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THE DOMINANT FACTORS OF FEMALE
CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION OF
SKIN CARE (STUDY IN CIKARANG)
By
Zavira Andini D 014201500101
A Skripsi presented to the
Faculty of Business President University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Bachelor Degree in Management
January 2019
iii
ABSTRACT
Skin care products are one of the main products in the cosmetics market. It starts with
consumers who begin to pay attention to their beauty and physical attractiveness.
With this treatment trend, it provides an increasing demand for skin care products in
Indonesia. And provide a great opportunity for many skin care companies to compete
in creating innovative cosmetic products. This study aims to define the Dominant
Factors that influence Female Consumer Purchase Intention in North Cikarang by
adopting Purchase Intention Theory which encompasses perceived prestige, perceived
quality, perceived value, and influenced from other. The study is using purposive
sampling method and conducted by distributing the questionnaires to 70 user skin care
product. The Statistical Software is used to calculate the statistical analysis. This
study adopted factor analysis factor which resulted in two dominant factors namely:
Product Quality, and Scents and odors
Keywords: Analysis Factor, Purchase Intention, Skin Care Product.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahi rabbil ‘alamin, the researcher expresses his highest gratitude to
Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala for blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy for a
wonderful life given to the researcher, to complete this undergraduate thesis. This
undergraduate skripsi entitled “Dominant Factors of Female Consumer
Purchase Intention of Skin Care (Study in North Cikarang)”. Is submitted as
the final requirement in accomplishing undergraduate degree at Management at
President University.
In arranging this skripsi, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice, and
support for the researcher. In this valuable chance, the researcher intended to
express gratitude and appreciation to all of them. Firstly, a very special gratitude
goes to both my parents Dian Diamanto and Kusrini Burase for the endless love,
pray, and support also for my one and only sister Astri who always provide me
with their never-ending love and support which motivate me to finish this venture.
Secondly, for my Researcher’s skripsi adviser and best lecturer ever, Mr Ir.
B.M.A.S. Anaconda B, MT., MSM., thank you for your guidance, attention,
patience, and kindness, valuable time, energy, knowledge every lessons, your
limitless kindness will never be forgotten.
Also, this research would have been difficult without the help from Andi Rifalda,
who has always motivated, help, and cheer me up. Thanks for the countless
contribution to this research.
For my dearest support system Gemariah Kalla Langi, Riska Viyanti, Chyntia
Putri, Rindu Andita and Virshiena Hartono that always motivate me in every up
and down, thank you for most valuable time, dedication, and the understanding.
And for my friends Khansa Fii S, Lisda Angelina, Eka Oktavia, Citra, Willy,
Ryutaro, Widia Novitasari, Winner Zona, Cindy, thank you all for the laughter,
stories and memories we shared together all this time.
v
I also like to take this opportunity to thank all the lecturers, staffs and fellow
students for the experiences and knowledge I obtained during my time as a
President University student which I believe will be beneficial later in life.
The researcher, with all humbleness, hope that this skripsi can serve as the aid
for everyone who needs the knowledge that it contains, and be the positive
contribution for all the readers.
Best Regards,
Zavira Andini
vi
Table of Contents
PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET ................................................... i
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... ii
PLAGIARISM RESULT ....................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... v
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem identification ................................................................................... 5
1.3 Research Question ......................................................................................... 6
1.4 Research Objectives ...................................................................................... 6
1.5 Significant of Study ....................................................................................... 7
1.6 Scope and Limitation ..................................................................................... 7
1.7 Organization of Skripsi .................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Purchase Intention ......................................................................................... 9
2.3 Perceived Prestige ........................................................................................ 78
2.5 Perceived Value ........................................................................................... 79
2.4 Perceived Quality ........................................................................................ 80
2.6 Influence from Other ................................................................................... 81
2.7 Previous Research........................................................................................ 82
2.8 Research Gap ............................................................................................... 83
CHAPTER III ...................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 18
3.3 Research Framework ................................................................................... 19
3.4 Operational Definition of variable .......................................................................... 87
3.5 Questioner .................................................................................................... 89
3.6 Population and Sampling Design ................................................................ 91
3.7 Research Instrument .................................................................................... 92
3.7.1 Data Collection Process ........................................................................ 92
vii
3.7.2 Validity Test .......................................................................................... 92
3.7.3 Reliability Test ...................................................................................... 93
3.8 Normality Test ............................................................................................. 95
3.9 Factor Analysis ............................................................................................ 95
3.9.1 Correlation matrix ................................................................................. 28
3.9.2 Factoring Extraction .............................................................................. 29
3.9.3 Factors Rotation .................................................................................... 98
3.9.4 Labeling the Established Factors .......................................................... 99
CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Pre-Test ...................................................................................................... 100
4.1.1 Validity Test .............................................................................. .......... 100
4.1.2 Reliability Test .................................................................................... 103
4.2 Normality Test ........................................................................................... 103
4.3 Factor Analysis .......................................................................................... 105
4.3.1 Preliminary analysis .................................................................... ........ 106
4.3.2 Factor Extraction ................................................................................... 40
4.3.3 Factor Rotation .................................................................................... 111
4.3.4 Dominant Factor ................................................................................. 114
4.5 Discussion .................................................................................................... 49
CHAPTER V ....................................................................................................... 50
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Recommendation ......................................................................................... 51
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 52
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................... 56
Appendix A – Questionnaire ........................................................................... 124
viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1.1 Cosmetic and Skin Care Sales in Indonesia ....................................... 2
Table 1.2 Skin Care Sale ....................................................................................... 3
Table 1.3 Top 10 biggest cosmetic companies in Indonesia .............................. 3
Table 2.1 Previous Research .............................................................................. 14
Table 3.1 Cronbach Alpha Consistency ............................................................ 26
Table 3.2 KMO Level .......................................................................................... 28
Table 4.1 Validity Value of Perceived Prestige................................................. 32
Table 4.2 Validity Value of Perceived Value .................................................... 33
Table 4.3 Validity Value of Perceived Quality ................................................. 34
Table 4.4 Validity Value of Influence from Other ........................................... 34
Table 4.5 Reliabilty Test ..................................................................................... 35
Table 4.6 Kolmogorov Smirnov ......................................................................... 36
Table 4.7 KMO and Barlett’s Test .................................................................... 38
Table 4.8 Anti Image Matrix .............................................................................. 38
Table 4.9 Communalities .................................................................................... 39
Table 4.10 Total Variance Explained ................................................................ 41
Table 4.11 Rotated Componet Matrix ............................................................... 44
Table 4.12 Component Transformation Matrix ............................................... 45
Table 4.13 Factor Classification ......................................................................... 46
Table 4.14 First Factor........................................................................................ 46
Table 4.15 Second Factor.................................................................................... 47
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1.1 COSMETIC PREFERENCE FOR INDONESIA CONSUMER …4
FIGURE 3.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 18
FIGURE 3.2 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK.......................................................... 86
FIGURE 3.3 LOADING FACTOR TABLE ........................................................ 30
FIGURE 4.1 Q-Q PLOT ....................................................................................... 37
FIGURE 4.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS SCREE PLOT ............................................ 43
x
LIST OF EQUATION
EQUATION 3.1 VALIDITY TEST ..................................................................... 25
EQUATION 3.2 RELIABILITY TEST ................................................................ 26
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Nowadays most people pay attention to concerning of how maintain their beauty and
physical attractiveness. It's a nature of human that keep looking at perfection and
innovation for express themselves in the surrounding environment which is the way to
lead human from civilization to modern way of life (Joelle & Hermawan, 2017). The
awakening of female consumer consciousness during the recent years leads to
alteration of consumer behavior, and influences the women’s usual conception on
buying and using beauty product, who believe using cosmetic not only for enhancing
self- confidence but also is a form to express social politeness (Chiang & Yu, 2010).
According to Madhumita & Vasantha (2015), cosmetic as a product to be applied on
human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, exchange the
appearance without change human body, and skin care was one of the major product
in cosmetic market. Previously in Indonesia the trend of using beauty product was
very little but now with the passage of time people are conscious about their
personality. Due to which the usage of cosmetic and skin care products is rapidly
increasing and this industry is growing rapidly, many competitors are entering the
market to gain a large market share (Hameed & Kanwal, 2018). This trend of
grooming, which increases the demand for skincare product in Indonesia. The
purchase of skin care products in Indonesia keep increase over the past three years,
making these country as strong market for beauty industry (Export.Gov, 2012).
According to the World Bank (2017), Indonesia has a population of 265 million
people, it makes Indonesia as a potential place for companies to compete in creating
beauty products especially on skin care product.
2
Based on table 1.1 below, shows the number of sales in Indonesia between 2011
until 2015 for cosmetic and skin care products.
Table 1.1 Number of development Cosmetics and skin care sales in
Indonesia
Year Sales
2011 8.5 trillion
2012 9.76 trillion
2013 11.22 trillion
2014 12.19 trillion
2015 13.63 trillion
Source:www.kemenperin.go.id (2015)
In accordance to the table 1.1 that shows the sales of cosmetic and skin care product
keep increase from year to year. In 2011 the market value around at IDR 8.5 trillion,
in 2012 the market value around IDR 9.76 trillion, an increase of 14.8 % from the
market volume in 2011. Then in 2013, the ministry forecast a market value of skin
care around IDR 11.22 trillion, which is 15 percent higher than the previous year.
In 2014 the market value around IDR 12.19 trillion, and for 2015 the market value of
cosmetic and face care in Indonesia around IDR 13.63 trillion which is the value
increases by around 12 % than 2014. Despite this increase, the market share of local
cosmetics trails behind its imported counterparts. Besides that, the case happened in
2016 shows all cosmetics products in Indonesia almost 70% import products
(Kementrian Perindustrian, 2016). Which suggests that Indonesian cosmetic brands
are below than imported products for consumers. In other words, Indonesian local
products still need to be more competitive in the Indonesian cosmetic market.
While for the focused on skin care sales itself based on Mirrae Asset (2017), it
shows that there was an increase in sales from 2012 to 2016.
3
Table 1.2 Skin Care Sales
Skin Care 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Billion 9.778 11.780 14.024 16.181 18.194
Source: Mirae Asset Sekuritas Indonesia
There are a lot of brands in terms of cosmetic product in Indonesia. Below table
1.2 shows the information of the top 10 beauty brand in Indonesia based on sales
revenue, as follows:
Table 1.3 Top 10 biggest Cosmetic Companies in Indonesia
No Name of The Company Brand Sales Revenue
1 PT Unilever Indonesia Tresemme, Ponds, Rp 36.5 trillion
Tbk Citra,Dove,Vaseline,Clear,
AXE,Zwitzal,
Fair & Lovely.
2 PT Loreal Indonesia Loreal Paris, Maybelline, Rp 27.99 trillion
Garnier, kerastase, The Body
Shop, Kiehl’s, Shu Uemura.
3 PT Procter & Gamble SKII, Pantene, Wella, Olay, Rp 14.87 trillion
Tbk and Head & Shoulders
4 PT Mandom Indonesia Pixy and Gatsby Rp 2.31 trillion
Tbk
5 PT Martina Berto Tbk Mirabella, Caring, PAC, Rp 694.7 billion
Cempaka, Sariayu,
Belia,Biokos
6 PT Akasha Wira Makarizo Rp 669.7 billion
International Tbk
7 ORIFLAME Sweden Oriflame Rp 603 billion
8 PT Mustika Ratu Tbk Mustika Ratu, Puteri, Rp 428 billion Ratu Mas and Biocell.
9 PT Paragon technology Wardah, and Emina. Rp 350 billion
and Innovation
10 Revlon Revlon, Cutex, PureICE Rp 124 billion
Source: Duniaindustri.com (2015)
4
From the table 1.3, shows the top three still occupied by foreign brand such as
Unilever, L’oreal, Procter & Gamble, while for Indonesia brand companies are
ranked fifth, eight and nine of the top 10 biggest cosmetic company in Indonesia.
