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340 Bibliography

Index

AAbol Hassan, Mirza, 267Adamjee, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273,

274Aden, 29, 294Afghanistan, 6, 66, 232Africa, 26, 28, 29, 105, 207, 266,

268, 289Agrarian Committee, 142Agrarian Reforms Committee, 142Ahmedabad, 194, 195Ahmed, Gul, 269Ahmed, Mirza, 267Aid India Consortium, 49Allen, George, 245Ambassador car, 257Andrew Yule, 188, 239, 245, 246Antwerp, 207, 208Arabian Sea, 28, 294

army, 7, 8, 13, 17, 23, 26, 28, 29, 32,33, 60, 62, 71, 86, 87, 220,270, 298

Arpico, 279Ashok Leyland, 250, 254Asian Relations Conference, 191Assam Oil Company, 197Atlantic Slave Trade, 28Atlas, 269Attock, 269Axiata, 282

BBahrain, 289Bandarnaike, Sirimavo, 74Bandaranaike, S.W.R.D., 77Bangalore, 208, 209, 257, 263Bangladesh Bank, 31

© The Author(s) 2017T. Roy, The Economy of South Asia, Palgrave Studiesin Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54720-6

341

Bangur, Mugneeram, 245, 247Bank of Ceylon, 31banks, 53, 59, 66, 67, 70, 83, 119,

120, 183, 211, 218, 244, 247,254, 259, 261, 268, 271, 273,281, 283, 292

Barani, 171Baroda Rayon, 254Bawany group, 272Bayer, 202, 208, 256Begg Dunlop, 245Begg Sutherland, 245Bengal delta, 24, 68, 131, 223, 297Bengal Land Revenue

Comission, 145Bettelheim, Charles, 247BEXIMCO, 274, 275Bharat Earth Movers Ltd, 198Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd

(BHEL), 198, 260Bhutan, 6Bhutto, Benazir, 65Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 53, 65, 69, 143Bihar, 92, 98, 160, 165, 168Biratnagar Jute Mill, 87Bird, 239, 245, 246Birla, 43, 208, 239, 247,

250, 256, 257Bombay, 8, 17, 29, 30, 45, 183, 194,

195, 202, 207, 208, 245, 249,255, 257, 258, 266, 267, 268

Bombay Textile Strike (1982-3), 202Brick Lane, 297British American Tobacco, 258British Empire, 7, 15, 21, 27, 28,

232, 300, 306British India Corporation, 245Burma, 6, 197, 268, 272, 297

CCalcutta, 8, 17, 21, 29,

183, 188, 202, 239,243, 244–246, 249,255, 257, 258, 266,267, 272, 273

caste, 25, 91, 169, 262CEAT Tyres, 257cement, 80, 198, 199, 201,

208, 218, 220, 249,257, 269, 274, 283

Central Asia, 232Ceylon Tobacco Company, 282Chakma, 288Chambers of commerce, 29, 242,

248, 271Chaudhary, Bhuramull, 282, 283Chaudhary group, 282, 283Chayanov, A.V., 139China, 25, 86, 90, 93, 105, 190, 208,

231, 232, 245, 259, 261Chinioti, 266, 267Chittagong, 17, 267, 273, 297Chowdhury, Samson H., 272, 273Chrysler, 249cinnamon, 279Coca Cola, 242, 251, 257Coconut, 76, 80, 147, 148, 279, 281coffee, 17, 76, 78, 80, 244, 276Cold War, 18, 49, 60, 66, 81, 90,

197, 308Colombo, 17, 84, 277, 279–282Colombo Dockyard, 281, 282colonialism, 7, 8, 23, 24, 26–30, 40,

43–44, 123, 310Communist Party of India

(Marxist), 138Communist Party, Nepal, 87

342 Index

companies, 7, 28, 43, 49, 53, 70, 71,81, 147, 148, 149, 187, 197,198, 199, 201, 203

Condon, J., 245Constituional Act (1935), 30Consumer good, 43, 47, 60, 60, 72,

80, 192, 199, 201, 219, 235,243, 251, 283, 302

convergence, 3, 4, 19, 35, 36, 119,120, 305–313

Cooper, W.E., 245Coromandel, 265corruption, 65, 67, 70, 79, 89, 91,

126, 204, 222, 271, 274, 276Cotton mills, 54, 193, 194, 195,

245, 272credit, 11, 120, 134, 148, 158, 160,

169, 178, 190, 216Crescent group, 267Crown Lands (encroachment)

