pollyflame International Bv

C J Associates Ltd

Johnson Electric Sa

Hayco Manufacturing Ltd

Motorola Inc

Astec International Ltd

Hong Kong Univ Of S&T

Techtronic Industries

John Manufacturing Ltd

# Patents invented in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Based Company

Company Based in Singapore

US Company

Dutch Company

18• • • • • • •

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Basic Idea of a Patent

"The patent system added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius."Abraham Lincoln – Only US President to obtain a patent.

The government grants a 20 year monopoly right in exchange for detailed disclosure of invention.

Must be: Novel, Useful, and Non-obvious

Encourages companies to divulge inventions so that others can build on them and improve the state the art.

19• • • • • • •

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The Need for Patent Analytics

• Some patents are valuable:– 4,901,307 “Spread spectrum multiple access communication

system using satellite or terrestrial repeaters” (Qualcomm’s fundamental CDMA patent used by every cell phone in North America)

• Some are not:– 6,805,460 “Advanced dog collar flashlight”

• With more than a million patents issued in the last decade, a statistical method is necessary for identifying valuable patents among mostly non-valuable patents.

20• • • • • • •

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Forward and Backward Citations Exhibit Knowledge Flow

17 U.S. Patents17 U.S. Patents

1 Foreign Patent1 Foreign Patent4,901,307

Qualcomm, Inc.Issued 1990

4,901,307Qualcomm, Inc.

Issued 1990

821 U.S. Patents Citing

Qualcomm Patent

821 U.S. Patents Citing

Qualcomm Patent

14 Other Refs, Including:11 Science References,

2 Books,1 advert.

14 Other Refs, Including:11 Science References,

2 Books,1 advert.

Backward Citations (References AKA Prior Art)

Forward Citations

Timeline

1971-87 1990 1991-2007

Starting Patent references prior art, and is cited by later patents

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The Science Base

The Backward Citations represent the prior art. Current patents build upon and expand the utility of the prior art.

The Science Base is the portion of prior art consisting of scientific papers.

Patents with a strong science base tend to be more novel than those with only patent prior art.

E.g. a mousetrap that makes an incremental improvement on an earlier mechanism will reference a predecessor patent.A mousetrap that uses a new improved long-lasting material for the mechanism, will probably cite to a scientific paper.

22• • • • • • •

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Forward Citations

Forward citations measure the impact of a patent or set of patents.A groundbreaking idea will often lead to a number of new patents that cite the original idea. E.g. When the LCD panel was developed it led to hundreds of new innovations as companies incorporated LCD’s into calculators, phones, microwaves, etc.Each new use or expansion will cite back to the original invention, so that citations can be used to measure a patent’s impact.Numerous validation studies have confirmed this intuitive idea:

Inventor awards correlated with high citation.Companies with many highly cited patents outperform other companies in the stock market.Pioneering Patents, Hall of Fame Patents, Historically Significant Patents, all cited 3-6 times more than patents from the same technology and era.

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Patent Metrics

Over the years a variety of metrics have been developed for measuring the impact and quality of patents, companies, inventors, etc.

Typically a study involves identifying a patent set in an industry or technology and then benchmarking it by company.

Following is an example scoreboard that appeared in IEEE Spectrum last November.

Boeing and others generated press releases touting their rankings after the magazine was published.

New version just appeared in the November 2007 Spectrum.

Benchmark studies of technologies and industries use the same type of scoreboards.

24• • • • • • •

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Subset of Scoreboard from IEEE Spectrum Nov. 2006 (produced by 1790 Analytics)

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The Number of Patent References of All Types is Rising

5.14

17.80

0.85

3.62

0.46

4.89

0.1

1

10

100

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Ref

eren

ces

per P

aten

t

US Patents ReferencedNon-US Patents ReferencedNon-Patent References

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References to Non-Patent Prior Art are Growing Fastest

3.46

4.25

10.65

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Ref

eren

ces/

Pat d

ivid

ed b

y 19

84 R

efer

ence

s/Pa

t

US Patents Referenced (Growth)Non-US Patents Referenced (Growth)Non-Patent References (Growth)

27• • • • • • •

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Percent of 2006 References Added by Patent Examiner

Reference Type# 2006

References# Added by Examiner

% Added by

Examiner

US Patent References 3,095,134 1,064,875 34%

Non-US Patent References 629,979 46,333 7%

Non-Patent References 851,233 60,845 7%

28• • • • • • •

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Reference Growth Implications I

• All references are growing, but Non-Patent References (journal articles, technical reports, etc.) are growing at twice the rate of the others.