It shows the foreign companies still dominate on beauty market in Indonesia.
Based on research results from Nielsen, Indonesian consumers prefer to buy global
cosmetics products rather than local products. Based on beauty product sales data in
the third quarter of 2015, for the results show on figure 1.1 it shows that 48% of
consumers were choosing global brands and 36% for local products. While the
remaining 16 % had no preferences. Therefore, it can be indicated that Indonesian
consumers prefer to buy foreign cosmetic products than the local product.
Non Voters 16%
Local Brand 36%
Global Brand 48%
Figure 1.1 Cosmetic Preference for Indonesian Consumer
Source: (KataData, 2016)
As stated above, competition among brands has become more complicated as the
number of foreign brands increase. As a result, many foreign brands compete with
older local brands, and this is more prevalent in developing markets such as
Indonesia. The reasons for the preference of foreign brands over local brands are an
interesting point to study. Typically, study done by Ergin & Akbay (2010) and Harun
& Abdullah (2011), with the same purpose to understand consumers’ purchase
intentions of consumers for foreign brands. The study was conducted with the
understanding that consumers in developing countries now had greater interest
5
towards foreign brands due to the high availability of such products in developing
nation. Those study was conducted that foreign brands were able to give impact
on the products and services offered through two primary motives that were
perceived quality and social status or prestige. While perceived value should also
be included as another motive that drove consumer preference towards purchasing
foreign brands.
Hence, this research was conducted with the purpose of looking at the perceived
attributes searched by consumers in influencing them to choose foreign brands. A
clear understanding of the value searched by consumers will help local marketers
to improve their products and image.
1.2 Problem identification
Based on the explanation above it is known that there was a significant increase from
2011-2016 on the sale of cosmetics and skin care in Indonesia, but the demand for the
local cosmetics market is below than the imported cosmetics. Even in 2016 showed
that all cosmetic products in Indonesia were almost 70% imported products
(Kementrian Perindustrian, 2016) .Moreover, research from Nielsen also proves that
48% of consumers choose global brands and 36% for local products.
The problem arises when foreign players dominate Indonesia market and
consumer tend to buy more from these foreign companies. It brings the tendency
that Indonesian is mostly choosing to purchase foreign skin care product instead
of the local skin care product and generating financial income for them.
6
1.3 Research Question
This research has objective to determine the dominant factors that have a strong
relation to consumers’ purchase intention of buying foreign skin care product.
This study was conducted with the purpose of understanding consumers
preference towards foreign brands rather than local brands (Harun & Abdullah,
2011) by using 4 factors, namely : Perceived Prestige, Perceived Value, Perceived
Quality and Influence from Others are correlated with Purchase Intention. Below
are the questions that expected can be answered of this study :
1. What are the dominant factor from Perceived Prestige, Perceived Value,
Perceived Quality and Influence from Others that stimulated Purchase
Intention among consumer on foreign skin care product?
2. What are the dominant factors that can be developed based on Purchase
Intention theory in consumer of skin care product?
1.4 Research Objectives
This study entitled “Dominant Factors of Female Consumer Purchase Intention of
Skin Care (Study in North Cikarang) “. People who buy skin care products with
consideration stay in North Cikarang are the object of this research. Below are the
questions this research tries to determine:
1. Identifying the dominant factor of Perceived Quality, Perceived Prestige,
Perceived Value and Influence from Others that stimulate consumer Purchase
Intention of foreign skin care product.
2. Identifying the dominant factors that developed based on consumer
Purchase Intention in skin care product.
7
1.5 Significant of Study
a. Society: This study is expected to be able to contribute for society to
disseminate new knowledge about how the society purchase intention in skin care
product. Especially for society intention to purchase skin care product.
b. Local Skin Care Producers: For the local skin care business, this research is
hoped can give additional information, reference and strategy for the longer term
of their business in order to attract consumer to purchase a local product that can
improve their revenue.
c. Education: This study is expected to contribute in society by giving some new
knowledge overview towards Purchase Intention. Researcher hope readers can
also use factor analysis to carry out social research by reading this study.
d. Future Research: For future research, the market situation always changing
every time. Individuals coming with different characteristic, and background.
What people want and need can be dissimilar from one to another. Thus, this study
can fill the gap between previous and present. This also hoped to be able to create
a new idea to developing innovation of consumer purchase intention.
1.6 Scope and Limitation
The scope is only concerned on the female consumer who purchase and used skin
care product that located in North Cikarang Area. Target is female respondent stay
in North Cikarang which is known as industrial city in Indonesia. Based on
detikFinace (2017) there are seven industrial estates located in Cikarang namely
the MM2100 industrial area, Delta Silicon I, EJIP, BIIE, Jababeka I, Jababeka II,
and Delta Silicon II. Since there are factories located in Cikarang, it has a
potential to cause very high air pollution, and tends to have an impact on the skin
health of residents and workers in the area. For limitation, the researcher will not
consider about demographical background besides gender and age. Above all, the
consumers purchase intention is the main attention on this research.
8
1.7 Organization of Skripsi
The first chapter that contains an overview of issues to be discussed. It consists of
7 sub-chapter which are research background, identification of the problem,
research question and objective, identification of study, scope and limitation and
the organization of this written. Chapter 2 explain about literature review that has
relation with this study. In Chapter 3 contained research design, framework, and
methodology that we used in this research. While in chapter 4, researcher measure
the correlation of 4 variables such as Perceived Prestige, Perceived Value,
Perceived Quality and Influence from Others on the customer purchase intention,
by using Factor analysis method. In chapter 5 researcher delivers the conclusion
from this particular research and recommendation. Questionnaire detail, ordinal
and interval data, and statistical software results are listed in the appendix.
9
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The supporting theories will be the basis to the present study. This chapter focuses
on discussing the framework used of the four variable namely: Perceived Prestige,
Perceived Value, Perceived Quality and Influence from Others that can support
the Purchase Intention theory that adapted from Harun & Abdullah (2011). This
chapter is more concerned on the literature review and the analysis of the purchase
intention and variables of past studies that related to this research. The most
relevant frameworks were selected to be analyzed in more detail, with concepts
and ideas that suitable for this study. After that the researcher will provide gaps
that obtained from this research and previous research.
2.2 Purchase Intention
Purchase intention is the situation that there is a possibility or plan of the consumer to
buy or get a product or service. According to Younus et al. (2015), there are eight
factors such as product price, design of the product, packaging of the product,
knowledge, quality of product, celebrity endorsement, fashion and also can become
from family relationships, that possible can affect the purchasing process for a
particular brand or product. Purchase intention is considered as a measurement of the
possibility of consumers buying a particular product, where the high purchase
intention will have an impact on the possibility of a considerable purchase decision.
Bearman (2001) in Andarini (2014), suggests that interest grows buying someone is
caused by three factors: First is stimulation, a condition that aimed to push or cause
someone acts. Second is Consciousness something that will affect person thoughts
and influenced by the products and services themselves. Third is by information
search that comes from internal information and external information, internal
information means the purchase is based on the assessment of the customer
10
itself, while for external information, an information that comes from outside
parties. For example, influenced by advertisements and social environment.
Based on the theories of purchase intention mentioned above, purchase intention is a
process that consumer will be doing the evaluation, and after they got a positive
feeling from that product then it will be easier to make a purchase decision.
2.3 Perceived Prestige
The Definition of prestige may vary for different people, depending on consumer
socioeconomic background. According to Vigneron & Johnson (1999), there are five
perceived values, contingent on a particular socioeconomic framework of using
prestige brand. First is conspicuous value meaning the consumption of prestige
brands is viewed as a signal of status and wealth, and whose price, expensive by
normal standards, enhances the value of such a signal. Second is Unique value,
consumer purchase branded product in small quantities on market. Third is social
value using prestige brand as role-playing aspects to show the identity of the group
and community. Fourth is Emotional value, a brand that consumer thought will give
satisfies an emotional desire such as a prestige brand, those has aesthetic appeal. Fifth
is Quality value is a prestige brand that consumer believe have the technical
superiority and the extreme care that takes place during the production process.
Perceptions of prestige in terms of marketing, consumers expanding prestige meaning
for attitude based on interaction with another people that relate with aspiring for
something, be a champion, and has hedonic values sensory beauty. Perceived prestige
will affect to customer purchase intention, who always looking for product that
category on high social value. Even the previous study from Wong
& Zhou (2005), that said consumers make a global brand as high prestige. Where they
believe Global brands are desirable and demanded from all the world. Suggested that
the product used by foreign consumers as a product that have wealth, strength, and
has status position. This research also states that foreign brand is used as a value for a
prestige and social position based on differences in income and social mobility.
Certain customer believes by using foreign brands it would make
11
their self being cosmopolitan, sophisticated, and modern. It will be the reason why
customers especially from developing country have more interest on purchasing
foreign brand than local brand, and it will be the big challenge for local market to
make customer assumed local product also have high prestige same as foreign
brands.
2.5 Perceived Value
According to Kassim et al. (2014), perceived value is an evaluation of usability
Products that are based on consumer perceptions of the number of benefits that
will be received. They also describe that perceived value of a product has to be as
worth as the effort that they give. Customers will become loyal customers if they
consider the value delivered more than the perceived value in their minds.
In reference from previous research Chang & Wu (2016), there are five factors
that are believed that influence consumer purchase intention, such as: functional
value, emotional value, epistemic value, social value and conditional value. Here
are the explanations of 5 factor of the perceived value by consumers:
1. Functional value it is usually the most important factor influencing product
selection and purchase functional value is a product that has the same
function as what expected by consumer.
2. Emotional value is a feeling that consumers obtained from the product.
3. Epistemic value means that products can attract the attention and curiosity
of consumers or meet their desire for knowledge.
4. Social value is a benefit derived from the product's ability to improve self-
conception in the social environment. By having a product considered to
be able to join the social group.
5. Conditional value means that external factor come under certain conditions
and changes original behaviors and is related with consumer emotions.
12
2.4 Perceived Quality
In the field of quality research by Hanzaee & Taghipourian (2012), stated the
consumer buying the products based on the brands and the labels of the product’s
quality. In its research, consumers tend to like a product with a certain
characteristic and those type of unique characteristic can give competitive
advantages for the product. Therefore, it means that perceived quality of a product
can affect the labelling toward the consumer's purchase intention.
According to Saleem et al. (2015), the quality of goods is the perception that
products are superior to what they sell in a store. Where the services used in this
study are how services are given from employees to consumers. In addition,
convincing customers that they will receive high quality from the company.
Managers should not only focus on product quality only, but how the company's
advertising goal being a main point of consumer. The perceived quality of service
can be interpreted as a consumer assessment of total excellence in providing the
desired benefits.
Kirmani & Baumgarner (2000), perceived quality defined as the results of the
consumer's assessment of a brand's benefits, based on the intrinsic requirements (the
strength of the goods, functions) and the extrinsic requirement (brand, service). They
also explained that perceived quality can come from the internal points of their mind,
where the customer has determined their target or doing comparison can be used to
evaluate the desired attribute. Which means the positive perception product stored in
consumers’ mind will be used when comparison for choosing products and can help
consumers making the final decision to consume.
According to Ramaseshan & Tsao (2011), Perceived Quality is a brand that giving
a trendy style and design, it because when make judgements about perceived
quality they will assess not only the product but also attributes such as packaging,
aroma, style, fit, finish and overall appearance.
13
2.6 Influence from Other
Influence from others is changes in behavior or attitude, which is obtained by interaction with
others. It comes from friend, member of family, peers, office colleagues and individuals or
organization that related to a person’s behavioral intention that able change individual perception
in making decision (Aaronson, 2004). Peers also normally influence one’s information search
regarding the use of any brands. When they have experience regarding a brand, they will
influence their friend to do the same.