Ordinance, 1840, 76Currency Board, 31

DDaewoo, 224Dalmia-Jain, 245Datacraft, 256Dawood, Ahmed, 269,

270, 272, 273Deccan Plateau, 6De Mel, Jacob, 279, 280democracy, 15, 26, 30, 62, 91Demographic dividend, 99Dependency School, 57Desh-Daewoo, 224De Silva, Ernest, 279De Zoysa, Cyril, 279

Dhaka, 31, 221, 268Dialog, 282diamonds, 207, 208divergence, 4, 19, 101, 119, 305–313Donoughmore Commission (1927-

31), 31Drèze, Jean, 13, 103, 104dualism, 78, 148Duff, Thomas, 245Duncan, 246Du Pont, 242, 252Dutch colonies, 75

EEast India Company, 28,

85, 131, 240Ecology, 146, 155, 176Economic Commission for Latin

America, 43economic development, 25, 33–34,

39, 77, 88, 123, 221economic growth, 3, 4, 5, 16, 26, 35,

60, 63, 64, 67, 69, 79, 84, 88,91, 99, 101, 102, 113, 125,127, 135, 160, 168, 296, 305,306, 313

Economic nationalism, 34,40, 44, 310

education, 13, 20, 26, 63, 64,66, 73, 76, 77, 79, 86,87, 90, 98, 99, 103, 104,105, 106–109, 173, 210,226, 241, 262, 264, 270,283, 289, 294, 295, 299,300, 311

Education Act, 1945, 77

Index 343

electricity, 46, 51, 56, 87, 157, 159,160, 169, 218, 223, 224, 244

EMI, 257Emirates, 281, 289Employment, 29, 53, 55, 65, 69, 95,

98, 100, 101, 108, 126, 185,201, 203, 209, 212, 217, 218,219, 223, 225–227, 250, 290,292, 301

Ershad, H.M., 71Europe, 7, 8, 21, 28, 29, 30, 35, 76,

78, 83, 84, 99, 147, 149, 240,241, 265, 276, 279, 283, 294,301, 302

Export Processing Zone, 83,213, 231

FFaisalabad, 267, 268famine, 70, 76, 99, 137, 144, 170,

189, 191Fancy group, 271fertility, 72, 96, 97, 98, 99, 174, 175,

178fertilizer, 51, 64, 80, 137, 139, 155,

156, 157, 159, 160, 165, 169,172, 174, 175, 176, 192, 198,199, 203, 251, 310

Field Crops Research andDevelopment Institute, 176

Fiji, 300First Five-Year Plan (India), 45,

88, 132food, 17, 18, 29, 34, 36, 46, 48, 51,

60, 62, 63, 66, 70, 72, 76, 79,81, 82, 89, 92, 96, 99, 107,117, 129, 145, 160, 168, 169,

170, 189, 191, 192, 196, 199,205, 219, 232, 235, 243, 257,274, 279, 283, 297, 308

Forbes list, 260foreign aid, 18, 48–51, 60, 62, 63,

68, 70, 72, 81, 82, 89, 90, 92,178, 196, 197, 201

foreign investment, 17, 43, 48, 56,63, 67, 92, 147, 192, 201, 203,208, 212, 240, 252, 255, 258,261, 312

Foster, A.D., 164n14, 166

GGandhi, M.K., 16, 45, 52, 53, 54,

56, 202, 205, 250, 252garment, 18, 20, 83, 85, 195, 220,

223, 223–227, 230, 275, 311Gas, 196, 197, 199, 218, 259, 281,

300Gender Development Index, 114geography, 6, 7, 23–36, 40, 115,

156, 157, 171, 306, 310Ghani group, 269Gillanders Arbuthnot, 244Gillette, 256Gini coefficient, 113, 161Gladstone, John, 245Glaxo, 199, 243, 251Goa, 98Goenka, R.P., 246, 281Goodyear, 256Gounder, 166Great Depression, 17, 33Green Revolution, 18, 20, 35, 36,

56, 62, 64, 72, 115, 137, 138,143, 146, 155–178, 192, 204,

344 Index

217, 218, 219, 251, 308, 310,311, 312

Guest Keen Williams, 243Gujarat, 165, 166, 197, 254, 265,

267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 300Gurgaon, 209Guyana, 300

HHabib Bank, 219, 269Hameem, 274Haq, Mahbub ul, 103, 104Haq, Ziaul, 66, 67Haroon group, 270Headcount ratio, 110, 111Health Act, 1953, 77Henderson, George, 245, 272High Yielding Varieties, 177Himalayas, 6, 7, 25, 298Hinduja, 254Hindustan Machine Tools, 198Hindustan Motors, 249, 255, 257Hong Kong, 29, 230, 232, 300Human Development Index,

