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The Early Middle Ages Section 1
The Early Middle Ages Section 1Crash Course
• The Dark Ages...How Dark Were They, Really?: Crash Course World History #14 - YouTube
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Charlemagne's Empire
• Chapter 13
• Section 1
• Pages 373-376
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Reading Focus
• How did Charlemagne and the Carolingians build the Frankish empire?
• How did Charlemagne’s actions contribute to shaping a new society?
Main Idea
Through conquest and social change, Charlemagne tied much of western Europe together in a single empire.
Charlemagne’s Empire
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Powerful Kingdom
• Crowning of Charlemagne a surprise, but not random decision
• His predecessors, the kings of the Franks, worked for 200 years to make kingdom most powerful in Europe
Early Carolingians
• One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather
• Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king
• Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably Muslims
Frankish Empire
• By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe
• Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians
Building an Empire
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Charlemagne’s Rise to Power• Charlemagne, Old French for Charles the Great
• Name proved accurate, Charlemagne a great leader
• Historically considered one of most important leaders in European history
• Foundation of success, his military power
Pippin• Charles’s son, Pippin III, also skilled leader; won many battles,
captured new lands for Franks
• Became first king of Carolingian dynasty, 751
• Upon death, 768, Pippin passed kingdom to son, ruler known today as Charlemagne
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
• Assembled army each year, led into battle against a foe
• Incorporated land of vanquished foe into his sphere of influence, formed alliances with local rulers
• In this way Charlemagne increased size and power of Carolingian kingdom
Increased Kingdom
Military Power
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Helping the Pope
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Powerful
• Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor
• Empire large, not easy to rule; changes made government efficient, effective
• Established permanent capital at Aachen, in what is now Germany
Oversight
• Inspectors kept tabs on Charlemagne’s counts
• Rewarded counts who did jobs well, punished those who did not
• Inspectors helped ensure counts remained loyal, empire was well run
Delegating Authority
• Built huge palace, cathedral to reflect own greatness
• Chose counts, officials to help rule parts of empire in his name
• Counts bound to obey, granted large tracts of land, given much authority
Charlemagne’s Rule
The Early Middle Ages Section 1Aachen
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Summarize
How did Charlemagne turn his kingdom into an empire?
Answer(s): strong warrior; restored the pope to power; provided stability and order; barons helped him rule
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Although Charlemagne is known mostly as a warrior and a political leader, he also made sweeping changes to Frankish society.
A New Society
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
• In addition to improving education, Charlemagne wanted to preserve, spread Christian teachings
• Worked closely with church to create unified Christian empire• Used force to accomplish, ordered those he conquered to convert to
Christianity under penalty of death• Sent monks to live among conquered to help Christianity take root
Religion
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Find the Main Idea
How did Charlemagne change society in his empire?
Answer(s): built an education system, preserved ancient writings, expanded religion, developed single law code
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
GROG 13-1
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by ranking Charlemagne’s achievements in what you think was their order of importance in strengthening the empire
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
New Invaders
• Chapter 13
• Section 2
• Pages 378-381
The Early Middle Ages Section 1Bell Ringer 13-2
• Write a letter describing Charlemagne’s coronation as though you were a Roman who witnessed the event. In your letter, explain what happened and why
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Reading Focus
• Why did many Europeans fear the Vikings?
• What made Magyar raids in eastern Europe so devastating to people there?
• Why did Muslims raid towns in southern Europe?
Main Idea
Invasions and migrations changed the political and cultural landscapes of western Europe during the early Middle Ages.
New Invaders
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
The relative peace Charlemagne brought to western Europe did not last long. Even before he died, invaders had begun nibbling at the edges of his empire. Of all the invaders, the fiercest were the Vikings.
