The Dynamic The Dynamic EarthEarthCh. 3Ch. 3

Sect. 1 ObjectivesSect. 1 ObjectivesDescribeDescribe the composition and structure the composition and structure of the Earth.of the Earth.

DescribeDescribe the Earth’s tectonic plates. the Earth’s tectonic plates.

ExplainExplain the main cause of earthquakes the main cause of earthquakes and their effects.and their effects.

IdentifyIdentify the relationship between the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change.volcanic eruptions and climate change.

DescribeDescribe how wind and water alter the how wind and water alter the Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

Earths LayersEarths Layers

Geosphere Geosphere (rock)(rock)

Atmosphere Atmosphere (air)(air)

Hydrosphere Hydrosphere (water)(water)

Biosphere Biosphere (living things)(living things)

The Earth Below The Earth Below UsUs

The Crust (dense) The Crust (dense) composed of light elementscomposed of light elements

Only 1% of Earth’s massOnly 1% of Earth’s mass

Thinnest layerThinnest layer

The Mantle (denser)The Mantle (denser)64% of Earth’s mass64% of Earth’s mass

Made of rock Made of rock

The Core (most dense)The Core (most dense)Composed of very dense materialComposed of very dense material

Plate TectonicsPlate TectonicsLithosphere – Earth’s outer most layer Lithosphere – Earth’s outer most layer and contains the tectonic platesand contains the tectonic plates

Asthenosphere – layer directly below Asthenosphere – layer directly below the lithosphere, contains slow moving the lithosphere, contains slow moving rocksrocks

Tectonic Plates are in the lithosphere Tectonic Plates are in the lithosphere and move because of the moving rocks and move because of the moving rocks in the asthenospherein the asthenosphere

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

There is a lot of activity at the boundaries There is a lot of activity at the boundaries of tectonic platesof tectonic plates

Colliding – Colliding – Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary

Sliding – Sliding – Transform BoundaryTransform Boundary

Moving away – Moving away – Divergent BoundaryDivergent Boundary

This causes many natural phenomena to This causes many natural phenomena to occuroccur

Mountains (colliding)Mountains (colliding)

Earthquakes (slipping or sliding)Earthquakes (slipping or sliding)

Volcanoes (colliding or separating)Volcanoes (colliding or separating)

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

MountainsMountainsMade by plates:Made by plates:

CollidingColliding

SlippingSlipping

Pulling apartPulling apart

Example:Example:Himalaya MountainsHimalaya Mountains

Eurasian Plate and Eurasian Plate and

Indian Plate collidedIndian Plate collided

EarthquakesEarthquakesFault – break in the Earth’s crust where Fault – break in the Earth’s crust where large pieces slide next to each other – large pieces slide next to each other – tectonic plate boundariestectonic plate boundaries

CausesCausesTectonic plates slipping, causes Tectonic plates slipping, causes vibrationsvibrations

Magnitude – the measure of the energy Magnitude – the measure of the energy released by an earthquakereleased by an earthquake

VolcanoesVolcanoesa mountain built from magmaa mountain built from magma

Magma - melted rock that rises from Magma - melted rock that rises from the the interior of the earth to the surfaceinterior of the earth to the surface

Global effects:Global effects:Can change earths climate for yearsCan change earths climate for years

Reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Reduce the amount of sunlight reaching

earthearth

Drop in global temperatureDrop in global temperature

ErosionErosionthe removal and transport of surface the removal and transport of surface

materialmaterial

Wears down rocks and makes them Wears down rocks and makes them smoothersmoother

Rocky Mountains vs. Appalachian Rocky Mountains vs. Appalachian MountainsMountains

Water erosionWater erosionExample?Example?

Wind erosionWind erosionExample?Example?

Class workClass workSection 1 ReviewSection 1 Review

Pg. 70Pg. 70

Questions 1-6Questions 1-6

Complete Sentences!!!Complete Sentences!!!

Sect. 2 ObjectivesSect. 2 ObjectivesDescribeDescribe the composition of the Earth’s the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere.atmosphere.

DescribeDescribe the layers of the Earth’s the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.atmosphere.

ExplainExplain three mechanisms of heat three mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere.transfer in Earth’s atmosphere.

ExplainExplain the greenhouse effect. the greenhouse effect.