103, 105Hyderabad, 209, 257

IICI, 243, 257IFIC Bank, 274IISCO, 197Import-substituting

industrialization, 33, 42, 60,79, 81, 186, 191, 198–200,232, 241, 256

Indian Merchants Chamber, 248

Indian National Congress, 40Indian Telephone Industries, 198Indira Gandhi, 51, 53, 54, 250Indo-British firms, 21, 187, 246Indo-Gangetic Basin, 6, 7, 23, 24,

36, 130, 136, 155, 156, 171,306, 310

Indo-Nepal Treaty, 1950, 86, 87Indonesia, 300Indo-Pakistan War, 1965, 49Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, 46Industrial Policy Resolution, 46Industries (Development and

Regulation) Act, 1951, 46Indus Waters Treaty, 58infant mortality, 27, 104information technology, 3, 108, 204,

210, 259, 262, 311Infosys, 262institutions, 3, 4, 26, 29, 56, 62, 64,

73, 90, 125–127, 205, 210,211, 222, 261, 279, 313

International Monetary Fund, 55, 67International Rice Research

Institute, 157Islam, Zahurul, 274Ispahani group, 274Ispahani, Mirza Mehdy, 272

JJalil (Amin) group, 271Jamaica, 300James Finlay, 246Jamuna group, 274Japan, 8, 15, 50, 54, 133, 190, 191,

216, 232, 247, 281, 282Jardine Skinner, 245

Index 345

Jardine, William, 245Jawaharlal Nehru, 52, 62Jayawardena, Harry, 281Jinnah, M.A., 58, 62, 268, 269J.K. Synthetics, 254Johnson and Johnson, 199, 242, 251Jones, Gavin, 245jute mills, 87, 245, 247, 273

KKammas, 166Kandy, 176Kannan Devan, 247Kanpur, 245Karachi, 17, 66, 183, 266, 267, 269Karachi Steel Mill, 66Kashmir, 49Kassim Dada group, 268Kassim, Osman, 282Kathiawar, 268Kathmandu Valley, 25, 86, 87, 92Kerala, 98, 106, 108–109, 133Kettlewell Bullen, 245Khaitan, 246Khan, Abdul Kasem, 272–275Khan, Ayub, 61, 61n31,

64, 69, 142, 270Khan, Liaquat Ali, 58Khan, Yahya, 64, 69Khetan group, 283King Mahendra, 87knitwear, 196, 205, 227, 274Kochanek, Stanley, 10n5, 248Korea, 15, 208, 224, 230, 241, 258,

261, 266, 282Krishna-Godavari Basin, 252Krishna, Raj, 134

Kumudini Trust, 275Kuwait, 289

Llabour productivity, 165, 186, 211Ladejinsky, Wolf, 133Lahore, 217, 265Land reform, 5, 13, 16, 17, 33, 34,

35, 50, 68, 77, 79, 83, 84,129–152, 277, 298, 307, 310

Land Reform Act, Nepal, 1964, 298Lanka Orix Leasing Company, 281Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 78Latif, Mian Muhammad, 269Latin America, 20, 26, 43–44law, 13, 29, 30, 32, 59, 68, 92,

125, 132, 141, 142, 207,213, 239, 240

Left movement, 34–35, 70, 91, 133Levers, 199, 242, 251Levkovsky, A.I., 247Lewis, W.A., 163Leyland Motors, 250Liberalization, 10n4, 11, 12, 14,

19, 20, 36, 40, 54, 56, 62,66, 68, 71, 72, 80, 81, 83,85, 108, 119, 204, 206,212n36, 220, 233, 234,253, 254n19, 258–259,262, 287, 308, 312

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, 84Libya, 289life expectancy, 85, 104Life Insurance Corporation, 204Lipton, Thomas, 277literacy, 27,

87, 103, 104

346 Index

MMacneill-Barry, 186Madagascar, 300Madras, 17, 29, 76,

136n10, 183,250, 257, 267

Mahalanobis, P.C., 47, 193Mahaweli Programme, 177Malaria, 86, 150Malawi, 300Malaysia, 241, 269, 282, 300Maldives, 6, 290Manchester, 30, 195, 243Mansha, Mian Muhammad, 269Maoism, 36, 51, 91, 92,

93, 164, 310Maruti, 252, 254, 259Marwari, 187, 256, 282–283Marxist, 10n4, 63n35, 78, 137, 138,