• There are several reasons why patents make references. 1. Inventor sees a paper or patent and thinks of a way to improve it.2. Inventor/company sees a successful product and attempts to ‘build-around’ the

product’s patent.3. Inventor, attorney, or examiner does a prior art search and adds references to

limit claims.

• It isn’t easy to determine which references are inspirational and whichwere added during a prior art search.

• The NPRs are more likely to be inspirational because much fewer are added by the examiner.

• In economic studies (such as Branstetter, 2003) empirical evidence has been presented that suggests that the nature of inventive activity has changed such that scientific articles are leading to more inventive activity.

29• • • • • • •

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Reference Growth Implications II

• Branstetter (2003) suggests that knowledge spillovers from university science into patents are at least partially responsible for increases in R&D productivity.

• Articles, technical reports, product specifications, are all more available electronically, are seen by more people, including potential inventors, and are more efficiently incorporated into inventions.

• He points out that surging patent applications and grants that started in the 1980s, and still persist today, have far outpaced investments in both public and private R&D. One explanation is that more efficient use of scientific research has led to more innovations from fewer dollars than in the past.

• Bottom line:1. Availability of E-Resources one of the driving forces of the increased

references.2. In at least some of the cases the increased availability of E-Resources

likely inspired new patented technologies

30• • • • • • •

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Reference Growth Implications III

• But, how come patent prior art is also increasing? Also likely due to E-Resources.

• In 1980’s patents only available on paper in patent repositories.

• Early 1990’s searchable CD-ROMs (available but somewhat expensive)

• Late 1990s PTO put up a limited web site of all US patents.

• Early 2000s other patent websites added like EPO online, Delphion, Google Pats, etc.

31• • • • • • •

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NPRs Increasing In All Technologies

7.6

1.4

16.2

1.50.9

0.19

3.14

0.71

4.3

8.7

-1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

1719

84

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

# N

PRS

Per P

aten

t

Building/Construction/Housing Materials and FixturesChemicalElectricalBiotech/Pharma/HealthMechanicalOtherSemiconductors/Computers/CommunicationInstruments/Measuring, Testing & ControlIndustrial Processes/Tools/EquipmentAgriculture/Husbandry/Food

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NPRs In Every Category Have Increased at Least 5-Fold

11.7

5.1

10.5

7.3

16.80

6.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1619

84

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

# N

PRS

Per P

aten

t / #

NPR

s Pe

r 198

4 Pa

tent

Building/Construction/Housing Materials and FixturesChemicalElectricalBiotech/Pharma/HealthMechanicalOtherSemiconductors/Computers/CommunicationInstruments/Measuring, Testing & ControlIndustrial Processes/Tools/Equipment

33• • • • • • •

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NPRs Increasing in Most Top Countries

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Aus

tralia

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada

Chi

na

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Gre

at B

ritai

n (U

K)

Hon

g K

ong

Indi

a

Isra

el

Italy

Japa

n

Kor

ea (S

outh

)

Net

herla

nds

Nor

way

Sin

gapo

re

Spa

in

Sw

eden

Sw

itzer

land

Taiw

an

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

1987-911992-961997-012002-06

34• • • • • • •

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Notes on Previous Slides

• All categories have seen growth in NPRs.

• Health related categories have the most NPRs but not the highest growth.

• Different countries have different NPR growth patterns. Denmark has the highest average NPRs. It probably has a lot of life science patents. Taiwan has the lowest NPR rate; it hasa lot of Semiconductor patents.

• The remaining slides will be related to semiconductors, computer, and telecom patents aka Information and Communications Technology (ICT).