The Vikings
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Sailing Skills
• Vikings superb ship builders, sailors
• Ships capable of withstanding heavy ocean waves; crews as many as 100
• Skills at navigation allowed crossing great expanses of ocean
Little Time
• People lived in fear, had no warning that Vikings were coming
• Fast-moving ships approached target quickly
• Vikings killed, captured defenders; took what they could find, sailed away
First Targets
• First targets of raids England, northern France
• Later Vikings began raiding places farther from homeland
• Even inland locations like Paris, Aachen unsafe
Viking Raids
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Viking Settlements
• Not all Vikings who left Scandinavia raiders, some explorers
• One place settled by Vikings, Iceland; first arrived late 700s
• Viking society thrived there for centuries, longer than in Europe
• 982, Viking explorers reached Greenland
• 100 years later, Leif Eriksson reached North America
Favorite Targets
• Among favorite Viking targets, monasteries
• Monks not warriors, monasteries easy to plunder
• Fine treasures, jeweled crosses, golden candlesticks stolen
• Vikings not Christians, had no problems stealing religious items
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Normandy
Viking warriors also settled in northern France
• Led by chief named Rollo, attacked France many times
• King of France made deal with Rollo
– Rollo to stop raids, defend Frankish lands against other Vikings
– King to give Rollo land
• Rollo accepted, area became known as Normandy, land of Northmen
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Draw Conclusions
What made Viking raids so terrifying to Christian Europe?
Answer(s): People did not know when they were coming, so could not prepare; Viking raids were brutal.
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
The Magyars
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Infer
Why were Magyar raids so difficult to stop?
Answer(s): They attacked small villages, were excellent horsemen, able to outrun the opposing army
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Muslims first came to Europe in large numbers as conquerors.
The Muslims
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Blocking Trade
Muslim fleets blocked Byzantine trade in Mediterranean
• Muslim pirates looted ships, sold crews into slavery
• Cut off Italy from trade with eastern allies
• Pope turned to Franks for protection
• Balance of power in western Europe shifted because of this
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
Make Generalizations
Why did Muslims launch small, fast raids against Christian lands?
Answer(s): unable to achieve a full invasion of Europe
The Early Middle Ages Section 1Grog 13-2
use the interactive graphic organizer to list and describe the peoples that invaded Europe
The Early Middle Ages Section 1
The Feudal System and Manorial Systems
• Chapter 13
• Section 3
• Pages 382-386
The Early Middle Ages Section 1Bell Ringer 13-4
Write a description of a Viking, Magyar, or Muslim raid as though you are an inhabitant of the town being raided. Bring your description to life by choosing vivid adjectives to describe the sights, sounds, and emotions that surround you
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Reading Focus
• What duties and obligations were central to the feudal system?
• How did the manorial system govern the medieval economy?
• What was daily life like for people on a manor?
Main Idea
In Europe during the Middle Ages, the feudal and manorial systems governed life and required people to perform certain duties and obligations.
The Feudal and Manorial Systems
Feudalism
• Why Feudalism?Invasion of groups like Vikings, Magyar, and Muslims left king unable to defend their lands and nobles land from attack.
• Nobles must find a way to defend their own lands.
• Build castles on
hilltops
How to solve this problem?
• Nobles would hire Knights to defend their lands.– Knights would provide military services– Provide loyalty to lord– Give an oath of Fealty.– Diminished the power of kings
– Lords would give Knights • Land treat fairly• Protect if attacked• Settle disputes
The Feudal System
• Based on rights & obligations– In exchange for military & other services, a lord
(landowner) granted land (fief) to a vassal (person receiving fief)
– Exchanging land for services is called the Feudal system.
– This is a complicated system where very few understood who their obligations were to.
The Feudal Pyramid
WHAT’S HAPPENING?
• What led to the Feudal System ?– Constant brutal fighting
amongst nobles
• What was Feudal System ?– Political system in which
nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king
– In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to the king. Reduce the number of people who are loyal to king
WHAT’S HAPPENING?
• How did Feudal system diminish the power of the king?
• What is the Noble?
• What is the Vassal?
• What is the Fief?