152, 189, 200, 247, 277Mather and Platt, 243, 258Matheson, James, 245Mauritius, 300McLeod, Charles, 239, 245Mehta, Giridharilal, 245Mercedes Benz, 249Merrill Lynch, 256Metal Box, 243, 258microfinance, 26, 120, 227Middle East, 66, 279migration, 7, 8, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29,

36, 40, 41, 86, 89, 107,107n15, 109, 115, 118, 118,120, 121, 152, 178, 265,287–302, 306, 311

Military rule, 15, 26, 67, 74, 275Modernization, 205, 211, 223Monnoo group, 268

Monopolies and Restrictive TradePractices Act, 201

Morris, M.D., 104, 249Mughal Empire, 141Multan, 266Multanis, 187Multifibre Arrangement, 224Mundhra, Haridas, 245, 247Musharraf, Pervez, 61n31, 67Mushtaq, Dewan, 269Muslim Commercial Bank, 219, 269Muslim League, 9, 58, 67, 268, 310Myint, HlaMyrdal, Gunnar, 142

NNarayanganj, 221Nassa group, 274National Institute of Information

Technology, 262nationalism, 33–34, 40, 44, 69, 82,

86, 213, 310Nationalization, 34, 36, 43, 53, 56,

81, 119, 124, 147, 198, 203,219, 249, 250, 269, 273, 274,277, 279

National Planning Committee, 45Nattukottai Chettiar, 187Nehru, Jawaharlal, 16, 51,

62, 241, 250Nepali Congress, 87, 92Nepal Rastra Bank, 31Nestle, 199, 242, 251, 282New Delhi, 10n5, 12, 16n24,

63n35, 185, 249New Zealand, 300Nigeria, 300

Index 347

NOCIL, 257Nongovernmental Orgnaization

(NGO), 73, 205, 227North Arcot, 191–192North West Frontier Province, 141

OOctavius Steel, 245Oman, 289Operation Barga, 138–139Ottoman Empire, 28

PPakistan People's Party, 67Papanek, G., 57–58Parle, 257Partition, 17, 32, 40, 42, 59–60,

187, 190, 272, 288Patidar, 166Permanent Settlement, 68Persian Gulf, 18, 35, 66, 121, 219,

288, 289, 294, 297, 298, 300,301, 302, 308

Persian Gulf migration, 289Petman, Bevan, 245petrochemicals, 198, 203, 208, 252petroleum, 80pharmaceuticals, 205, 227, 243,

259, 275Philips, 199, 242, 251Physical Quality of Life Index, 114Pieris, Richard, 279–281Planning, 42, 45, 88, 98,

136n10, 308plantations, 8, 17, 29, 76, 78, 80, 81,

84, 108, 129, 147–149, 215,

230, 239, 244–246, 272,276–281

Population growth, 1n1, 24, 36, 60,66, 82, 85, 96, 99, 102, 116,130, 136, 136n10, 137, 167,178, 310

Portuguese colonies, 75Poverty, 8, 9, 24, 33, 34, 52, 56, 104,

109–113, 124, 129, 130, 139,144, 152, 164, 165, 169, 170,186, 189, 200, 290, 293, 307

Power-loom, 194, 196, 216,224, 312

Premier Automobiles, 249privatization, 55, 67, 71, 83, 85,

124, 219–220, 223, 270,275, 281, 308

protectionism, 33, 43n4, 310Pune, 209, 258Punjab, 51, 59, 64, 106, 131, 138,

141, 158–161, 165, 166, 168,169, 171–174, 187, 204, 212,217, 219, 266–268, 272,296, 310

Pushtun, 297

QQatar, 289

RRahimtoola, Habib Ibrahim, 268Rahimtoola, Ibrahim, 268, 270Rahman, Mujibur, 71Rahman, A.S.F., 274Rahman, Salman Fazlur, 273, 276Rahman, Ziaur, 71, 276

348 Index

Railway, 86, 198Ranade, M.G., 44–45Rasna, 257Regional inequality, 24, 75, 89, 162,

164, 171, 178, 216, 221, 310Reliance, 46, 162, 168, 215, 251,

253, 259, 265, 308Remittance, 18, 35, 36, 55, 83, 91,

109, 120–122, 204, 219,290–294, 296–299, 308

Reserve Bank of India, 31Rohilla, 187Rosenzweig, M., 166rubber, 76, 78, 80, 147, 148, 199,

