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The Duel for North America
THEME:
As part of their world wide rivalry, Great Britain and France engaged in a great struggle for colonial control of North America, culminating in the British victory in the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) that drove France from the continent. The French defeat created conditions for a growing conflict between Britain and its American colonies.
TRUE OR FALSE
1. The British Parliament passed the Sugar Act during the French and Indian War.
2. The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to keep FrenchCanadians from settling in British territory.
3. Pontiac allied with the British during the French and Indian War.
4. William Pitt was Britain’s greatest general of the war.
5. The French and Indian war lasted 5 years.
Map: European Claims in North America
European Claims in North AmericaThe dramatic results of the British victory in the Seven Years (French and Indian) War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
English : Colonials1700 - 20:1 1775 - 3:1
1775 • 2.5 million people in 13 colonies• 90% pop. is rural• VA, MA, PA, NC, MD are most populous• 6% are Germans• 7% Scots-Irish• 20% African• ???? Native American• Middle Colonies most multi-ethnic
Competition for the Ohio• Fr, Marquette, SJ – 1st European to explore great lakes and
Mississippi• 1749, Virginia speculators in Ohio Company claim 500,000
acres in Ohio Valley• 1754, George Washington, surveyor, leads 150 Virginia
Militiamen to resists French movement on Ohio, esp. For Duquesne
• Washington loses Fort Necessity• Seven Years War begins – global conflict• “America was conquered in Germany.” William Pitt• 1754 Albany Congress – seeks colonial unity, Indian
alliances• Union achieved in theory, not in fact
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb BinghamBingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion. (Washington University Art Gallery)
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Conflict in Europe, Conflict in Americas
• France and Spain frequently ally against Britain• France allies with Native Americans, guerrilla
style conflict in New World• King William’s War, 1689-1697• Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713• Britain extends control, Treaty of Utrecht 1713• King George’s War, 1744-1748• French and Indian War, 1754-1763• Note: Acadians
Franklin’s Cartoon, Pennsylvania Gazette
http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/armyrotc/program/mils123/necessity/fort.bmp
Fort Necessity, May 1754 (reconstruction)
Map: The Seven Years War in America
The Seven Years War in AmericaAfter experiencing major defeats early in the war, Anglo-American forces turned the tide against the French by taking Fort Duquesne in late 1757 and Louisbourg in 1758. After Canada fell in 1760, the fighting shifted to Spain's Caribbean colonies .
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/george-washington-l.jpgBRADDOCK ROAD
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http://www.hsp.org/files/fortduquesnewatercolor.jpg
Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)
Braddock’s Defeat
• 1755 Gen. Braddock, 2,000 men march on Fort Duquesne
• Mix of colonial militia and Regulars
• Braddock’s slow moving forces decimated by French and Indian forces, flanking
• Frontier goes up in flames, Indian raiding parties move uncontested
• Britian’s invasion of Canada, 1756, fails
http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-no-1-map.jpg
William Pitt• 1757, Pitt becomes leader in Parliament• 1758, Pitt organizes attacks on Montreal• & Quebec, Louisbourg• 1758 Fort Duquesne falls, renamed
Pittsburgh• Pitt puts James Wolfe in charge of taking
Quebec• Montcalm defends Quebec for France• 1759 Quebec falls, Wolfe and Montcalm
killed• Battle for Quebec is one of most significant
engagements in British and American history
• Montreal falls 1760
http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/pitt3.jpg
http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/wm/wm8p34.jpg
Destruction of Lower Town, Quebec, by English Bombardment by Richard Short, 1759After the fall of Quebec to British forces, France's defeat in North America was virtually certain. (National Archives of Canada)
Destruction of Lower Town, Quebec, by English Bombardment by Richard Short, 1759
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Peace?Line of Demarcation 1763
• France thrown off continent entirely• Spain given possession of New Orleans and trans-
Mississippi Louisiana• Spain loses Florida, regains Cuba• Great Britain dominant in North America and at sea• Friction growing b/w Britain and Colonials• Growing smuggling• Colonies fail to unite• Pontiac’s Uprising – Increasing tension with N. Americans• Cost of War leads to increasing friction with Britain
Map: European Settlements and Indians, 1754 http://ww
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agnleitner/usa1/slide/early_settlements_1750.jpg
European Settlements
and Indian tribes
1750
Pontiac’s Uprising
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Colonies and Britain Grow Apart• Line of Demarcation inhibits movement west!!!
This angers Colonials greatly.• 10,000 British troops stationed in colony• Quartering of troops angers colonists• Cost of troops in Colonies heavy burden for Great Britain• George Grenville becomes Prime Minister in 1763• Conflict over Smuggling and Searches of Private Property• 1764 Sugar Act• Seeds of Rebellion
Sugar ActWHO: Passed by George Grenville, British Prime
MinisterWHAT: • Halved duties on molasses (to discourage
smuggling)• Created new duties on imports (to raise more $)• Smuggling cases now to be heard in British
Admiralty Courts, not colonial courts with colonial juries
WHEN: 1764WHERE: British ColoniesWHY: Britain needed money to pay her huge debt
from the French and Indian War and on-going cost of protecting the Frontier.
CONFLICT IN THEOHIO
VALLEY
PEACE?1763
Wash. defeated
FL now British
Braddock defeated
Ft. Duquesne fallsQuebec falls
CONFLICT IN THEOHIO
VALLEY
PEACE?1763France leaves Am.
Montreal falls
Pitt takes charge