The Early Years 1776-1777. The Opposing Sides Objectives: Why some Americans supported the British....
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The Early Years 1776-1777. The Opposing Sides Objectives: Why some Americans supported the British. What were the strengths of both sides? What were the
The Opposing Sides Objectives: Why some Americans supported the
British. What were the strengths of both sides? What were the
weaknesses of both sides?
Slide 3
Opposing Sides Americans (Patriots) Patriots were the Americans
who wanted independence. British & Loyalists Loyalists were
Americans who wanted to remain loyal to the King. Religious
reasons. Economic reasons Fear of anarchy Did not see any
issues.
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African Americans At least 5,000 African Americans fought on
the Patriots side during the war. It is estimated nearly 20,000
served in the British army in some capacity.
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Notable African American Soldiers Peter SalemLemuel Hayes
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Advantages Patriots Fighting on home ground. Fighting for
freedom George Washington was their leader. British Superior Navy
Experienced, Well trained army Wealth of Empire Population
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Disadvantages Patriots Not all supported war. Lack of
army/navy. Lack military experience. Lack of weapons and
ammunition. Militias British British fighting far from home.
British cause for fighting. Hessians: cause was money
Slide 8
Raising an Army In the beginning, the Continental Congress
refused to give Washington a 40,000 man army. Instead a small
regular army supported by state militias. That would soon prove a
disaster.
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Women in the Army Margaret CorbinDeborah Sampson
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Molly Pitcher Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley distinguished herself
at the Battle of Monmouth.
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Self Check Can you name three reasons loyalists felt the way
they did? Which side had the edge in military strength? What were
those advantages? Which side had the better reasons for fighting?
What were those reasons?
Slide 12
Campaign for New York Objectives Why New York such a strategic
location. How the battles around New reflect the strengths and
weaknesses of both sides.
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New York New York, mouth of the Hudson River. Ice free year
round. Split the population of America in half. British felt if
they could split the colonies, use a naval blockade. It would stop
trade, troop movements, they could crush New England which they
felt was the core of the rebellion.
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British Invasion Force William HoweRichard Howe
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Battle of Long Island William Howes 9,000 men met his brother,
Richard Howe and his 23,000 men in New York. They went ashore on
Long Island and soundly defeated Washingtons army.. The war could
have ended if not for the actions of John Glover. His men did a
night evacuation of Washingtons army to Manhattan.
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Harlem Heights Washingtons army was driven from his position.
During the retreat the British bugled gone away which is used in
fox hunts meaning the fox is in full flight. This spurred the
Americans to make there best showing of the war to date, resulting
in the battle being considered a draw.
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American Outlook After New York The Continental Army had been
totally outclassed by Great Britains military. Howe settled in and
occupied New York while Washington retreated into Pennsylvania. At
years end, the one year enlistments for the soldiers would be up.
Washington needed a victory somehow.
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Self Check What role did the strengths of the British military
play in the campaign for New York?
Slide 19
Patriot Gains Objectives How the Americans gain victory at
Trenton and Princeton. How these victories helped the American
cause.
Slide 20
Battle of Trenton Christmas night, 1776 Washingtons army
crosses the Delaware River and attacks the Hessians at Trenton, New
Jersey. Caught by surprise, the Hessians are defeated.
Slide 21
Battle of Princeton British send General Cornwallis to take
care of Washington. He thinks he has Washington trapped, but he
escapes and defeats British cavalry on January 3, 1777, at Trenton.
Washington retreats onto Pennsylvania mountains for winter.
Slide 22
Valcour Bay October 11, 1776, American naval forces led by
Benedict Arnold meet and stop the southern advance of British army
from Canada. This prevents British from controlling the northern
end of the Hudson River.
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Self Check What were the effects of the American victories at
Trenton, Princeton, and Valcour Bay?
Slide 24
A British Plan for Victory Objectives How the British planned
to end the war in 1777. How the plan fell apart. How the American
victory at Saratoga changed history.
Slide 25
John Burgoynes Plan The separate British armies would launch
attacks: Barry St. Leger through Mohawk Valley. William Howe from
New York. John Burgoyne from Canada. All would meet near Albany,
NY, crush any resistance, split the colonies.
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Barry St. Leger Lands at Fort Oswego, begins marching east
through the Mohawk Valley. He reaches Fort Stanwix, the last
obstacle on the road to Albany. There he meets unexpected
opposition. Word arrives that American reinforcements are on the
way.
Slide 27
Oriskany A group of Tories and Mohawk Indians led by Chief
Joseph Brandt ambush the Americans at Oriskany.
Slide 28
Nickolas Herkimer Herkimer is badly wounded in leg. Has men
prop him against a tree. Herkimer will die as a result of improper
medical care
Slide 29
Benedict Arnold After the battle, word spread amongst the
Indian camps that Benedict Arnold was approaching with an army.
This caused the Indians to desert their British allies. Without
Indian help, St. Leger decided to go no further and he retreated to
Fort Oswego.
Slide 30
William Howe Before Howe would march north, he decided he would
capture Philadelphia first. He defeated Washington at Brandywine
and Germantown. However this took him until October which was too
late in the season to help Burgoynes plan.
Slide 31
John Burgoyne Believing his plan would be followed by St. Leger
and Howe, Burgoyne set out from Canada with 9,000 men, 30 personal
carts of supplies, and a mistress.
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Fort Ticonderoga First obstacle for Burgoyne was Fort
Ticonderoga. He was able to easily capture the fort, but nearly
1,000 Americans were able to escape.
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Bennington Running low on supplies Burgoyne sent 1,000 Hessians
to raid the town of Bennington VT. The John Stark and Vermont
Militia destroyed the raiding party.
Slide 34
Saratoga Despite the setback at Bennington, St. Legers retreat,
Howe being in Philadelphia. Burgoyne continued his advance on
Albany.
Slide 35
Horatio Gates American commanding general, Horatio Gates had
his men in good defensive ground at Bemis Heights, waiting for
Burgoyne.
Slide 36
Daniel Morgan Throughout the ensuing battles, Morgans rifleman
using guerilla tactics took out key British personnel.
Slide 37
Benedict Arnold The battle was decided when Benedict Arnold,
without orders, led an assault that captured a key British
position. During the fighting, Arnold was wounded in the same leg
as he was at Quebec.
Slide 38
Victory for America On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered
his entire army of over 6,000 men.
Slide 39
Benjamin Franklin In France, Franklin represented America in
trying to persuade France to help Americas cause.
Slide 40
Self Check What went wrong with Burgoynes plan of conquest? How
do you think the Americans victory at Saratoga will effect the
future of the war?