201, 258, 268, 279, 280rural industrialization, 165–167

SSAARC, 6Safavid Empire, 28Saha, Ranada Prasad, 272, 275Saigol group, 269Saran, Raghunandan, 250Satyam, 262Saudi Arabia, 269, 289, 292Schultz, T.W., 164Seers, Dudley, 149Sen, Amartya, 13, 79, 102, 103Senanayake, D.S., 77SG Group, 282Shaikh group, 270Sharda group, 283Shipbreaking, 227Sikh, 141, 266Sind, 64, 106, 141, 174, 219, 266Singapore, 29, 208Singhania, G.H., 239, 254

Smith, Adam, 281Softlogic Holdings, 282Software, 20, 117, 121, 208, 209,

262, 263, 282, 311South Asian Trade Agreement, 235Southeast Asia, 49, 54, 91, 104, 207,

208, 259, 278, 289, 300Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 66Sprint, 256SRF, 256Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP),

77, 148Sri Lankan Civil War, 91, 288Sri Lanka Telecom, 281, 282Standard Motors, 249, 254State Bank of Pakistan, 31, 67steel, 8, 46, 48, 49, 66, 80, 197–199,

201, 232, 239, 246, 249, 260,274, 284

Subsidy, 62, 69, 81–82, 117, 130,159, 160, 218, 222, 311

Surajmal-Nagarmal, 246, 247Suzuki Motors, 203, 205, 252Sylheti, 297

TTaiwan, 133, 200, 208Tamil Nadu, 76, 85, 158,

160, 165, 166,192, 204

Tamils, Sri Lankan, 84Tamil United Liberation Front, 84tariff, 29, 43, 47, 55, 67, 72, 79, 83,

89, 119, 170, 188, 189, 192,198, 199, 206, 211, 221–223,242, 253, 287

Tata Consultancy Services, 264

Index 349

tea, 17, 21, 69, 76, 78, 80, 84, 118,147, 148, 187, 192, 193, 200,207, 239, 243–246, 267,272–275, 276–281, 283

technical education, 20, 108, 311technology, 3, 18, 46, 53, 60, 66,

108, 131, 135, 138, 139, 155,158, 173, 174, 178, 188, 192,196, 200, 204, 209–212, 217,220, 241, 242, 252, 257, 259,261, 263, 287, 288, 302,307–311

TELCO, 250, 259telecom, 46, 56, 198, 241, 275,

281, 282tenancy, 69, 131, 132, 135, 138,

142, 143, 146Terai, 86, 87, 92, 150, 177, 178, 310Textile Policy, 194, 196, 203, 204,

220, 252Textiles, 3, 8, 17, 28, 60, 66, 118,

123, 192, 193, 195, 196,199–203, 205, 207, 208, 211,215, 216, 220, 222, 223, 230,232, 233, 235, 240, 245, 249,251, 265, 269, 272, 273, 275,303, 312

Thailand, 200, 300Tibet, 25, 87, 151, 232, 283, 288TISCO, 197, 200tourism, 90–91, 121, 206, 208,

264, 281Trade repression, 19, 118, 119, 130,

184–192, 241, 249trade union, 35, 46, 50, 51, 202,

213, 254, 258trading firms, 17, 32, 34, 43, 87,

183, 184, 186, 191, 208, 217,

224, 240, 243, 249, 267, 268,270, 277, 282

Travancore-Cochin, 108Treaty of Sugauli, 1816, 86Trickle down, 161Trinidad and Tobago, 300Turner, Alfred, 245Turner and Co, 245Two-gap model, 48Tyre, 80, 198, 199, 257, 279, 280

UUnited Arab Emirates, 289United Bank, 269United National Party (UNP), 77United Nations, 95, 103, 287Uruguay Round, 55, 170USSR, 18, 33, 35, 48–50, 54, 191,

197, 308Uttar Pradesh, 98, 310

VVaidya group, 283Videocon, 257Vodafone, 256

Wwater, 24, 51, 59, 71, 130, 137, 139,

144–146, 155–162, 167–169,171, 172, 175

Wazir Ali group, 270West Bengal, 63n35, 72, 133,

136n10, 138, 139, 146, 160,162n12, 165, 168, 175, 258

Williamson Magor, 246

350 Index

Wipro, 262, 264women, 96, 98, 100, 107, 108, 209,

213, 223, 225, 226, 231, 290,291, 299

World Bank, 18, 50, 59, 63, 67, 73,81, 83, 90, 95, 110–112, 205

World War II, 17, 20, 95, 199, 244,268, 272, 279

XXerox, 256

ZZamindar, 68–69, 131, 132, 134,

141, 145Zimbabwe, 300

Index 351