The Manorial System
• Economic Arrangement Between Lord & Serf– In exchange for housing, land, and
protection, serfs had to perform tasks to maintain the estate and pay several different kinds of taxes
– Were legally tied to the land– Could not leave land, or marry w/o lords
permission– Serfdom was hereditary– No opportunities to better their situation
The Manorial System
• Serfs– The manor was practically self-
sufficient, producing almost everything needed for daily life, so serfs rarely had to leave their manor for anything
• Outside purchases included salt, iron, and a few unusual objects like millstones (used to grind flour)
– So why did they accept their economic hardship?
• Acceptance was part of Church teachings
• They believed that God decided people’s social position
The Manorial System• Manors
– Self-contained communities that dotted the countryside throughout western Europe
– Crop rotation
Daily Life in The Middle AgesCastle
• Built for defense not Comfort
• Few windows- dark and musty all year long
• Private rooms rare- divided by sheets or rugs
• Waste was disposed into the moat or river
• No Charmin only Hay
• Bathed in wooden tub in garden (summer) or by fireplace (winter)
Castle Bedroom
Daily Life in The Middle AgesVillages
• Small 1- 2 bedroom cottages built by themselves
• Small/Few windows
• Hatched straw roof
• Wooden stools/ few pieces of furniture
• Hay mattress=Bugs
• Cook over open fire??? Really???
Villages
Grog 13-4
• In 10-15 sentences tell me which you would rather live in– A castle or a village home
– Put your name on it and turn it in.
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
The Growth of Monarchies
• Chapter 13
• Section 4
• Pages 387-391
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Bell Ringer 13-4
Write a journal entry from the point of view of a man or woman in the early Middle Ages. In your entry, describe what your daily life is like and what duties and obligations you fulfill
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Reading Focus
• How did the power of the English monarchy grow and change?
• How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe?
Main Idea
The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages.
The Growth of Monarchies
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
The Growth Of MonarchiesCH 13 Sec 4 pages 387-391
The Early Middle Ages Section 3What we will learn
• The power of kings and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the middle ages
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Anglo Saxon England
• England was the 1st country in Europe to develop a strong central monarchy
• The Anglo Saxons first unified the county• During most of the Anglo Saxon period England
was divided into 7 small kingdoms• Alfred the Great drove Vikings out of England
uniting England under 1 ruler• Alfred’s decedents would rule England until one
would die without a heir
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Anglo Saxon England
• 2 men would claim the crown– Harold, a nobleman from England– William, the Duke of Normandy and a distant
relative of dead Anglo Saxon King
• Supported by English nobles Harold would be named king
• William would decided to take thrown by force
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• Battle of Hastings (1066)– Normans, under William the Conqueror
defeated Harold, Anglo-Saxon king
• English lords lost their land– William granted fiefs to Norman lords
A new nobility in England• They swore loyalty to him personally• Doomsday book- survey to see what
each person could pay in taxes– Laid the foundation for centralized
gov’t
– William would bring elements of French Culture to England- French Language
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• Henry II- descendent of William
– Became ruler of England in 1154
– Strengthened England’s legal system
• Sent royal judges to parts of England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, & punish crimes
• Introduced the use of the jury in English courts
• Laid foundation for English common law
The Early Middle Ages Section 3• Why was King William I
known as William the Conquer?
• Why did William I create a new nobility in England?
• Do you think that William should have insisted that the Nobles learn the Anglo Saxon Language?
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
King John Decision making game
• King John takes power of English thrown in 1200 AD.
• He will have some tough decision so make in order to keep the people happy.
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
King John manages to upset everyone!!
The first king to give up some of his power was John. He is famous as Prince John in make believe stories of Robin Hood. In the stories he is a wicked and foolish prince who taxes the people of England unfairly. Some historians say John was just as foolish in real life. Others say he was simply unlucky!
John ruled England from 1199 to 1216. He faced the following problems.
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Could the rich control the king?
God fearing
A good judge of character
A good soldier
Around the picture below, you can read some of the qualities which medieval people expected their king to have! Which three are the most important for a medieval king? Rich – but not greedy!
Fit and strong
Inspiring!
Hardworking Brave
WiseFirm – but fair!
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Your enquiry!