The AtmosphereThe Atmospherea mixture of gases that surround the Eartha mixture of gases that surround the Earth

Nitrogen – 78%Nitrogen – 78%

Oxygen - 21%Oxygen - 21%

Carbon Dioxide, argon, methane, water Carbon Dioxide, argon, methane, water vapor – 1%vapor – 1%

AerosolsAerosolsdust in the atmosphere, any small bits dust in the atmosphere, any small bits

floating in the airfloating in the air

SaltSalt

AshAsh

SkinSkin

HairHair

PollenPollen

BacteriaBacteria

VirusesViruses

Atmospheric Atmospheric LayersLayers

ThermosphereThermosphere

MesosphereMesosphere

StratosphereStratosphereOzoneOzone

TroposphereTroposphere

TroposphereTroposphereClosest to the EarthClosest to the Earth

Almost all weather occurs hereAlmost all weather occurs here

Densest layer, most pressureDensest layer, most pressure

Temperature decreases as Altitude Temperature decreases as Altitude increasesincreases

StratosphereStratosphereAbove the TroposphereAbove the Troposphere

Temp. increase as altitude increasesTemp. increase as altitude increases

Includes the Ozone layerIncludes the Ozone layerReduces UV radiation that reaches the Reduces UV radiation that reaches the EarthEarth

MesosphereMesosphereAbove the StratosphereAbove the Stratosphere

Lowest temperatures in the AtmosphereLowest temperatures in the Atmosphere

ThermosphereThermosphereFarthest from the Earths surfaceFarthest from the Earths surface

Hottest layer! Because Nitrogen and Hottest layer! Because Nitrogen and Oxygen absorb solar radiation. Over Oxygen absorb solar radiation. Over 20002000ooCC

Would not feel hot to us. Why?Would not feel hot to us. Why?

Aurora Borealis happens here!Aurora Borealis happens here!

Energy In the Energy In the AtmosphereAtmosphere

Radiation – transfer of energy across Radiation – transfer of energy across spacespace

Ex: Energy from the sunEx: Energy from the sun

Convection – transfer of heat by air Convection – transfer of heat by air currentscurrents

Ex: windEx: wind

Conduction – transfer of heat when object Conduction – transfer of heat when object are touchingare touching

Ex: Pot on a stoveEx: Pot on a stove

Energy In the Energy In the AtmosphereAtmosphere

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse EffectSunlight enters Earth’s atmosphereSunlight enters Earth’s atmosphere

Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the Earth’s surface radiates heat back to the atmosphereatmosphere

Some heat escapesSome heat escapesSome heat is trapped by Greenhouse GasesSome heat is trapped by Greenhouse Gases

Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, Ex: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxidenitrous oxide

Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s Trapped heat radiated back to Earth’s surface, warming the air. surface, warming the air.

Without this Earth would be too cold to live Without this Earth would be too cold to live onon

However, too many greenhouse gases can However, too many greenhouse gases can trap too much heat. trap too much heat.

Class workClass workSection 2 ReviewSection 2 Review

Pg. 76Pg. 76

Questions: 1-5Questions: 1-5

Sect. 3 ObjectivesSect. 3 ObjectivesNameName the three major processes in the water cycle. the three major processes in the water cycle.

DescribeDescribe the properties of ocean water. the properties of ocean water.

• DescribeDescribe the two types of ocean currents. the two types of ocean currents.

• ExplainExplain how the ocean regulates Earth’s how the ocean regulates Earth’s temperature.temperature.

• DiscussDiscuss the factors that confine life to the the factors that confine life to the biosphere.biosphere.

• ExplainExplain the difference between open and closed the difference between open and closed systems.systems.

Water CycleWater Cyclethe continuous movement of water on the the continuous movement of water on the

EarthEarth

• Evaporation – water heated by the sun rises Evaporation – water heated by the sun rises into the atmosphereinto the atmosphere

• Condensation – water in the atmosphere Condensation – water in the atmosphere cools and forms water droplets on dust cools and forms water droplets on dust particlesparticles

• Precipitation – larger water droplets fall Precipitation – larger water droplets fall from cloudsfrom clouds

• Snow, sleet, hail, rainSnow, sleet, hail, rain

• Transpiration – water that evaporates from Transpiration – water that evaporates from plantsplants

Rock CycleRock Cycle

World OceanWorld Oceanall the oceans in the world are actually all the oceans in the world are actually

one large oceanone large ocean

• Pacific Ocean – LargestPacific Ocean – Largest– Deepest part of the ocean – Challenger Deepest part of the ocean – Challenger

Deep at the bottom of the Mariana Deep at the bottom of the Mariana TrenchTrench

• Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

• Indian OceanIndian Ocean

• Arctic Ocean – smallestArctic Ocean – smallest– Covered with floating iceCovered with floating ice

The World The World Temperature Temperature

RegulatorRegulator• The Oceans!!!!The Oceans!!!!

• Absorbs and stores energy from the Absorbs and stores energy from the sun, this helps regulate the sun, this helps regulate the temperature on Earth. temperature on Earth.

• Releases heat slowly when it is coldReleases heat slowly when it is cold• Absorbs heat when it is hotAbsorbs heat when it is hot

– Milder temperatures occur by large Milder temperatures occur by large bodies of waterbodies of water

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents• Can regulate the temperature in areasCan regulate the temperature in areas

– Ex: The Gulf Stream effects the British Ex: The Gulf Stream effects the British Isle climateIsle climate

Class workClass work• Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review

• Pg. 85Pg. 85

• Questions: 1,3,4,5Questions: 1,3,4,5