According to Cheung et al. (2009), defines that there are two factor can influence of an
interpersonal scale which was informational influence and normative influence. Normative social
influence creates from others pressure that triggers us to be liked and accepted by them. Making
individuals have feeling ostracized cause different from those around them. Doing acting as they
expected like the others did to avoid the rejection or not to be underestimated by others even
though have interest in product or service or not, while for informational influence used
information based on other opinions, experience that obtained to help them in making decision of
purchasing a product.
14
2.7 Previous Research
Table 2.1 Previous Research
Author Location Sample Theory Variable Method Finding
(Year) Hsin Fan Taiwan Six hundred Purchase Functional Quantitative The result all four
Chen, Yen Hsi thirty-two Intention value dimensions of
Lee, Yu- (214 male and Functional Perceived value has
Cheng Tu, Yi 418 female) value significant impacts on
Fang Chao. undergraduate (quality) consumers' purchase
(2011) students in Emotional intentions. People
different value consider the price,
colleges. Social value quality of the product,
their feelings and
social lives
improvement when
they are purchasing
skin-care products
Alhuwaishel. Saudi The questioner Purchase Perceived Quantitative Loyalty and quality
N.S and AL- Arabia was deployed Decision value have important
Meshal (2018) in 170 Quality statistical implications
respondents by Brand trust for decision- making.
using web Loyalty On the other hand, it
based shows that perceived
questioner. value influences the
trust of the brand but
not the decision to
purchase.
Kambiz Iran 432 respondent Purchase Brand Quantitative In this study founded
Heidarzadeh undergraduate intention credibility brand is said that brand
Hanzaee And students of Brand prestige, brand
Mohammad Islamic Azad prestige credibility is more
Javad University Perceived effective in influencing
Taghipourian quality the process of brand
(2012) Information purchase intention than
cost saved the perceived risk in
Perceived the category of
risk products with low
Perceived involvement
value
Elif Akagun Turkey this study used Purchase Perceived Quantitative This finding show that
Ergin 600 urban intention Quality the perceived quality,
And Handan Turkish Perceived prestige, value and
Ozdemir consumers Prestige influence of other
Akbay conducted in 3 Perceived variables have an effect
(2010) major shopping Value on the intention of
centers in Influence consumers to buy
Istanbul from Others foreign chocolate
brands.
15
Massoud Taiwan 439 usable Purchase Perceived Quantitative Consumers of
Moslehpour, respondent of Likelihood brand universities in Taiwan
Nguyen Thi Taiwan quality try to keep abreast of
Le Huyen university Perceived the fashion world. from
(2014) students that brand value the researchers' study is
doing study in IPhone / found out They are
central Taiwan. HTC willing to buy high-
quality international
famous brands at high
prices and make
quality so important
than prestige.
Harun & Malaysia This study used Purchase Perceived Quantitative The result from this
Abdullah 300 Intention Prestige study indicated that the
(2011) undergraduate Perceived young generations are
students in Quality more prone towards
UiTM Kedah, Perceived buying foreign brand
Malaysia Value products rather than
Influence local brand products as
from Other their final
consumption.
2.8 Research Gap
According to Chen et al. (2012), examine the relation functional value, functional
value on side quality of product, emotional value, social value toward on customer
purchase intention. This study took place on Taiwan by using 632 respondents (214
males and 418 female) undergraduate student in college. The result on this study
consumer perceived value has dominant influence on purchase intention, they
consider price, quality, social live improving the intention to purchase skin care
product. But the difference gender male and female take effect on purchasing
decision, when female considers prices of skin-care products is reasonable or believe
high price has a high quality. While for man more consider on the less price. By study
suggests that manufacturers and retailers may consider the necessary of different
consumer groups to adjust product positioning, pricing or to make different marketing
strategies and product functions, such as product design, various effects.
According to previous research Alhuwaishe & Meshal (2018), shows that two out
of three independent variables, surprisingly quality and loyalty have a significant
impact with the purchase decision, which is the dependent variable in this study.
16
The study confirmed that in addition to the positive relationship that has existed
between store brand perceived quality and purchase intention, perceived quality
does impact the purchase decision. brand trust to brand loyalty it does not affect
the purchase decision. This study took place on Arab Saudi especially on Riyadh,
by used female consumers from different ages.
Ergin & Akbay (2010), in their research they measure the purchase intentions of
urban in Turkish consumers for foreign products on three parts which are apparel,
personal care than a chocolate product. Based on specified categories such as
perceived prestige, quality, value and influence from others. This study used 600
Turkish consumer on age 15-60. The perceived quality, prestige, value and
influence of other variables are factors influence customer to purchase of foreign
chocolate brands, skin care and apparel product in turkey.
Wong & Zhou (2005), in this research they observate about the purchase intention of
young Chinese consumer against foreign product in China, based on the perception of
percieved prestige, value, and quality. This study was use 400 respondents from
Zhejiang campus by give a questioner and doing personal interview for make sure the
target respondent. The result showed for conspicuous product, perceived brand
quality is seen as the main purchasing motive for high-social group. While perceived
brand value is more affecting the low-social group's purchase motive. On the other
hand, there is no significant difference of purchasing motive from the two groups
against the purchase motive. However, for the inconspicuous product, the high-class
group are more focused on the perceived brand prestige and perceived brand value,
while the low-class group are more interested in the perceived brand quality of the
product. So these results are expected to be used as material for discussion and
provide suggestions for future research related to marketing communication at
consumer acceptance of foreign brands.
The previous research that explained before had examined purchase intention by
using different variables, approaches, and methods. Most of the previous research
measured purchase intention of skin care product by using Perceived Quality and
Perceived Value. However, there is only limited previous research that considering
17
on Perceived Prestige and Influence from Other as the variable that measures
Purchase Intention on skin care product. There’s none of research that were
conducted to examine the Purchase Intention of skin care product in Indonesia,
specifically Cikarang. Therefore, this research was held to provide information in this
area. This research adopted purchase intention theory that adopted from Harun
& Abdullah (2011). There are four variables, namely Perceived Prestige, Perceived
Quality, Perceived Value, and Influence from Other. The outline of the previous
research is listed in previous research that shown on Table 2.1 in the previous page.
18
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
As it is indicating in the tittle, in chapter 3 of this study, researcher shows the
methodology and procedures that followed in the study. Where researchers will
describe the steps used to design research, collect data, and statistical analytics.
This research is using quantitative method and primary data. For the final
statistical analysis, the researcher used The Statistical Software and the results is
showed in Chapter 4.
3.2 Theoretical Framework
In this research, the researcher adopted 4 variables from Harun & Abdullah
(2011), which are : perceived prestige, perceived quality, perceived value and
influence from other . Researcher believe those variable correlate with consumer
purchase intention of skin care product. The theoritical framework being
implemented on this research. Showed below :
Perceived Prestige
Perceived
Value
Purchase
Intention
Perceived Quality
Influence From Other
Figure 3.1 Theoretical framework
Source: Harun & Abdullah (2011)
19
3.3 Research Framework
Problem
Problem Statement
Objective
Theories
Questionnaire Construction
Pre-test Distribution
PPM SIM
NO
Validity
CA Yes
NO Reliability
Yes
Questionnaire Distribution
Data Collection SIM
Normality Test
Factor Analysis
Data Interpretation
Conclusion and Recommendation
Figure 3.2 Research Framework
Source: Developed by the Researcher (2018)
20
3.4 Operational Definition of Variable
Variable Definition Indicators Definition of Indicators
Perceived Which affects the 1. Conspicuous 1. Conspicuous: dimension to measure
Prestige assessment of a brand 2. Unique about how conscious consumers are
that is considered 3. Social of a luxury brand
prestigious where it can 4. Emotional 2. Unique: consumers buy the products
come from the 5. Quality based on prestige brands and branded
perspective of the products in small quantities on market
community or a group (Vigneron & 3. Social: prestige brand as a symbol
about the status of a Johnson, 1999) that shows the identity of their group
particular brand that or community
can be used as a 4. Emotional: For brands that are trusted
symbol to provide satisfaction with emotional
Social status, because desires such as brand prestige, where
prestigious brands are a product shown as aesthetic appeal
rarely owned to social that aim consumer on selection the
image. brand
(Vigneron & Johnson, 5. Quality: individual who buy the brand
1999) they thinking considered to give a
good quality perception
Perceived Consumer perceived 1. Functional value 1. Functional value it is usually the most
Value value is based on the 2. Emotional value important factor influencing product
expectation that the 3. Epistemic value selection and purchase functional
quality of product 4. Social value value is a product that has the same
received must worth 5. Conditional function as what expected by
the amount of money Value consumer.
they spend. 2. Emotional value is a feeling that
(Kassim et al.,2014) (Chang & Wu, consumers’ obtained from the
2016) product.
3. Epistemic value indicates that
products can attract the attention and
curiosity of consumers or meet their
desire for knowledge.
4. Social value is a benefit derived from
the product's ability to improve self-
concept in the social environment. by
having a product considered to be
able to join the social group.
5. Conditional value indicates that
external factor come under certain
conditions and changes original
behaviors and is related with
consumer emotions
21
Perceived perceived quality 1. Packaging 1. Packaging: The appearance of the
Quality defined as the 2. Aroma product and the color of packaging
results of the 3. Style also make an influence on consumer
consumer's 4. Fit and overall perception, decision, and preferences
assessment of a appearance 2. Aroma: that the fragrance exerted a
brand's benefits, significant effect on the perceived
based on the (Ramaseshan & texture.
intrinsic Tsao, 2007) 3. Style: prioritize costumer tastes and
requirements (the behavior but still concern to the
strength of the quality of the product
goods, functions) 4. Fit and Overall appearance: costumer
and the extrinsic get positive influence on brand
requirement (brand, identification
service)
(Kirmani &
Baumgarner, 2000)
Influence It comes from 1. Informational 1. Informational value: informational
from Other friend, member of Influence influence used information based on
family, peers, office 2. Normative other opinions, experience that
colleagues and influence obtained to help them in making
individuals or decision of purchasing a product
organization that (Cheung et al. 2. Normative value: creates from others
related to a person 's 2009) pressure that triggers us to be liked
behavioral intention and accepted by them. Making
that able change individuals have feeling ostracized
individual cause different from those around
perception in them.
making decision
(Aaronson, 2004)
3.5 Questioner
In this research, the questionnaire was consisting of five parts. The first one is
identity of respondent which is age. The second part is Perceived prestige, this
section refers to analyze how much respondents are actively engaged perceived
prestige influence on purchase intention. The third one is Perceived value to analyze
how the respondent expectation of the product their buy is worth it to use. The fourth
section is questionnaire statements of Perceived Quality refers to analyze how
respondent use perceived quality as the consideration of customer intention to
choose the product they want. The fifth section of the questionnaire is variable of
Influence from others, this refers to analyze how influence from other such as from
22
the social environment, family, social media toward customer purchase intention.
This research uses Likert Scale as a tools to measure the extent respondent gives
their opinion in accordance with the specified scale. According to Sugiyono
(2014) Likert scale is used to measuring the behavior, perceptions and assumption
of individuals or a bunch of people about what happening in social environment
(Wahyudi.R. et al 2018). Likert scale consists of five levels to express the
respondent’s attitude or answer as following below:
Number Statement Number of Scale
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
Source: (Sugiyono, 2014) in (Wahyudi.R. et al 2018)
Note:
1 = Fully Disagree 3 = Neutral5 = Fully Agree
2 = Disagree 4 = Agree
From the explanation above of responses for numbers 1 to 5. Likert scale has the
advantage that the respondent cannot give an opinion at all or to answer yes or
not, however it is expected to give a high opinion. Thus it is expected that
quantitative data can be analyzed relatively easily.