• ICT Patents have had 6-Fold increase in NPRs

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Distribution of ICT NPRs

0.93

1.47

0.35

0.64

0.480.43

0.210.150.10

0.060.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

# R

efer

ence

s Pe

r Pat

ent

Journal

Conference/ Seminar/Meeting

Patent Abstract/SearchReportInternet Article/W ebPage

Book Chapter

Corporate Document

Standards Document

TechnicalReport/NotesMagazine

Brochure

Press Release

IBM TechnicalDisclosure Bulletin

36• • • • • • •

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Notes on Previous Slide

• The bulk of the ICT NPRs are Journal and Conference references.

• Although these are supposed to be Non-Patent References, they do include some references that are patent applications.

• Web pages and internet articles have seen the highest growth. None in 1997 to 0.43 per ICT patent in 2006.

37• • • • • • •

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What are the Top Items Referenced in ICT Patents?

36943703

37103733

37533763

390340914378

44834776

513551365146

69759003

935710392

1206014064

19052

2382824055

90670

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

<conf> IEEE Int Solid State Circuits

IEEE Transactions on Magnetism

<conf> Mat Res Society (Misc. Conf.)

<Std> International Telecommunication Union

Misc. IEEE Transactions

Misc SPIE

Misc. Society for Inf . Display

Journal of Non-Crystal Solids

Journal of Electrochem Society

SPIE Proc

<Book> Silicon Processing for the VLSI Era

<conf> IEEE Int Conf Acous? ICASSP)

IEEE tr Electron Devices

<conf> IEEE/JPN Soc App Phys - symp on VLSI tech

JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS

Electronics Letters

Journal of Applied Physics

<conf> IEEE Int Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)

IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS

Misc. ACM Journals and Conferences

Applied Physics Letters

IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin

<conf> IEEE Misc Conferences

Unspecif ied IEEE Journals

Total Number of References

Journals

Conferences

Books

IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin

Standards Doc

38• • • • • • •

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Who are the Top Publishers Referenced in ICT Patents?

4830

488849805072

511351465475

565860997077

87701441615248

265783275236528

39937234693

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

JOHN WILEY & SONS/WILEY-VERLAG/WILEY-LISS

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY

IEICE-INST ELEC INFO COMM ENG

Joint IEEE and ACM

ACS-AMER CHEMICAL SOC

IEEE/JPN Soc App Phys

AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC

SID-Society for Information Display

ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC

INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS

OPTICAL SOC AMER

SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING

IEE-INST ELEC ENG

IBM CORP

ACM-ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY

AVS-AIP AMER INST PHYS

Reed/Elsevier/Pergamon/Academic Press

IEEE-INST ELEC ELECTRONICS ENG INC

Total # References

39• • • • • • •

•••


Top Patenting Companies in US 2006(All Patents; not just ICT)

A s s ig n e e2 0 0 6 U S P a te n t

C o u n t 1 9 9 7 -2 0 0 6 U S P a te n t C o u n tIn te rn a tio n a l B u s in e s s M a c h in e s C o rp 3 6 6 6 3 0 5 2 8H ita c h i L td 3 1 5 9 1 9 3 6 2S a m s u n g E le c tro n ic s C o L td 2 7 4 2 1 5 3 1 8M a ts u s h ita E le c tr ic In d u s tr ia l C o . L td . 2 7 3 1 1 8 1 9 3C a n o n In c 2 4 7 7 2 0 3 2 4H e w le tt-P a c k a rd C o 2 1 9 5 1 5 5 4 5S o n y C o rp 2 1 6 2 1 6 4 0 2In te l C o rp o ra tio n 1 9 6 9 1 1 4 9 8T o s h ib a C o rp 1 9 0 2 1 3 9 8 7F u jits u L im ite d 1 6 8 8 1 3 5 5 7M ic ro s o ft C o rp o ra tio n 1 6 2 4 5 9 7 4M ic ro n T e c h n o lo g y In c . 1 6 2 3 1 3 4 9 7S ie m e n s A k tie n g e s e lls c h a ft 1 5 3 8 1 3 3 6 8G e n e ra l E le c tr ic C o m p a n y 1 3 8 9 1 2 5 1 5F u ji P h o to F ilm C o . L td 1 3 2 1 1 0 3 7 9S e ik o E p s o n C o rp o ra tio n 1 2 6 8 6 4 1 6N E C C o rp 1 1 0 0 1 5 8 5 8H o n d a M o to r C o . L td .(G ik e n K o g yo K K ) 1 0 2 9 6 7 6 2K o n in k lijk e P h ilip s E le c tro n ic s N .V . 1 0 1 5 1 1 1 8 8In f in e o n T e c h n o lo g ie s A G 9 4 4 4 3 5 6M o to ro la In c . 8 9 4 1 0 7 9 8T e x a s In s tru m e n ts In c 8 9 0 7 6 1 4A lc a te l-L u c e n t 8 8 8 1 1 9 5 7S h a rp C o rp 8 8 0 6 5 7 6N ip p o n d e n s o C o . L td . 8 2 1 5 7 7 1

