Gregory D. S. AndersonLiving Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages

Mapping Language Endangerment and Diversity

The Eastern Siberia Language Hotspot

Presented at AAAS Feb 2007

San Francisco, CA

Eastern Siberia Language Hotspot

Tungusic Genetic Unit

‘hand’ ‘house’

Even Nal dZUU

Evenki naala/Naala dZuu[k]

Nanai Naala dZoo

Orok Naala duxu

Manchu gala boo

Genetic Unit Diversity vs. Language Diversity

• An area can have a high genetic diversity index but have few overall total languages. In models of linguistic diversity that focus on absolute numbers of languages, such areas would be and are overlooked completely

• One such area is Eastern Siberia

Genetic Units in Eastern Siberia

• Chukotko-Kamchatkan Itelmenic• Tungusic Aleut• Turkic Eskimoic

Ainuic {Slavic}• Yukaghiric Nivx • Mixed Language (Mednyj or Copper Island

Aleut)

Languages and Genetic Units of Eastern Siberia

• Some families and isolates (genetic units) are only found in Eastern Siberia

• Nivx• Yukaghiric (??+ Omok†, Chuvan†)• Chukotko-Kamchatkan • + Itelmen

Language Families in Eastern Siberia

Genetic Index of Eastern Siberia Language Hotspot

• The genetic index of Eastern Siberia is extraordinarily high, .523

• If you include extinct languages, it is .480 which is still extremely high

Some features of languages of Eastern Siberia

Elaborate ‘case’ systems: suffixes on nouns instead of prepositions

• word initial ng- (N-)

• Extremely long words (‘polysynthetic’ structure) corresponding to phrases or even sentences in English

Some unusual features of Siberian Languages

• Nivx counting forms

• Chukchi men’s vs. women’s speech

• Chukchi polysynthetic word structure

• Itelmen consonant clusters

Nivx (isolate)

• Amur Nivx gloss

• nˆr '4 people'

• nur '4 animals'

• (Panfilov 1962: 6-7, Gruzdeva 1998: 24)

Nivx counting

Chukchi Men’s vs. Women’s speech

• Men: r Women: tz

• Men: req´rk´n

• Women: tzeq´tz´n

• ‘what’s s/he doing?’

• (Kämpfe/Volodin 1995: 8)

Chukchi word-phrases

• Chukchi (Skorik: 1986: 107; Kämpfe/Volodin 1995: 88)

• revinret´N´rk´n

‘he wants to help’

• ganp´nac&g´rg´naqorama

‘with the old men's reindeers’

Itelmen

• klfknan ‘it fell out’

• kstk’¬knan ‘he jumped’

Language Documentation

• A language may be considered well documented if there is

• a writing system or a standardized means of rendering the words graphically or symbolically

• a grammar, dictionary/lexicon and glossed text collection

• and annotated, digital, searchable audio/video materials

Documentation of Eastern Siberian languages

• 100+ year history of language study but no Eastern Siberian language approaches this standard

• Many lack dictionaries and glossed texts• Almost all have no accessible annotated

digital audio or video materials

Documentation of Eastern Siberian languages

• Average level of documentation (0 is lowest, 5 is highest) ranges between 1.78 to 2.12 depending on whether extinct languages are included

• Kerek,Negidal, Oroch and Ulch stand out as the least documented

History of Russian-Indigenous Interactions in E. Siberia

• 17th century first Cossacks entered Eastern Siberia i.e. these were fur tribute exploitation colonies as long as payment of the fur was met without

resistance, the Native Siberians were mostly left alone

In Eastern Siberia, indigenous languages and cultures survived largely intact in the first two centuries of Russian rule

Brief History of Eastern Siberia

those who didn’t cooperate were often killed later during the initial phase of the penal

colony that Siberia is infamous for, the old friend of European colonialist expansion, smallpox, lent a helping hand in subjugating the Siberian peoples

The Yukaghir were particularly hard hit, literally decimated

Brief History of Eastern Siberia

• In the mid-to-late nineteenth century former serfs began occupying areas across Siberia and massive populations were moved or enticed there in the early Soviet period

• This was the era of the settlement colonies which usually spells trouble for local indigenous languages

Language Endangerment

• Languages become endangered when their speakers no longer pass them to the next generation.

• This decision is made due to a complex range of social and economic factors but once initiated, usually leads to language death (when it has no community of users at all)

Language Endangerment

• In Eastern Siberia there are 21 living indigenous languages; 20 are threatened or endangered and all but one of the remaining 11 genetic units endangered

Language Endangerment in Eastern Siberia

• Ainu†, Sirenik†, Omok†, Chuvan† are already extinct genetic units of the area

• Yukaghiric, Itelmen, Mednyj Aleut, and Nivx will soon follow

Eastern Siberia Language Hotspot

Eastern Siberian Language Endangerment

• Average level of endangerment is very high, 2.17 (0 is extinct, 5 healthy), or seriously endangered, average youngest speaker 60 or older

Language Endangerment in Eastern Siberia

• Kerek, Ulch, Orok, Oroch, Chukchi and Evenki stand out for their rapid decline

• Some reports suggest Orok is down to 10 speakers and Kerek under 5!

2002 Census Data

• ALL Languages but Aleut, Oroch, Yakut and Yukaghir report decrease in total number of speakers

• Yakut is absorbing other languages of Northeast Siberia

• Russian also expanding almost everywhere else

2002 Census

• Most drastic decline in Chukchi, Orok, Koryak, Nivx and Eskimo

• Orok down to 64 speakers, Kerek 15, Al’utor 40, Negidal 147, Sirenik now 0

• Considering these are inflated….