After accumulating the data from questionnaires, researchers conducted a tabulation
of the respondent responses by using Microsoft Excel 2010. The responses of
respondents here were believed to be an ordinal data. Thus, researcher will convert
ordinal data to the interval by using software STAT 97 on Microsoft Excel 2010.
Then the statistical process is done through Statistical Software.
23
3.6 Population and Sampling Design
Population defined as the whole member of the group, events, or any things that
interesting to be observated by researcher (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). The
observation is based on a quality object/subject that has a certain characteristic
that has been set by the researcher so it can be learned and make conclusion. The
population of this research is people who buy and used skin care product. By
considering on the purchasing skin care product trend of consumers, that staying
in North Cikarang. This location was chosen because of the geographical position
of the population and the researcher relatively closer, it will make easier for
researcher distribute questionnaires in this research.
According to Sekaran & Bougie (2016), Sample is a sub group of the population.
Hence, researcher will use sample of this research to find out the research
problems and by studying sample researcher be able to draw conclusion from
generalize the population interest.
The sampling method uses a non-probability sampling method, which is the
selection of non-random samples, which not all elements have the same
opportunity to be chosen as research samples. The sampling criteria use purposive
sampling technique where the limitation of the sample are on the people who can
give information that expected by researcher, whether because those people are
the ones that has it or those are the ones who meet the criteria that has been set by
the researcher (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). In these study criteria that the
researcher set is skin care product users in North Cikarang.
The normal distribution is used to help measure the accuracy of many statistics,
including the sample mean, using a significant result called Central Limit Theorem.
This theorem gives the ability to measure how much the means of various samples
will vary, without having to take any other sample means to compare it with. The
Central Limit Theorem (CLT for short) basically says that for non-normal data, the
distribution of the sample mean has an approximate normal distribution, no matter
what distribution of the original data looks like, as long as the sample size is large
enough, usually n =; 30, and all samples have the same size (Chang et al. 2006).
24
The total participants in this study consisted of 70 female users of skin care
products who stayed in the area of Cikarang and used it in their daily lives. The
language of the Questionnaires is Bahasa Indonesia, since the researcher targeted
were Indonesians. Therefore, respondents and researchers expected has the similar
perception of each existing questionnaire statement.
3.7 Research Instrument
3.7.1 Data Collection Process
Primary Data
Researcher is using questioner to collect the data that will be used to find out the
primary data collection. Sekaran & Bougie (2016), defined Questionnaires are
data collection techniques that are carried out by spreading to the respondent a set
of questions or written statements, and in this study the distribution of
questionnaires using printed questionnaires. The time period for distributing
questionnaires during November 28th
until December 18th
2018.
3.7.2 Validity Test
According to Ghozali (2011) in Azzuwalia (2016), the validity test as a tool for
determine the validity level. Pearson's product moment was used for the validity
test of this research. Analysis that correlates each item with a total score. Pearson
Product Moment (PPM) is a statistical tool used to determine degree of closeness
of the relationship (correlation) between 2 variables if the data is interval or ratio
scale. It is indicated by r when measured in the sample and ρ in the population.
The PPM value varies from -1 ≤ r ≤ 1. If the result of r is 0, it shows that there is
no relation among independent and dependent variables or do not correlate. Below
is formula of validity test:
(Σ ) − (Σ )(Σ )
=
… … … (1)
√[ Σ 2 − (Σ )2]√[ Σ 2 − (Σ )2]
Source: Ghozali (2011) in (Ahluwalia, 2016)
25
Note:
r = Pearson r correlation coefficient
X = a score of grains
Y = the total score grains
N = total population (respondents)
Validity testing can be done by distributing printed questionnaires. in this study
the distribution was carried out at the pre-test phase by using 15 sample
respondents, after collected the data, researcher calculated using statistical
software. According to Bonett (2002), suggest that sample size of 15-20 will be
enough, since exact small-sample tests and confidence intervals exist for statistical
inference regarding coefficient alpha.
In determining statement valid or invalid can be done by comparing the item
correlation value by looking at the -r value in the distribution table. The test refers
to the formula df = n-2 on sig 5%. In this study a pre-test was conducted using 15
respondents. according to the formula used (df = n-2) it will be df = 13 on sig 5%.
Based on r table is 0.514. Therefore, the statement is valid if it has a correlation
value more than 0.514, meanwhile statements that show correlation below 0.514
will be measured as invalid.
3.7.3 Reliability Test
Reliability defined as a tool for collecting data and for measuring a questionnaire
which is an indicator of variables to obtain reliable information (Ahluwalia,
2016). Questioner is reliable if respondent answer of statement is consistent or
stable over time. Reliability testing is done using the Cronbach's Alpha reliability
coefficient. This value has function to determine the internal consistency of a
questionnaire (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016).
26
Reliability test is carried out before distributing the real questionnaire to respondent.
Therefore, that the reliability test is carried out in the pre-test stage. Test reliability
using statistical software, that test is done after doing a process of collecting data that
is converted from ordinal to interval using STAT 97 (Microsoft Excel)
According to Gliem.A & Gliem.R (2003), tells that the coefficient of Cronbach
alpha was about 0 to 1 and there is no lower limit of the coefficient. However, it is
better if the coefficient value is close to 1.0 so that the internal consistency of the
element will also be greater. The simple rules for the Cronbach alpha consistency
here below:
Table 3.1 Cronbach alpha consistency
α > 0.9 Excellent
α > 0.8 Good
α > 0.7 Acceptable
α > 0.6 Questionable
α > 0.5 Poor
α < 0.5 Unacceptable
Source: (Gliem.A.J & Gliem, 2003)
Here below the formula for Reliability Test: .
= … … . (2) 1 + ( − 1)
Source: (Ellis.L.J, 2013)
27
3.8 Normality Test
Ghozali (2011) in (Agustina & Yoestini, 2012), defined normality test is a test that
is carried out as a precondition for conducting data analysis. Data normality test
aims to detect the distribution of data in one variable that will be used in the study.
Normality is the most needed thing in multivariate analysis method. Good and
feasible data to prove the research models are normal data distribution. Two
methods are used by researcher to evaluate the normality distribution of data,
namely: The Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, by using statistical
software. Where both methods of significance level (α) must reach 0.05 then the
data distribution is normal. The additional method, can using histogram graph and
probability plot. Where the histogram graph can be used to compare observational
data with distributions that are close to the normal distribution. Probability plots
have function for comparing the distribution cumulative of actual data within
cumulative distribution and normal distribution. For the normality can be seen if
the dots point scatter along the diagonal line and dots point follow the direction of
the diagonal line, so the distribution showing the normal distribution pattern and
meaning the Regression model can meet the assumption of normality. On the
other hand, if the data or dots point spread far from the diagonal line and it’s not
follow the direction of the diagonal line or histogram graph, the distribution is said
not to show a normal distribution pattern, and the regression model does not meet
the assumption of normality.
3.9 Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is defined as a study of interdependence of variables with the aim
of finding each other a set of new variables, which is less than the original
variables, and the one that showed original variables are alliance factors, which
mean it has function for summarization and reduction data. Factor analysis can
determine the dominant structure between the variables that are analyzed and it
will eliminate or summarizes some variables to create a new variable called
manifest variable (Hair et al. 2010).
28
3.9.1 Correlation matrix
Determining the correlation matrix between the factors that researcher desire to
analyze is the first step of the factor analysis process. at this stage if the variables
possible categorized together it means that the variable has a high dependence on
other variables and has a high correlation and it mean as manifest variable. But, if
the variable cannot be categorized together, it means the variable has a lower
correlation.
In determining Correlation Matrix, researcher should identify step which are:
Kaiser-Mayer –Olkin (KMO) and Barlett’s Test and Anti- Image Correlation.
The number of KMO is known to have a range of 0 to 1, while for the number of
MSA. It is known that MSA 1 can be predicted not to have errors by other
variables, and if MSA is higher than 0.5 the variable can be predicted and
analyzed at a later stage. While if the MSA is below 0.5 then the variable cannot
be predicted and needs to be eliminated from other variables. Bartlett’s Test of
Sphericity has function to measure the correlation between variables. If the
number is significantly close to zero, it means having a high correlation.
The final step in the correlation matrix is the anti-image matrix, which is used to
predict the correlation between variables. The value indicates good correlation is
exceeding 0.5. If there are more than one variable with a MSA value of lower than
0.5, the variable will be erased and will not be further analyzed. It can be tested
again (Santoso, 2012).
Level KMO can be interpreted as the following criteria:
Table 3.2 KMO Level
KMO Criteria
Above 0.9 Excellent
0.8 - 0.9 Great
0.7- 0.8 Good
0.6 – 0.7 Mediocre
0.5 Inadequate
Source: (Hadi & Sentosa, 2016)
29
3.9.2 Factoring Extraction
a. Initial Eigenvalue
Initial Eigen value defined as a value that can measure how strong the correlation
between data. If the variable has an Eigen lower than 1, the variable will be omitted.
Which aims at the formation of factors through an exploration process, variable data
that has been combined will be a medium of a factor formed from its eigenvalue.
b. Percentage of Variance
This part explicates about the percentage value of a variable based on the given
factor that every variable is consist of 1 variance. Accumulation of all variance
can also be referred as the cumulative variance. If the cumulative variance is
enough (more than half of all variable variances initially) then factor extraction
can be stopped. The formula is showed below: eigenvalue
Percentage Variance = (total variance) 100 %
c. Communalities
Communality is the variants number that a variable contributes to the analysis
with all other variables. Communality basically, the quantity of variances
(possible to defined as a percentage) from the classified variables can be described
by the extracted factors. The high number of variable communities indicates the
stronger correlation of the established factor.
d. Loading Factor
loading factor has a function to establish the correlation of variables and components.
This determines the level of correlation between variables and factors. Based on the
results obtained if the variable has a high loading value it shows that the variable has
a large influence on the latent variable. By using the loading factor value, the
grouping of manifest variables can also be done, with the provision of
30
variables that have a loading factor value below 0.5 which will not be done in a
latent variable.
Figure 2.1 Loading Factor Table
Source: (Hair et.al. 2010)
3.9.3 Factors Rotation
The purpose of factor rotation is to simplify the structure by transforming factors
to get new factors that are easier to interpret. Factor rotation is done by rotating
the loading factor, so by using the rotation method, it can produce new loading
factors. The extraction process is only determining the number of factors that
summarize the whole variable, but has not determined the variable distribution
into the factors that summarize it. Therefore, factor rotation must be carried out.
Where a factor must have a loading factor of ≥ 0.5 on a factor. Two methods that
researcher used for factor rotation are rotation orthogonal rotation and oblique.
Orthogonal rotation is rotation that is used to maintain an equivalent axis
perpendicular or to the other. By doing this rotation, each factor is independent of
other factors because the axis is perpendicular to each other, whereas the oblique
rotating procedure does not maintain the perpendicular axis anymore. With this
rotation, the correlation between factors is still calculated because the factor axes
are not perpendicular to each other. Rotation oblique is used to obtain the number
of factors that are theoretically significant.
31
3.9.4 Labeling the Established Factors
The final step is labeling the factor formed from the process of extraction and
rotation. It based on the characteristics of the variable or item similarity be a
factor load. Labelling the factor also can be due by applying generalizations to
these initial variable.
32
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Pre-Test
4.1.1 Validity Test
This Research using statistical software for testing all statement from every
variable. according to r table, in case df is 15 and the level of significance of
alpha 0.05.The statement is valid if it has a correlation value higher than 0.514.
And if the correlation less than 0.514 the statement is invalid and will be
eliminated in this study.