40• • • • • • •

•••


# Patent References from Top 25 Companies to Top 20 Publishers

96719 (38 .49% )

23132 (9 .21% )

17202 (6 .85% )

15833 (6 .30% )

10124 (4 .03% )

5638 (2 .24% )

4728 (1 .88% )

4707 (1 .87% )

3850 (1 .53% )

3789 (1 .51% )

3494 (1 .39% )

3437 (1 .37% )

3348 (1 .33% )

3184 (1 .27% )

2831 (1 .13% )

2761 (1 .10% )

2380 (0 .95% )

2277 (0 .91% )

1781 (0 .71% )

1702 (0 .68% )

0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0

IBM Corp

Spr inger /Spr inger W ien /Sp r inger -V er lag

S ID-Soc ie ty Fo r In f o rma tion Dis p lay

Optic a l Soc A mer

Ma te r ia ls Res ea rc h Soc ie ty

A mer ic an Phy s ic a l Soc

IEICE- Ins t Elec In f o Comm Eng

IEEE/Jpn Soc A pp Phy s

Genera l Elec tr ic Co .

Elec troc hemic a l Soc Inc

Ins t Pure A pp lied Phy s ic s

John W iley &Sons /W iley -V er lag /W iley -L is s

A CS-A mer Chemic a l Soc

IEE- Ins t Elec Eng

SPIE- In t Soc ie ty O p tic a l Eng ineer ing

US Dep t O f Energy

A CM-A s s oc Computing Mac h ine ry

A V S /A IP A m V ac Soc /A m Ins t Phy s

Reed /Els ev ie r /Pe rgamon/A c ad Pres s

IEEE

41• • • • • • •

•••


A Tangentially Related Fact

• In a study we did for the National Institute of Standards (NIST) and the US Patent Office we found:

• Clusters of patents that represent emerging technologies tend to reference scientific journals more so than average patents.

• It follows that the increasing availability of E-Resources should lead to more and faster development of emerging technologies.

42• • • • • • •

•••


Conclusions

• Patents are building on E-Resources in general and journal science in particular at an increasing rate.

• The increasing availability of E-Resources is leading to increased journal and conference referencing, and is likely increasing inventor efficiency.

• The increasing references to Non-Patent items is occurring in every technology and every inventor country.

• E-Resources provide an important building block for technology improvements, particularly in Information and Communications Technology (ICT).

• Emerging technology patents tend to reference more journal papers than average patents. The implication is that the increased availability of E-Resources should lead to more and faster developments in emerging technologies.

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References

• Branstetter, Lee, 2003, “Is Academic Science Driving a Surge in Industrial Innovation? Evidence from Patent Citations,” Columbia Business School, Discussion Paper #28.

• Breitzman “Analysis of Patent Referencing to IEEE Papers, Conferences, and Standards,” 2006. 1790 Analytics, LLC

• Breitzman, “The Effect of E-Resources on Technology Development”, Concert Conference Paper, Taiwan, November 15, 2007.

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Thank you!

Anthony BreitzmanTel: 856-216-1790 x13

[email protected]

1790 Analytics130 Haddon Ave.

Haddonfield, NJ 08033

Documents

The Effect of E-Resources on Technology Development · Haier Group Corp Gem Services Inc Johnson Electric SA Tsinghua University IBM United Microelectronics Corp Flying Dragon Development