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The Earliest AmericansThe Earliest Americans
The Land and the People
The physical setting– Mountains – Rocky, Andes– Rivers – Mississippi, Amazon– Bering Strait - Land bridge between the Americas
and AsiaFirst arrivals– From Asia as early as 10,500 B.C.
The Development of American Agriculture
Hunters became farmers after large prehistoric animals became extinct– Mammoths
Earliest known farming started in Mexico– Never invented the plow– Led to development of civilizations
Cultures of North AmericaCultures of North America
Western North America
The Northwest– Fishing– Weaving– Carving – totem poles
The Southwest– Hohokam people– Irrigation
• Beans, corn, and cotton – Adobe
• Dried sand bricks
The Great Plains– Used buffalo for food and clothing and teepees
The Eastern Woodlands
Hopewell were skilled artists– Built burial mounds
Mississippians were successful farmers and traders
Mesoamerica and Andean South Mesoamerica and Andean South AmericaAmerica
Early Civilizations
The Olmec (1200 – 400 B.C.)– Southern Mexico– First known major civilization– Few elite, many farmers– Art- Giant carved heads, jade masks– “Rubber people”
Chavin (400 – 200 B.C.)-Andes Mountains- Peru-Few elite, had divine connection
The Maya (200 B.C. – 900 A.D.)– Developed writing system and calendar
• Pictograph and hieroglyphics – Studied astronomy– Built pyramids
• Chichen Itza
The Toltec– Pyramids– Metalworking
The Aztec – 1200- 1521 A.D.– Settled on Lake Texcoco– Built their capital Tenochtitlan– Warriors who borrowed from cultures they conquered– Farmed using chinampas – mud from bottom of lakes– Defeated by Spaniards (Hernan Cortes) allied with other natives in
1521 AD
The Inca – 1400-1533 A.D.– Lived in the Andes mountains- Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Columbia– Called the “children of the sun”– Spoke Quechua– Had extensive road and trade network– Brought conquered people into one imperial culture– Conquered by Spaniards and various epidemics
– Smallpox, typhus, measles, influenza