The result of all variable is showed below:
1. Perceived Prestige
Table 4.1 Validity Value of Perceived Prestige
Statement R Compute Result
Value
Perceived Prestige 1 0.582 Valid
Perceived Prestige 2 0.751 Valid
Perceived Prestige 3 0.553 Valid
Perceived Prestige 4 0.684 Valid
Perceived Prestige 5 0.660 Valid
Perceived Prestige 6 0.548 Valid
Perceived Prestige 7 0.303 Invalid
Perceived Prestige 8 0.821 Valid
Perceived Prestige 9 0.777 Valid
Source: Developed by the Researcher (2018)
33
Based on the table 4.1 we can see the statement Perceived Prestige 7 is the only
one that has the R value below 0,514 which is invalid statement. And for
statement Perceived Prestige 1, Perceived Prestige 2, Perceived Prestige 3,
Perceived Prestige 4, Perceived Prestige 5, Perceived Prestige 6, Perceived
Prestige 8, and Perceived Prestige 9 has R value more than 0.514 (valid). Which
mean all statement except Perceived Prestige 7 can be used on the next step.
2. Perceived Value
Table 4.2 Validity Value of Perceived Value
Statement
R Compute Result
Value
Perceived Value 1 0.751 Valid
Perceived Value 2 0.707 Valid
Perceived Value 3 0.661 Valid
Perceived Value 4 0.755 Valid
Perceived Value 5 0.770 Valid
Perceived Value 6 0.677 Valid
Perceived Value 7 0.657 Valid
Perceived Value 8 0.705 Valid
Perceived Value 9 0.706 Valid
Perceived Value 10 0.718 Valid
Source: Developed by the Researcher (2018)
Based on table 4.2 all 10 statement of Perceived Value has R compute value
above 0.514. Which mean all statement is valid and can be used on the next step.
34
3. Perceived Quality
Table 4.3 Validity Value of Perceived Quality
Statement R Compute Result
Value
Perceived Quality 1 0.757 Valid
Perceived Quality 2 0.624 Valid
Perceived Quality 3 0.618 Valid
Perceived Quality 4 0.663 Valid
Perceived Quality 5 0.624 Valid
Perceived Quality 6 0.682 Valid
Perceived Quality 7 0.721 Valid
Source: Developed by the Researcher (2018)
Based on table 4.3 all seven statement of variable Perceived quality has R value
more than 0.514. All statement is valid. And researcher can bring all statement for
the next step on this study.
4. Influence from Other
Table 4.4 Validity Value of Influence from Other
Statement
R Compute Result
Value
Influence from Other 1 0.583 Valid
Influence from Other 2 0.309 Invalid
Influence from Other 3 0.196 Invalid
0.533 Valid Influence from Other 4
Source: Developed by the Researcher (2018)
35
Based on table 4.4 statement influence from other 2 and influence from other 3 are
invalid, which is R value is less than 0.514, so the researcher will eliminate 2
statement in this variable, and the rest statement Influence from others 1 and
influence from other 4 will be used on the next step in this study.
All table validity value above we can see only 3 statements has R value below
0,514 or it is invalid statement. So researcher should have eliminated 3 statement
before distributing to respondent for the real test.
4.1.2 Reliability Test
In accordance to Gliem.A.J & Gliem (2003), if the alpha of 0.7 acceptance of
reliability whereas if the alpha closer to 1.0 be more reliable. The reliability
testing result from all variables is showed in the following table 4.5
Table 4.5 Reliability Test Result
Cronbach's N of
Alpha Items
.956 27
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
After doing validity test, researcher obtained 27 valid statement from 30 statement
on pretest, the valid statement will be analyzing on reliability test. From the result
on table 4.6 all variable has a good alpha value which is reliable. So we can say
that it’s good to continue the step of this study.
4.2 Normality Test
The aims of normality test are to detect the data distribution in one variable that will
be used in the study. Normality data is defined as normal data if the data value
surpass 0.05. It means that the data is eligible for further analysis when the data is
greater than 0.05. Based on table 4.6 that use Kolmogorov-Smirnov method, all the
36
data is normal since all the variable corresponds more than 0.05, which means that
all variables can be analyzed as all the variable is normal.
Table 4.6 Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Variable Statistic Df Sig.
Perceived Prestige .066 70 .200*
Perceived Value .080 70 .200*
Perceived Quality .087 70 .200*
Influence from Others .089 70 .200*
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
Normality Test
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Perceived Prestige .066 70 .200*
.986 70 .604
Perceived Value .080 70 .200*
.986 70 .622
Perceived Quality .087 70 .200*
.983 70 .463
Influence from .089 70 .200*
.969 70 .078
Others *. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The additional method histogram graph can be used to compare observational data
with distributions that are close to the normal distribution. As shown in Figure 4.1,
we can see the dots point scatter along the diagonal line and dots point follow the
37
direction of the diagonal line. Based on figure 4.1 we can say that the graph
showed a normal distribution pattern.
Figure 4.1 Q-Q Plot
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
4.3 Factor Analysis
Factor analysis refers to procedure that being used to analyze a data for the full
explanation can be found in chapter III, while for complete results the factor
analysis is shown in the Appendix C. This chapter only displays the results of
some data used for several analyzes.
38
4.3.1 Preliminary analysis
a. Correlation Matrix
For completed correlation matrix table, it is included in Appendix.C The
determinant value of this correlation matrix has to be closed to zero and the result
of this research is 2.33E-006. Hence, this value indicate the variables are highly
correlated. One of the requirements for factor analysis is accepted.
b. KMO & Bartlett's the Sphericity
Table 4.7 KMO and Bartlett’s
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .744
Approx. Chi-Square 776.000
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df 300
Sig. .000
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
From Table 4.7 shows that the value of KMO MSA is 0.744 which is more than
the required value. It means that the researcher can move to the next step and the
sampling technique can be used in this research.
39
c. Anti-Image Matrix
Table 4.8 Anti-Image Matrix
Variable MSA Variable MSA
Perceived Prestige 1 0.757a Perceived Value 8 0.704 a
Perceived Prestige 2 0.688 a Perceived Value 9 0.679 a
Perceived Prestige 3 0.811 a Perceived value 10 0.772 a
Perceived Prestige 6 0.634 a Perceived Quality 1 0.733 a
Perceived Prestige 8 0.817 a Perceived Quality 2 0.824 a
Perceived Prestige 9 0.732 a Perceived Quality 3 0.812 a
Perceived Value 1 0.824 a Perceived Quality 4 0.781 a
Perceived Value 2 0.594 a Perceived Quality 5 0.770 a
Perceived Value 3 0.769 a Perceived Quality 6 0.738 a
Perceived Value 4 0.817 a Perceived Quality 7 0.742 a
Perceived Value 5 0.705 a Influence From Other 1 0.734 a
Perceived Value 6 0.786 a Influence From Other 4 0.516 a
Perceived Value 7 0.588 a
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
In the analysis of MSA of every manifest variable, the anti- image matrices are
easier to use. When the MSA value exceeds 0.5. Based on table 4.8 all statement
has more than 0.5 But actually there are 2 statement (perceived prestige 4 and
perceived prestige 5) that MSA below than 0.5 which mean that statement has
similarities and there is no variance, so it difficult consider for analysis factor
process. Therefore, only data that written in table 4.8 can be used in further factor
analysis.
40
4.3.2 Factor Extraction
a. Communalities
Table 4.9 Communalities
Extraction
PP1 .492
PP2 .138
PP3 .217
PP6 .186
PP8 .491
PP9 .485
PV1 .482
PV2 .392
PV3 .504
PV4 .497
PV5 .336
PV6 .265
PV7 .251
PV8 .254
PV9 .222
PV10 .376
PQ1 .373
PQ2 .369
PQ3 .641
PQ4 .572
PQ5 .593
PQ6 .497
PQ7 .418
IO1 .208
IO4 .287
Extraction Method: Principal
Component Analysis.
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
41
The initial value of all variables is 1, it is because Initial communalities establish
the variance before extraction of each variable. Communities are a total variant of
the variable, which can be categorized by the existing factor. When result’s
number is increasing, it will make the relationship among the factors and variables
also increase.
b. Total Variance Explained
In accordance to table 4.10 there are nine factor that have engine value greater than
1. To facilitate the number of factors established by the analysis, the researcher
changes its eigenvalue to 2 by changing the factors from 9 factors to 2 factors.
Moreover, the percentage variance explained about the percentage value of the
variable against the determined factor. Where each variable has 1 variance.
Because in this study there were 25 variances. Here, the % of the variance can be
calculated as below:
Variance for Factor 1 = (7.269:25) X 100% = 29.076%
Variance for Factor 2 = (2.278:25) X100% = 9.112%
And the cumulative percentage can be calculated by adding the first % of variance
with the second % which is 29.076% + 9.112% = 38.118%
While for the remaining value 62.882% can be contributed from other variable
that stated and not used in this research.
42
Table 4.10 Total Variance Explained
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Total % of Cumulative % Total % of Cumulative % Total % of Cumulative %
Variance Variance Variance
1 7.269 29.076 29.076 7.269 29.076 29.076 5.486 21.943 21.943
2 2.278 9.112 38.188 2.278 9.112 38.188 4.061 16.245 38.188
3 1.712 6.848 45.035
4 1.538 6.152 51.187
5 1.469 5.878 57.065
6 1.376 5.505 62.570
7 1.140 4.559 67.129
8 1.063 4.252 71.381
9 .881 3.523 74.903
10 .836 3.342 78.246
11 .730 2.922 81.168
12 .619 2.476 83.644
13 .576 2.303 85.947
14 .512 2.050 87.997
15 .495 1.978 89.975
16 .391 1.564 91.540
17 .361 1.444 92.984
18 .345 1.381 94.365
19 .294 1.176 95.541
20 .279 1.117 96.658
21 .234 .936 97.593
22 .178 .713 98.306
23 .164 .656 98.962
24 .150 .601 99.562
25 .109 .438 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
43
Figure 4.2 Factor Analysis Scree Plot
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
In accordance to the figure 4.2, the scree plot explanation the factor number in the
graph. It arises that the line’s direction decreases sharply from the 1st
factor to the
2nd factor, then decreases slightly until last factor. Scree plot also show the 9th
factor required to be used in factor analysis since the factor is more than 1
eigenvalue. However, in this case, researcher change the eigenvalue become 2, so
the factoring process was stopped at 2th factor. The attempt is made to simplify
the number of factors extracted.
4.3.3 Factor Rotation
The rotation has a function for researcher to interpret the results become easier.
The extraction process is only determining the number of factors that summarize
the whole variable. The factor loadings have function to categorize each variable
into generated factors. In this process a comparison will be made to each column
in each item. And researcher chooses which factors have the highest position.
The greater the value obtained during loading factors, then there is a higher
correlation with variables and factors.
44
Table 4.11 Rotated Component Matrix
Rotated Component Matrixa
Component
1 2
PP1 .667 .216
PP2 .329 .171
PP3 .353 .304
PP6 .109 .417
PP8 .621 .325
PP9 .681 .148
PV1 .690 .074
PV2 .625 .021
PV3 .708 -.052
PV4 .558 .430
PV5 .551 .180
PV6 .412 .309
PV7 .467 .180
PV8 .167 .476
PV9 .276 .382
PV10 .560 .251
PQ1 .211 .573
PQ2 .336 .506
PQ3 .149 .787
PQ4 .116 .748
PQ5 .207 .742
PQ6 .697 .104
PQ7 .606 .224
IO1 .171 .423
IO4 -.194 .499
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a
a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations.
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
45
Researcher can identify each factor belonging to these two components. The
researcher categorizes these variables by looking at the above table of the rotated
component matrix. Therefore, if the degree of correlation with the loading factor
lower than 0.5 it will be eliminated for the next stage, while for loading factors
that have the same value or more than 0.5 will be used in this research. Each
variable is summarized in table 4.13 below.
Table 4.12 Component Transformation Matrix
Component 1 2
1 .802 .598
2 -.598 .802
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Source: Primary Data and Statistical Software (2018)
Based on table 4.12. Showed the Component Transformation Matrix illustrates the
correlation between the factors extracted by checking values diagonally. And the
degree of correlation between factors for each variable must be greater than 0.5.
