The “Eastern Question” 1870s--constant crisis in the Balkans (who

would control region?)

Russia's dream since reign of Catherine the Great was to retake the Balkans and ultimately Constantinople Pan-Slavism: Idea of uniting all Slavs in

Europe under one gov't (Russia)

Russia defeated the Ottoman Empire by 1878 and seemed poised to dominate the Balkans…more on Friday!

The “Eastern Question” Britain refused to accept Russian hegemony in

Balkans and sent navy to help Turks Extreme nationalistic spirit as demonstrated

through an aggressive foreign policy - occurs in Britain; known as jingoism

Bismarck offered to mediate the crisis (came to be the Congress of Berlin)

Imperialism and Empire - Africa 1880 – Most of

Africa consisted of independent states

Berlin Conference

1880 - Europeans controlled 10% of Africa By 1914 – With the

exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans

Berlin Conference (1884-1885): Effects

Established the "rules" for conquest of Africa

Sought to prevent conflict over imperialism

Conference coincided with Germany's rise as an imperial power

Agreed to stop slavery and slave trade in Africa

Russia left the conference with little despite defeating the Turks

Informally created new alliance system

Berlin Conference: Effects

Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro become independent states

Austrian acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Transfer of Cyprus to Great Britain

Berlin Conference: European Empires Expanding

Germany took control of Cameroon, Togo,

southwest Africa, & East Africa

France Controlled Tunisia, Algeria, French

West Africa (including Morocco, Sahara, Sudan, Congo basin)

Italy Controlled Libya

Great Britain Egypt & Sudan Battle of Omdurman (1898)

General Horatio H. Kitchener defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (use of machine gun) while only 28 Britons died

Modernization and Expansion in Egypt and Ethiopia: Muhammad Ali

• Napoleon’s successor in Egypt = Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)• Eliminated rivals (ruled 1805-1848)• Political, social and economic reforms created modern Egypt• Wanted military strength for defense against Europe

• Used European experts and techniques• Transformed landholding, increased agricultural production,

modern administration and army• European-style state school system; opened military college at Aswan• Used peasants to cultivate cotton for exports to pay expenses

• Combined Western methods and technology with Islamic religious and cultural traditions

• By end of reign: • population doubled• trade with Europe up 600%,• new class of educated people• provided own textiles, paper, weapons and military uniforms

Egypt protectorate of Great Britain

(1883 -1956)

model for the "new imperialism"

Egypt's inability to satisfy foreign investors led to control of its finances by France & Britain

Safeguarding the Suez Canal (completed in 1869) played a key role in the British occupation of Egypt and its bloody conquest of the Sudan

South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)

Cecil Rhodes had become Prime Minister of Cape Colony sponsor of the Cape-to Cairo dream ~ British domination of the African

continent

Diamonds & gold were discovered Region controlled by Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers)

Kruger Telegram (1902) Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) dispatched telegram to Boers congratulating

them on defeating British invaders without need of German assistance Anger swept through Britain aimed at Germany

Massive British force eventually defeated Boers (1910) The Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, & Natal combined to form

the Union of South Africa.

White Man’s Burden Assignment Read Ethel Wood packet pg. 431 (inset text)

Explain the term ‘White Man’s Burden’. What does it mean? How was the White Man’s Burden true? How was it false? What are some positive impacts of the Scramble for Africa?

Negative Impacts? (for Africa) Do educated, developed and wealthy nations have a

responsibility to under-developed nations? Why/Why not? Do educated and wealthy people have a responsibility to under-

privileged people? Why/Why not? Do you agree or disagree with Social Darwinism? Explain your

answer.