The Ecological Design and Planning Reader

Edited by Forster 0. Ndubisi

0 ISLANDPRESS WASHINGTON 1 COVELO 1 LONDON

Contents

Preface Acknowledgments

Introduction

Part One: Historical Precedents

xvii xxi

1

Introduction to Part One 13

Henry David Thoreau, "Higher Laws," Waiden (1854) 20

George Perkins Marsh, "lntroduction" (excerpts), Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action (1864) 25

David Lowenthal, "New lntroduction" (2003), Man and Nature (1864) by George Perkins Marsh 33 . Ebenezer Howard, "The Town-Country Magnet," Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898) 51

Patrick Geddes, "The Study of Cities," Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics (1915) 58

Benton MacKaye, "Regional Planning and Ecology," Ecological Monographs (1940) 66

Frederick Steiner, Gerald Young, and Ervin Zube, "Ecological Planning: Retrospect and Prospect," Landscape Journal (1988) 72

x Contents

Part Two: Ethical Foundations

Introduction to Part Two 93

Ian McHarg, "Man and the Environment," The Urban Condition (1963) 97

Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic," A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There (1949) 108

Rache! Carson, "The Obligation to Endure," Silent Spring (1962) 122

Timothy Beatley, "Ethical Duties to the Environment," Ethical Land Use: Principles of Policy and Planning (1994) 131

J. Baird Callicott, "Whither Conservation Ethics?" Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy (1999) 149

Part Three: Substantive Theory

lntroduction to Part Three 163

Catherine Howett, "Systems, Signs, Sensibilities: Sources for a New Landscape Aesthetic," Landscape Journal (1987) 169

Ian L. McHarg, "Open Space from Natural Processes," To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of !an L. McHarg (1998), edited by Frederick R. Steiner 181

Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan, "An Introduction to Ecological Design," Ecological Design (1996) 191

Eugene P. Odum, "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," Science (1969) 203

Richard T. T. Forman, "Foundations," Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions (1995) 217

Part Four: Procedural Theory

lntroduction to Part Four 237

Forster Ndubisi, "The First Landscape-Suitability Approach," Ecological Planning: A Historical and Comparative Synthesis (2002) 243

John Tillman Lyle, "Introduction," Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources (1985) 266

V. H. Dale, S. Brown, R. A. Haeuber, N. T. Hobbs, N. Huntly, R. J. Naiman, W. E. Riebsame, M. G. Turner, and T. J. Valone, "Ecological Principles and Guidelines for Managing the Use of

Contents xi

Land," Ecological Applications (2000) 279

Richard T. T. Forman, "Basic Principles for Molding Land Mosaics," Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (2008) 299

Jack Ahern, Elizabeth Leduc, and Mary Lee York, "lntroduction," Biodiversity Planning and Design: Sustainable Practices (2007) 320

Part Five: Methods and Processes

Introduction to Part Five 335

Ian L. McHarg, "An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture," Landscape Architecture (1967) 341

Lewis D. Hopkins, "Methods for Generating Land Suitability Maps: A Comparative Evaluation," Journal of the American Planning Association (1977) 348

Kevin Lynch and Gary Hack, "The Art of Site Planning," Site Planning (1984) 368

Danilo Palazzo and Frederick Steiner, "Processes," Urban Ecological

Design: A Process for Regenerative Places (2011) 379

Carl Steinitz, "On Teaching Ecological Principles to Designers," Ecology and Design: F.rameworks for Learning (2002) 390

William M. Marsh, "Framing the Land Use Plan: A Systems Approach," Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications (2010) 396

Forster Ndubisi, "A Synthesis of Approaches to Ecological Planning," Ecological Planning: A Historical and Comparative Synthesis (2002) 404

Part Six: Dimensions of Practice

Introduction to Part Six 429

Arthur H. Johnson, Jonathan Berger, and Ian L. McHarg, "A Case Study in Ecological Planning: The Woodlands, Texas," Planning the Uses and Management of Land (1979) 436

xii Contents

Design Workshop, "Project Discussion: Aguas Claras, Belo Horizonte, Brazil," Toward Legacy: Design Workshop's Pursuit of

Ideals in Landscape Architecture, Planning, and Urban Design (2007) 451

Chris Mulder, "Foreword," Thesen lslands (2008) 456

Carl Steinitz, Hector Arias, Scott Bassett, Michael Flaxman, Thomas Goode, Thomas Maddock III, David Mouat, Richard Peiser, and Allan Shearer, "The Upper San Pedro River Basin," Alternative Futures for Changing Landscapes: The Upper San Pedro River Basin in Arizona and Sonora (2003) 461

Kongjian Yu, "Reinvent the Good Earth: National Ecological Security Pattern Plan, China," Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu (2012), edited by William Saunders 466

Jie Hu, "From Regional Planning to Site Design-The Application , of 'Shan-shui City' Concept in Multi-scale Landscape Planning of

New Cities in China," International Federation of Landscape

Architects World Congress (2011) 470

David E. Miller, "Site: Building through Ecological Planning," Toward a New Regionalism: Environmental Architecture in the Pacific N orthwest (2005) 483

Part Seven: Emerging Frameworks

lntroduction to Part Seven 493

Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, "Ecological Footprints for Beginners," Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth (1996) 501

Peter Calthorpe, "The Region," The New Urbanism: Toward

Architecture of Community (1994) 506

Anthony Downs, "Smart Growth: Why We Discuss lt More than We Do lt," Journal of the American Planning Association (2005) 515

Frederick Steiner, "Landscape Ecological Urbanism: Origins and Trajectories," Landscape and Urban Planning (2011) 533

Jianguo Wu and Tong Wu, "Ecological Resilience as a Foundation for Urban Design and Sustainability," Resiliency in Ecology and Urban

Design: Linking Theory and Practice for Sustainable Cities (2013) 541

Contents xiii

Anne Whiston Spirn, "Ecological Urbanism: A Framework for the Design of Resilient Cities" (2014) · 557

Conclusion: Maintaining Adaptive and Regenerative Places 572

Copyright Information 597