Table 4.13 Factor Classification
Factor Manifest
1 PV3 PQ6 PV1 PP9 PP1 PV2 PP8 PQ7 PV10 PV4 PV5
2 PQ3 PQ4 PQ5 PQ2 PQ1
Source: Developed by researcher (2018)
Notes:
PP: Perceived Prestige PQ: Perceived Quality
PV: Perceived Quality
46
4.3.4 Dominant Factor
In accordance on the factor analysis, two new factors resulting from the extraction
of 25 variables are created. These 2 factor shows a cumulative value of 38.188 %,
which means that the factor can represent a variability of 38.188 %of all variables.
a. First factor
Table 4.14 First Factor
No Variable Statement
1 Perceived Value 3 The results from foreign skin care always give a
satisfaction.
2 Perceived Quality 6 Foreign skin care always suitable on my skin
3 Perceived Value 1 Foreign skin care tends to give me relevant effect on the
skin.
4 Perceived Prestige 9 Foreign skin care tend to give express result on the skin
5 Perceived Prestige 1 Foreign skin care has difference significant result on the
skin
6 Perceived Value 2 Foreign skin care has a good quality contents
7 Perceived Prestige 8 Foreign skin care always used high quality ingredients
8 Perceived Quality 7 Foreign skin care tends to have a long lasting effect on the
skin
9 Perceived Value 10 Decoration Foreign skincare tend to attract consumer
attention
10 Perceived Value 4 Foreign skincare stores provide convenience atmosphere
when do shopping
11 Perceived Value 5 Foreign products tend to provide new knowledge for self-
care.
Source: Developed by researcher (2018)
The first factor has shown 29.076% variance after rotation. First factor was formed
the relationship between three variables which are perceived value, perceived
47
prestige, and perceived quality. The table 4.14 has shown that the first factor was
determined by 11 manifest variables. On the first factor, researcher only used the
top five of the dominant factor since the variance value has higher result than the
other variables, and all variables leads to one point, namely satisfaction with the
benefits of the product.
Therefore, the first factor can be named as “Product Quality “according to Hoang
& Duy (2017), Product Quality is the characteristic of a product or service that provides
benefits to meet customer needs that are stated or implied. Or defined as a product that
provides its availability and ability to reprsent its functions that meet customer needs
and consumer superiority towards other alternative products. When consumer already
got the positive outcomes which mean it can protect skin, prevent aging, moisturized)
made costumer more consider for purchase the product.
b. Second factor
The variance value after rotation of the second factor is 9.112%. Can be seen on
the manifest variables that construct this factor, this can be interpreted for the
Perceived Quality variable. The table 4.15 has shown that the first factor was
determined by 5 manifest variable. In the second factor, researcher only used the
top 2 of the dominant factor since the variance value higher than other. The top 2
factor leads to one point which is the scent that is produced by the product.
48
Table 4.15 Second Factor
No Variable Statement
1 Perceived Quality 3 Foreign skin care tends to have a luxurious
aroma
2 Perceived Quality 4 The smell of foreign skin care tends to
provide calmness
3 Perceived Quality 5 Foreign skin care tends to provide an easier
method of use
4 Perceived Quality 2 Foreign skin care always provides luxurious
packaging
5 Perceived Quality 1 Foreign skin care always provides robust
packaging
Source: Developed by researcher (2018)
Therefore, the second can be named “Scents and odors” according to Kokon.I
(2011), scent and odors affecting on creating positive and negative emotion,
therefore it can awaken memories either it’s a good or bad memories. This theory
also said scent and odor also one of consumer reason to buy the product.
Therefore, it makes easier customer to compare one product with another. In the
moment aroma of the product been sticks to consumer mind. It can make
consumer easier on determining their choice of the product.
49
4.5 Discussion
The result indicates that all variable towards purchase intention can give a positive
thing on development in skin care industries, and innovation for local company to
increasing their service and quality of product. The previous research from Harun
& Abdullah (2011), found that purchase intention of consumer on personal care
products have been affected by the perceived quality, prestige, value and influence
from others. however from the 4 factor itself only 2 dominant factor that influence
customer purchase intetion which are perceeved prestige and influence from
others. The same study was used to test the result from the North Cikarang
perspective, and the dominant factors toward customer purchase intention of skin
care product namely: Product Quality and Scent and Odors.
The first new factor called “Product Quality” Naming this factor is taken from the top
5 variables as explained above. Product Quality is the characteristic of a product or
service that provides benefits to meet customer needs that are stated or implied. When
consumer already got the positive outcomes which mean it can protect skin, prevent
aging, moisturized) made costumer more consider for purchase the product.
Therefore, can say that when consumer achieved a positive outcome from the skin
care it influences consumer attitude to keep using that skin care for the next time and
of course the company of the skin care will get more benefit.
The second new factor indicated as “Scent and Odors”. Naming this factor is taken
from the top 2 variables as explained above. Scent
and Odors is one of dominant thing that can affecting on creating positive and
negative emotion, therefore it can awaken memories either it’s a good or bad
memories. When the consumer sees the advertisement and automatically can
remember the smell of it. It shows that the product will always be used as the
comparison with other product.
50
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
This research adopted purchasing theory by implementing perceived prestige,
perceived value, perceived quality and influence from others, as its variable in
order to identify the dominant factor that stimulate consumer purchase intention of
foreign skin care product by using factor analysis method. In this conclusion, the
researcher trying to provide answer of the research objective as listed below :
1. Research Objective 1: The dominant factor is Product Quality
2. Research Objective 2: the dominant factor can be developing based on
2 factor which are Product Quality and Scent and Odors
This research acquires two dominant factors that can contribute generate
consumer Purchase Intention, namely Quality Product and Scent and Odors. For
naming first factor “Quality Product” it’s based on the top 5 variables as explained
in Chapter 4. Quality Product defined as characteristic of a product or service that
provides benefits to meet customer needs that are stated or implied. When
consumer already got the positive outcomes which mean it can protect skin,
prevent aging, moisturized) made costumer more consider for purchase the
product. And for naming second factor “Scent and Odors” it’s also based on the
top 2 variable that already explained in previous chapter. Scent and Odors
believed can affecting on creating positive and negative emotion, therefore it can
awaken memories either it’s a good or bad memories. When the consumer sees
the advertisement and automatically can remember the smell of it. It shows that
the product will always be used as the comparison with other product.
51
5.2 Recommendation
1. Society: This research expected to contribute in providing insight about
purchase intention in skin care product. Aimed consumer can take
consideration before choosing particular skin care product since there are
many skin care brand available in beauty market.
2. Academic Purpose: This study can contribute on the provision of
knowledge of the consumer purchase intention, which applies especially to
skin care product.
3. For local skin care producers: This research can be used as a reference
when developing new skin care products, taking into account the quality of
the product, aim for the longer term of their business in order to attract
consumer to purchase local product. One of the attempt is. For instance,
skin care product embraces the features and characteristic of product that
can satisfy consumer needs and want. It was found that while purchasing
skin care product, generally give more preference to attributes such as
freshness sun protection, whitening, oil control. In addition, scent and
odors affecting on creating positive and negative emotion, therefore it can
awaken memories either it’s a good or bad memories. In the moment
aroma of the product been sticks to consumer mind. It can make consumer
easier on determining their choice of the product.
4. Future Research: This study can also contribute to give new ideas in the
forthcoming research. Perhaps by expanding the limitation because
subjects of this study are only the skin care users staying in the region of
North Cikarang. Further research can also find new indicators that can
attract consumers’ purchase intention of skin care product. This study only
focused on female consumer, it is better for future study try to scope
another specific categories especially specific users such as: male, adult,
kids. Etc. It is therefore proposed that future research with different types
of respondents be conducted in different places.
52
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56
APPENDIX
Appendix A – Questionnaire
Questionnaire in Bahasa Indonesia
Age:
• Apakah anda pernah membeli Skin Care merek asing? (Jika YA silahkan lanjutkan)
YA TIDAK
Likert Scale Silahkan isi sesuai dengan petunjuk dibawah ini:
1 = Sangat Tidak Setuju 2 = Tidak Setuju 3 = Netral 4 = Setuju 5 = Sangat Setuju
Perceived Prestige
No Statement Scale
1 2 3 4 5
1 Skin care asing selalu memberikan perbedaan yang
significant pada kulit saya
2 Skin care asing selalu memberikan imej mewah
3 Skin care asing cenderung memilki design yang beda dari
yang lain.
4 Membeli skincare asing cenderung bisa menaikkan status
sosial saya
5 Saya cenderung membeli skincare asing karena mengikuti
tren
6 Menggunakan skin care asing cenderung membuat saya
merasa bangga
7 Skin care asing cenderung menggunakan bahan
berkualitas tinggi
8 Skincare asing cenderung lebih cepat memberi hasil pada
kulit saya
57
*Perceived Value
No Statement Scale
1
2
3
4 5
9 Saya cenderung merasakan efek nyata pada kulit jika
menggunakan skin care asing
10 Saya cenderung lebih percaya pada kandungan dalam skin
care asing
11 Hasil yang saya dapat dari skin care asing selalu membuat
saya puas.
12 Toko skin care asing cenderung memberikan saya
kenyamanan dalam memilih produk.
13 Produk asing cenderung memberikan pengetahuan baru
dalam merawat diri
14 Produk asing selalu memberikan penjelasan yang lebih
jelas mengenai cara penggunaan produk
15 Saya merasa lebih percaya diri saat menggunakan skincare
asing.