Medieval kings could get into serious trouble if they did not have the qualities of a KING! In the thirteenth century some Nobles forced an unpopular king to give up some power …and it was only the beginning!! In this enquiry, you will find out how the richest people in the country began to challenge the king
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
..\Pictures\KingJohnDecisionGame.ppt
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• The power of the king continued to increase significantly
• Noble worried that Kings power would take from their own rights
• King continued to fight wars, adding new lands in France
• Needed money and tried to raise taxes• Nobles would refused and took up arms
against the King of England.
The Early Middle Ages Section 3How did the barons strike back?
• In 1214 many barons rebelled against John. They believed that he could not rule the country properly and was treating them unfairly. If someone did not do something the whole country could be ruined!
• In 1215 the barons forced John to grant a charter, which was the first time anyone had expected an English king to obey a set of rules.
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• Magna Carta– Signed by King John of
England in 1215– Bill of Rights is very similar
to the Magna Carta– Guaranteed what are now
seen as certain basic legal rights in both England and the US• Included:
– No taxation without representation
– Trial by jury– Protection of the law
The Early Middle Ages Section 3The Magna Carta
I, King John, accept that I have to govern according to the law.So I agree:1. Not to imprison nobles without trial2. That trials must be in courts; not held in
secret by me3. To have fair taxation for the nobles4. To let freemen travel wherever they like5. Not to interfere in Church matters6. Not to seize crops without paying for them
…. and lot more things too!!
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
King John Signing the Magna Carta
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• Some Nobles were still not satisfied
• They wanted more of a say in how the country was run
• They rebelled….. Again.
• King needing money for wars agreed to meet with Nobility, Clergy, and middle class
• Resulting in the formation of Parliament
The Early Middle Ages Section 3England’s Evolving Gov’t
• Meeting of Model Parliament– Met in 1295 under the reign of Edward I– Considered a major step toward democratic
government because:• It was a legislative group composed of
commoners – burgesses from every borough and knights from every county
• Parliament could create new taxes and advised the king on law making and other policies
** Under Edward I, Parliament was a royal tool that weakened the great lords, but as time went on, it became strong enough to provide a check on royal power
The Early Middle Ages Section 3What's Happening?
• Why did nobles rebel against King John?
• What was most unusual about the council that becomes parliament?
• What was the most revolutionary part of Magna Carta?
The Early Middle Ages Section 3France Develops
– King of France ruled little territory• Rest of France was in hands of
nobles and King of England• Nobles had more land and
power • Ignored Kings wishes
The Early Middle Ages Section 3France Develops
• Capetian family was a noble family
• Hugh Capet extended the power of their monarchy throughout France
• Did so via wars, marriages and other arrangements
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Holy Roman Empire
• After Charlemagne's death, Germany is divided into several small states
• Otto the Great, Duke of Saxony • Unites Germany and Northern Italy• When Noble challenged Pope Otto stepped• Pope rewarded him by crowning him
Emperor of the Romans.• The land he ruled was called the Holy
Roman Empire
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Holy Roman Empire
• Decisions and laws were passed with help of Dukes who still had authority over their own lands
• Emperor needed Dukes support to make laws
• Duke would elected new emperor
• New Emperor would then have to crown by Pope
The Early Middle Ages Section 3What's Happening?
• Before the Capetians, how much territory did the king of France rule?
• Why do you think the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was elected?
• Why do you think that the Roman Emperor had to travel to Rome in to be crowned by the Pope
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Spain and Portugal
• Ruled by Muslims (Moors)• Cordoba was center of powerful Muslim rule• Christian defeat powerful Moors after they are weakened by a
civil war• Reconquista- Campaigns to take back Iberian Peninsula from
Moors• 1100 Portugal is successful• 1492 Spain is Successful• 2 Kingdoms would ruled together Via Marriage
– Rulers of Aragon and Castile marriage
• Resulting in one of the strongest countries in Europe
The Early Middle Ages Section 3What's Happening?
• What was the reconquista?
• How was Spain and Portugal united and what was the result?