16 Produk asing cenderung lebih ramah lingkungan
17 Penataan produk di toko skin care asing cenderung lebih
menarik
18 Dekorasi toko skin care asing selalu menarik perhatian saya.
*Perceived Quality
No Statement Scale
2 3
4 5 1
19 Kemasan skin care asing selalu memberikan kesan mewah
20 Kemasan skin care merek asing cenderung lebih kokoh
21 Skin care asing cenderung memiliki aroma yang mewah Aroma yang dimiliki skin care asing cenderung memberikan
22 ketenangan
Skin care asing cenderung memberikan metode penggunaan 23 yang lebih mudah
24 Kulit saya selalu cocok menggunakan skin care asing
58
25 Skin care asing cenderung memberikan efek yang tahan lama
*Influence From Others
No Statement
Scale
1 2 3 4 5 Saya senantiasa memilih skin care berdasarkan informasi
1 yang saya dapat dari sosial media
2 saya senantiasa memilih skin care berdasarkan saran keluarga saya
59
Appendix B
Raw Data
ORDINAL DATA
Perceived Prestige Perceived Value Perceived Quality Influence
from Other
3 4 5 3 2 1 4 3 5 4 5 2 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 1
4 3 5 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 2 3 2 5 4 5 3
5 5 5 5 2 3 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 1 2
4 3 4 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 2
4 5 4 5 5 3 5 3 4 3 4 4 5 5 2 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 4
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 2
4 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 5 5
3 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3
3 3 5 2 4 2 5 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 5 3
2 3 1 4 5 5 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 4
3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 5 2 4 3 2 2 2 5 3
4 3 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 2 4 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 5 1 3 5 2
60
3 4 5 1 2 1 3 1 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 1
4 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 5 3
3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 5
4 5 5 3 2 4 5 5 4 3 2 5 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 5 3 2 2 5
4 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 3 5 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 5 4
3 4 4 3 2 2 5 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3
3 4 5 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4
3 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3
3 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 1 3 2
4 5 4 3 2 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 2
3 4 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 4
3 4 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 5 3
3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 4 3 3 3 4
4 3 4 1 2 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3
2 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 5 5 5 3 4 4 3 2 2 5 5
3 3 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2
4 5 4 5 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 5 2 3 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 5
5 4 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 3
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 3
3 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5
3 5 5 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 5
4 4 5 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 5
4 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4
3 4 4 4 5 3 4 2 3 5 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3
2 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4
3 4 2 1 5 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 2 2 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 1 2 4 4
4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 4 3 3 4 3
5 5 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 5 3
4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3
3 5 2 1 3 1 5 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 3
3 4 4 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 5 3
2 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 3 4 1 2 4 4 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 4 3 4 5 3 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4
5 3 5 3 1 2 5 3 3 3 5 3 2 2 2 5 2 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 4 5 5
2 4 5 5 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 2 5 5 5 1 1 5 5
5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 2 5 3 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5
5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 2
4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 1 5 4 4 4 3 5 5 4 4
3 4 3 4 3 2 3 3 1 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 2
4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 3
4 4 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 4 2
4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 2 5 4 4 3 1 4 3 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 5 4 3 4
4 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 3 4
61
4 1 1 1 1 3 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 5 3 1 2 4 5 4 3 5 5 4 4 5 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 1
4 4 4 3 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 4 4 3
4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 4 4 2 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
4 5 4 3 2 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4
3 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 2
2 4 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 1
3 5 5 2 1 1 5 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
4 5 5 1 2 4 5 5 3 5 4 5 4 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 4
4 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 3 2
4 3 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4
4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 3
62
INTERVAL DATA
Perceived Prestige Perceived Value Perceived Quality Influence From Other
2 3 4 2 1 1 3 2 4 3 4 1 2 2 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3. 1.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 6 3 4 9 0 6 8 9 0 0 8 9 6 3 0 6 4 1 6 9 7 0 8 8 0 6 6 4 6 6 0 7 4 2 1 5 5 1 7 0 0 7 7 6 6 7 4 0 3 6
0 0 8 1 4 0 3 0 0 5 2 8 7 3 9 0 1 7 9 1 4 5 0 7 6
3 2 4 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 5 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 4 3 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 5 3 6 7 1 7 8 7 1 9 7 0 7 3 2 6 4 1 6 0 7 0 5 8 6 0 6 4 8 0 1 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 4 0 5 7 7 6 6 2 4 0 8 9
7 6 8 0 0 1 3 5 8 0 4 6 2 2 9 0 1 7 9 1 3 8 0 6 2
4 4 4 4 1 3 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 1. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 5 9 3 4 9 1 7 8 7 1 0 0 0 9 4 4 6 4 0 0 9 8 1 5 1 0 8 8 4 6 6 1 9 4 3 1 5 2 7 7 2 5 7 7 9 4 4 9 1 8 1
2 3 8 0 4 1 6 0 8 0 2 6 2 8 7 1 1 7 9 2 2 2 0 6 4
3 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 5 0 0 0 0 7 8 7 0 9 7 8 7 4 2 5 3 0 0 0 0 9 6 8 0 0 6 8 0 0 0 1 4 3 1 7 5 7 4 2 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 9
7 6 8 0 0 0 3 0 8 5 4 6 1 2 7 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 5 3 2
3 4 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 5 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 4. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 9 0 4 3 1 7 8 7 0 9 7 0 9 1 3 6 4 0 6 8 7 9 8 8 6 0 8 8 6 8 1 9 4 3 6 7 5 7 7 5 4 7 7 0 6 8 4 2 3 9 7 3 8 0 8 1 6 0 8 8 4 6 2 8 4 8 1 7 2 1 2 8 8 7 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 7 1 6 7 1 7 8 9 0 0 6 9 6 1 2 6 2 1 6 9 7 9 9 8 0 6 9 6 8 0 1 9 8 2 0 6 9 1 7 5 5 7 8 6 6 7 4 7 3 6
0 1 5 0 0 7 1 4 5 0 0 8 7 3 4 0 4 9 9 1 4 8 5 9 6
3 3 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 6 0 4 4 1 6 8 7 0 9 7 0 7 5 3 6 3 0 8 8 8 1 8 8 6
0 6 0 5 2 1 7 3 3 0 7 5 6 4 4 4 7 0 0 0 8 9 1 3 9
7 0 0 3 6 7 3 5 8 0 4 6 9 2 8 8 1 6 2 6 2 2 0 7 2
2 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 5 0 4 9 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 6 3 3 6 3 1 6 8 7 9 9 8 5 6 6 8 6 6 1 7 4 6 6 6 5 7 7 0 4 7 0 6 6 8 4 2 3 6
0 6 8 1 4 7 3 0 6 8 0 6 1 3 9 8 4 6 9 1 2 8 8 9 6
63
2 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 5 4 5 2 2 2 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1 5 3 6 4 1 7 8 7 0 9 6 9 6 3 2 6 2 0 0 9 1 9 8 8 6 6 6 4 8 2 1 9 8 6 6 7 9 1 7 0 5 7 8 9 4 4 1 2 3 6 0 6 8 0 6 7 6 4 6 8 4 8 7 3 9 0 4 9 9 2 2 4 8 7 6
1 2 1 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 0 5 0 4 3 9 0 8 9 0 0 6 0 7 3 2 6 0 0 6 0 7 9 9 9 0 0 6 0 5 8 5 0 8 2 0 0 9 0 9 0 5 7 0 0 6 2 4 7 3 6
0 6 0 3 8 3 0 4 5 0 0 8 0 5 9 0 4 0 0 1 3 8 5 9 3
2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1 6 0 4 7 1 7 8 7 0 9 7 8 6 3 1 5 3 0 6 8 7 0 9 9 6 6 6 8 6 0 1 1 4 6 1 7 5 7 7 0 1 4 0 9 9 8 4 0 3 6
0 0 8 1 0 1 3 0 6 5 4 6 1 3 9 3 2 6 9 0 2 8 0 9 3
3 2 1 2 3 4 4 2 4 2 1 3 5 4 3 5 4 4 3 3 2 5 4 1 2 4. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 5 6 4 4 9 7 8 9 0 0 7 0 9 3 4 6 4 0 8 9 1 1 0 8 6 0 6 5 6 2 5 9 4 2 6 0 5 7 7 0 5 7 7 0 0 7 1 1 0 6
7 6 0 1 6 3 6 0 0 8 0 6 2 8 9 1 1 7 2 6 4 4 0 0 6
2 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 2. 1.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 6 3 0 9 0 7 0 9 0 0 7 9 6 4 2 6 4 0 6 9 8 9 9 9 5
6 6 4 0 6 0 1 0 2 1 6 5 1 7 2 5 7 7 0 6 7 9 7 3 6
0 0 8 0 4 0 3 0 5 5 0 6 7 3 7 0 1 7 2 1 4 2 5 9 3
3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 4 2 5 5 3 4 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 2 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 6 0 4 3 0 6 8 7 1 9 0 0 7 4 4 6 3 0 8 9 1 9 8 8 6 0 6 8 5 8 2 7 4 6 1 7 2 7 4 2 5 7 0 0 0 4 1 2 3 6
7 0 8 3 8 9 3 0 6 0 4 6 2 2 7 1 1 6 2 6 2 4 8 7 6
2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1 6 0 4 4 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 2 8 3 0 6 9 7 9 8 8 6 6 6 8 6 2 1 7 4 6 1 0 5 7 4 0 5 5 0 0 6 7 4 2 3 6
0 0 8 1 6 1 3 0 6 5 0 6 1 2 9 0 8 6 2 1 4 8 8 7 6
3 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 3 2 1 5 2 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 2 4 2 1 1. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3 9 3 4 9 0 7 9 7 0 0 0 9 7 3 3 5 3 0 8 9 7 1 8 9 0
0 8 4 6 6 2 9 2 3 6 0 2 1 4 0 4 4 0 9 0 4 4 1 3 6
7 3 8 1 4 9 6 0 8 8 0 6 7 2 9 8 2 6 9 6 2 8 0 7 3
3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 5 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 4. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 6 3 4 4 1 7 8 7 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 6 4 0 8 8 7 9 8 8 6 0 6 4 5 2 1 9 3 3 6 6 2 6 7 0 5 7 7 9 0 8 4 2 3 9