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Grog 13-4
use the interactive graphic organizer to take notes about the growth of monarchies in Europe
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Power of the Church
• Chapter 13
• Section 5
• Pages 392-395
The Early Middle Ages Section 3Bell Ringer 13-5
Write a letter to King John of England as though you were one of his advisors. In your letter, you must advise him either to accept or reject Magna Carta. Remember to use logical reasons to support your position
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Reading Focus
• What was the nature and influence of religion in the Middle Ages?
• What led to the growth of papal power in Europe?
• What changes in monasticism were introduced in the Middle Ages?
Main Idea
Reform and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe.
Power of the Church
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Religion in the Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Dramatic Increase
• Around 1000, influence of church increased dramatically
• Great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe
• Members of Christian church became more devout
• Participation in religious services increased, thousands flocked to monasteries, joined religious orders
Religious Ceremonies
• Major life events marked by religious ceremonies
• Monks acted as peacemakers, prayed for safety of rulers, armies
• Church officials served as teachers, record keepers
• Clergy people’s main connection to church, had great influence
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Identify Cause and Effect
Why was the medieval clergy so influential?
Answer(s): Christian church had strong influence over daily lives of most Europeans; clergy were the people's link to the church
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.
Growth of Papal Power
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Excommunication• Bishops guilty of bad offenses excommunicated, cast out of church
• No greater punishment for Christians in Middle Ages
• Person excommunicated could not take part in Eucharist, could not be saved
Conflict• One who rejected Leo’s authority, bishop of Constantinople
• 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, split Christian Church in two
• Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop, Orthodox
Reforms• Leo became more active in governing church than other popes in past
• Reforms brought him into conflict with political, religious leaders
• Many bishops believed pope had no authority to tell them how to act
Power and Conflict
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Popes and Politics
Popes gained influence over people’s religious lives, also over European politics
• Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters
• Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States
– Had ability to raise armies to defend territories
– Several popes hired Normans to fight wars
– Crusades against Muslims launched by popes
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Although popes had increased their power, they still came into conflict with political leaders. Popes of the late 1000s were firmly resolved to change the way members of the clergy were chosen.
Conflict over Bishops
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Excommunication
• Gregory’s response was to excommunicate Henry
• Called on clergy, nobility of Germany to replace emperor
Bishops
• Gregory, Henry continued fighting over bishops for years
• Later popes reached compromise: local clergy would choose bishops
Canossa
• Fearing he would lose his throne, Henry traveled to Canossa to beg forgiveness
• Reluctantly, Gregory lifted excommunication
Power
• Most important outcome: Gregory stood up to emperor
• The pope had become one of strongest figures in Europe
Gregory and Henry
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Analyze
In what ways did popes become stronger in the Middle Ages?
Answer(s): eliminated corrupt clergy, appointed bishops, became political leaders, built armies, ruled territory
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Contemplation and Prayer
• Early Middle Ages, monasteries founded by men seeking lives of contemplation and prayer
• Monasteries often paid for by local rulers, who chose abbots who led them
Return to Monasticism
• Early 900s, group of monks sought to return monasticism to strict roots
• Established new monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule
• Monks of Cluny reserved right to choose own abbot
Benedictine Rule Abandoned
• By around 900, rulers had stopped choosing qualified abbots
• Many held positions only for prestige
• In these monasteries, strict Benedictine Rule abandoned
Changes in Monasticism
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
• Cluny became most influential monastery in Europe• Monks established daughter houses, leaders had to answer to Cluny
abbot• Other monasteries in France, Spain, Italy adopted Cluny’s customs,
agreed to follow direction of its abbots• Cluny became core of network of monasteries across western
Europe
Network of Monasteries
The Early Middle Ages Section 3
Find the Main Idea
What changes were introduced to monasticism?
Answer(s): stricter rules, monks stayed out of politics, simplified lives
The Early Middle Ages Section 1GROG 13-5
• fill in the interactive graphic organizer by identifying how changes in Christianity affected different types of people in the Middle Ages