7 0 8 3 6 1 6 5 8 8 0 6 9 3 9 0 1 7 9 6 2 8 8 7 2
2 3 3 2 1 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1 6 0 4 9 1 7 8 7 0 0 6 8 7 3 2 5 2 0 8 9 7 9 8 8 0
64
6 6 8 6 6 1 9 3 6 1 6 9 7 4 0 5 4 8 0 0 7 4 7 3 6
0 0 8 1 4 7 6 5 6 5 0 8 1 2 9 0 2 9 2 6 4 8 5 7 6
2 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 6 3 4 4 1 6 8 7 0 9 6 8 6 3 3 5 3 0 8 8 7 9 8 8 0 6 6 4 6 2 1 7 3 3 0 7 9 7 7 0 4 4 0 9 0 8 4 2 3 9
0 0 8 1 6 1 3 5 8 0 4 8 1 3 9 8 2 6 9 6 2 8 8 7 2
2 1 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 7 1 4 7 0 6 8 7 0 9 7 9 7 4 2 5 3 0 8 8 7 9 6 8 0
6 9 6 5 0 2 7 3 3 6 7 5 1 4 2 5 4 0 0 0 8 4 2 7 9
0 1 5 3 0 9 3 5 8 8 4 6 7 2 7 0 2 6 2 6 2 8 8 3 2
2 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 6 0 4 9 1 7 8 7 0 0 6 9 7 3 2 6 3 0 8 8 7 0 8 0 5 6 6 8 5 6 1 1 4 6 6 6 9 1 9 0 5 7 0 0 0 8 4 0 3 0
0 0 8 3 4 7 3 0 6 8 0 8 7 5 9 0 4 6 2 6 2 8 0 7 0
3 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 9 0 4 9 1 6 9 9 0 0 7 0 7 4 2 5 4 0 8 8 8 9 8 8 0 0 8 8 6 6 1 7 2 2 1 5 5 7 4 2 5 4 7 9 0 8 9 2 3 6
7 3 8 1 4 7 3 0 0 5 2 6 2 2 7 0 2 7 9 6 2 2 8 7 6
2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 6 1 0 7 0 7 8 9 0 0 6 9 7 1 1 6 2 1 6 0 7 9 9 8 5
6 6 6 0 0 0 9 8 2 0 6 9 1 4 5 1 7 8 6 6 2 4 7 3 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 4 5 0 0 8 7 2 4 3 4 9 9 1 3 5 5 9 6
2 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 4 3 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1 6 0 4 9 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 9 6 3 3 5 3 0 8 9 7 9 5 8 6 6 6 8 5 6 1 7 4 6 1 6 5 1 7 0 4 4 0 0 0 7 4 7 8 9
0 0 8 3 4 1 3 0 6 5 0 6 7 3 9 8 2 6 2 6 4 8 5 6 2
2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 2. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 5 1 4 0 1 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 6 3 2 5 2 0 6 9 8 9 8 8 5 6 6 6 6 0 1 1 4 3 6 0 5 7 7 0 5 4 8 0 6 4 9 2 3 6
0 6 5 1 0 1 3 0 8 8 0 6 1 3 9 0 2 9 2 1 2 2 8 7 6
3 2 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 5 0 0 9 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 3 6 2 1 6 9 7 9 6 8 0
0 6 8 0 6 1 7 3 3 6 6 5 7 4 0 4 7 8 6 6 7 4 2 7 9
7 6 8 0 4 7 3 5 8 8 0 6 1 2 9 8 4 9 9 1 4 8 8 3 2
1 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 1 1 1 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 0 6 0 4 4 0 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 1 1 6 4 0 6 8 8 9 9 9 6 0 6 8 5 2 2 1 3 6 0 0 5 7 4 5 1 7 7 9 6 8 9 7 3 6
0 0 8 3 6 9 3 5 6 0 0 6 1 2 4 3 1 7 9 1 2 2 5 9 3
132
65
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 1 2 2 2. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1 5 0 4 4 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 6 3 3 6 3 0 8 8 8 9 8 8 5 6 6 8 6 2 1 7 4 6 1 6 5 7 7 0 4 7 0 9 0 8 9 7 3 6 0 6 8 1 6 7 3 0 6 5 0 6 1 3 9 8 1 6 9 6 2 2 5 7 6
3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 9 0 4 7 1 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 9 1 2 6 4 0 6 8 8 9 8 8 0 0 8 8 6 0 1 1 4 3 0 6 5 7 7 5 5 7 7 9 6 8 9 2 3 9
7 3 8 0 0 7 3 0 8 0 0 6 1 8 4 0 1 7 9 1 2 2 8 7 2
3 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 6 0 4 9 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 1 1 6 3 0 8 8 8 9 8 8 6 0 6 8 6 6 1 7 8 3 0 6 5 7 4 5 1 7 0 9 0 8 9 2 3 9
7 0 8 1 4 7 3 4 8 0 0 6 1 2 4 3 1 6 9 6 2 2 8 7 2
4 3 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 5 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 6 3 4 7 1 7 9 9 0 0 0 8 9 5 3 6 4 0 8 9 8 1 5 1 6 8 6 4 6 0 1 9 2 2 1 5 2 7 7 4 4 7 7 9 0 4 9 1 8 1
2 0 8 0 0 1 6 0 0 5 2 6 1 8 8 8 1 7 9 6 2 2 0 6 4
3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 5 4 3 2 3 2 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 4 1 7 8 7 0 9 7 8 7 4 2 6 4 0 0 9 8 9 6 8 0
0 6 8 6 2 1 1 3 6 1 7 5 7 4 2 5 7 7 0 4 4 9 2 7 6
7 0 8 1 6 1 3 5 6 5 4 6 1 2 7 0 1 7 2 2 2 2 8 3 6
2 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 9 0 4 4 1 6 8 7 0 9 8 0 6 4 3 6 2 1 6 9 8 9 6 8 0 6 8 8 6 2 1 7 3 3 1 7 5 6 7 2 4 7 8 6 6 7 9 2 7 9
0 3 8 0 6 1 3 5 8 5 4 8 9 3 7 8 4 9 9 1 4 2 8 3 2
2 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1 9 3 4 0 1 7 8 7 0 0 8 0 6 4 3 6 2 0 0 9 7 9 0 8 0 6 8 4 6 0 1 1 4 6 6 6 5 6 7 2 4 7 8 0 0 7 4 7 0 6
0 3 8 1 0 7 3 0 6 8 0 8 9 3 7 8 4 9 0 0 4 8 5 0 6
3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 1 3 2 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 6 3 4 3 1 6 9 9 1 0 7 0 9 4 2 5 4 0 8 9 8 9 6 8 6
0 6 4 5 8 1 7 2 2 1 5 5 7 7 2 5 4 7 9 0 7 9 7 7 6
7 0 8 3 8 1 3 0 0 0 2 6 2 8 7 0 2 7 9 6 4 2 5 3 6
3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 3 4 7 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 2 5 3 0 8 8 7 9 6 8 0 0 6 4 6 0 1 7 3 3 6 6 5 7 4 0 5 4 0 0 0 8 4 2 7 6
7 0 8 1 0 1 3 5 8 8 0 6 1 2 9 0 2 6 2 6 2 8 8 3 6
2 3 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1 6 0 4 3 1 6 8 7 1 0 7 8 7 3 2 5 3 0 6 9 8 9 6 8 0
133
66
6 6 8 5 8 1 7 8 6 1 6 5 7 4 0 5 4 0 0 6 7 9 7 7 9
0 0 8 3 8 1 3 4 6 0 0 6 1 2 9 0 2 6 2 1 4 2 5 3 2
1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 0 7 0 4 4 1 7 8 0 0 0 6 9 7 4 3 5 3 1 6 0 7 9 6 8 0 0 9 8 5 2 1 1 4 0 0 0 9 1 4 2 4 4 0 6 9 2 4 2 7 9
0 1 8 3 6 1 3 0 0 0 0 8 7 2 7 8 2 6 9 0 3 8 8 3 2
2 3 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 6 6 0 3 1 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 6 1 1 6 3 0 6 9 7 9 0 9 0
6 6 5 0 8 1 1 4 6 6 0 5 7 7 5 1 7 0 0 6 7 4 7 0 6
0 0 0 0 8 7 3 0 6 8 0 6 1 3 4 3 1 6 2 1 4 8 5 0 3
3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 7 1 6 8 7 0 0 6 8 6 3 2 5 2 0 6 9 8 9 8 8 0 0 6 8 6 0 1 7 3 6 1 6 9 7 7 0 5 4 8 0 6 4 9 2 3 6
7 0 8 1 0 1 3 5 6 5 0 8 1 3 9 0 2 9 2 1 2 2 8 7 6
4 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 9 1 4 7 1 6 8 9 0 9 6 8 7 1 3 5 2 5 6 8 8 9 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 0 1 7 3 2 1 7 9 7 4 5 4 4 8 8 6 8 9 2 3 6
2 3 5 1 0 7 3 5 5 5 4 8 1 2 4 8 2 9 2 1 2 2 8 7 6
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 6 0 4 7 1 7 8 7 0 9 7 9 7 3 1 6 3 1 6 0 0 9 8 8 5
0 6 8 6 0 1 1 4 3 6 7 5 1 9 0 1 7 0 6 6 2 0 7 3 6 7 0 8 1 0 7 3 0 8 8 4 6 7 5 9 3 4 6 9 1 3 0 5 7 6
2 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 9 6 0 7 0 7 8 7 0 9 6 8 6 3 2 8 2 1 6 9 7 0 9 8 0 6 8 5 0 0 0 9 3 3 6 7 9 7 7 0 5 5 8 6 6 7 4 0 3 6
0 3 0 0 0 0 6 5 8 8 4 8 1 3 9 0 8 9 9 1 4 8 0 9 6
2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 4. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1 6 0 4 7 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 4 2 6 3 0 8 9 7 9 8 8 6 6 6 8 6 0 1 7 4 3 6 6 5 7 4 2 5 7 0 9 0 7 4 2 3 9
0 0 8 1 0 7 3 0 8 8 0 6 1 2 7 0 4 6 9 6 4 8 8 7 2
1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 2. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 0 5 1 4 4 1 7 8 9 0 0 8 9 6 0 2 5 3 1 8 0 7 9 8 8 5
0 6 6 6 2 1 1 8 2 6 6 5 1 7 0 5 4 0 6 0 2 4 7 3 6
0 6 5 1 6 1 3 4 5 8 0 8 7 3 0 0 2 6 9 6 3 8 5 7 6
4 2 3 1 1 4 3 4 3 3 2 5 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 3 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 5 0 0 9 0 6 9 7 0 0 0 9 6 4 2 5 4 1 8 9 8 1 6 8 0 8 6 8 0 6 2 7 2 3 1 6 2 1 7 2 5 4 7 6 0 7 9 1 7 9
2 6 8 0 4 9 3 0 8 5 0 6 7 3 7 0 2 7 9 6 4 2 0 3 2
134
67
3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 5 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 6 0 6 9 1 7 8 7 0 9 7 0 6 3 3 5 3 1 6 9 8 9 6 8 5 0 6 8 8 6 1 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 7 0 4 4 0 6 6 7 9 2 7 6 7 0 8 0 4 7 3 5 8 5 4 6 2 3 9 8 2 6 9 1 4 2 8 3 6
4 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 5 1 2 4 5 4 2 4 2 3 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 5 3 4 0 1 7 8 7 0 0 6 0 7 1 4 8 2 0 0 9 7 1 8 8 6 8 6 4 6 0 1 9 4 6 6 5 9 6 9 5 5 5 8 9 4 4 4 1 3 9
2 6 8 1 0 7 6 0 6 8 2 8 9 5 4 1 8 9 9 2 2 8 0 7 2
1 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 3 1 4 5 4 1 1 4. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 0 6 3 4 7 1 7 0 9 0 0 0 9 7 4 2 8 2 0 6 9 1 1 0 0 6 0 6 4 6 0 1 9 0 2 1 0 0 1 4 2 5 5 8 0 9 4 1 1 0 0
0 0 8 0 0 7 1 0 5 5 0 0 7 2 7 0 8 9 2 0 2 4 0 0 0
4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 1 5 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 2 3 5 3. 4.536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 6 0 4 3 9 7 8 9 1 0 0 9 7 3 3 6 3 0 8 9 1 9 6 1 0 8 6 8 5 8 5 9 3 2 1 0 2 1 4 0 4 7 0 0 0 4 1 2 7 1
2 0 8 3 8 3 6 5 0 0 0 6 7 2 9 8 1 6 2 6 2 4 8 3 4
4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 5 4 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5 9 0 4 4 0 7 9 9 1 9 7 0 9 3 1 6 3 5 6 8 8 9 6 9 0
8 8 8 5 2 2 9 2 2 1 7 5 7 7 0 1 7 0 8 6 8 9 2 7 6
2 3 8 3 6 9 6 0 0 0 4 6 2 8 9 3 4 6 2 1 2 2 8 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 1 4 3 3 3 1 4 5 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 7 0 7 8 7 0 9 6 8 6 4 2 5 0 0 8 8 8 9 5 1 0 0 6 8 5 0 2 1 3 3 6 7 9 7 7 2 5 4 0 9 0 8 9 7 8 1
7 0 8 3 0 9 3 5 8 8 4 8 1 3 7 0 2 0 9 6 2 2 5 6 4
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 6 1 4 7 1 7 8 0 0 0 6 0 6 3 3 5 2 0 6 9 7 0 8 8 0 6 6 6 5 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 9 6 7 0 4 4 8 0 9 7 4 0 3 6
0 0 5 3 0 7 3 0 0 5 0 8 9 3 9 8 2 9 0 0 4 8 0 7 6
3 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 4 0 7 8 7 0 9 7 9 7 3 3 5 4 1 8 8 8 9 5 8 0
0 6 8 6 2 2 9 3 6 1 7 5 1 4 0 4 4 7 6 0 8 9 2 8 9
7 0 8 1 6 9 6 5 6 5 4 6 7 2 9 8 2 7 9 6 2 2 8 6 2
3 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 1 4 3 1 6 8 7 0 0 6 8 6 3 2 0 2 0 8 9 7 9 9 8 0 0 6 6 5 8 1 7 3 3 1 6 9 7 7 0 5 0 8 0 0 7 4 7 3 9
7 0 5 3 8 1 3 5 8 5 0 8 1 3 9 0 0 9 2 6 4 8 5 9 2
3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 1 4 3 2. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 6 0 4 7 1 6 8 9 1 9 7 9 0 4 2 6 4 0 8 8 7 9 5 8 5
135
68
0 6 8 6 0 1 7 4 2 1 7 5 1 0 2 5 7 7 9 0 8 4 7 8 9
7 0 8 1 0 1 3 0 5 0 4 6 7 0 7 0 1 7 9 6 2 8 5 6 2
3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 7 1 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 3 5 2 1 8 8 7 9 6 8 0 0 6 8 6 0 1 1 4 3 1 6 5 7 4 0 4 4 8 6 0 8 4 2 7 9
7 0 8 1 0 7 3 0 8 5 0 6 1 2 9 8 2 9 9 6 2 8 8 3 2
3 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 2. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 6 0 4 3 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 1 6 3 0 8 9 8 0 9 8 5
0 6 8 6 8 1 7 4 6 6 6 5 7 4 0 1 7 0 0 0 7 9 0 3 9
7 0 8 1 8 1 3 0 6 8 0 6 1 2 9 3 4 6 2 6 4 2 0 9 2
3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3 0 0 0 0 1 6 8 7 0 0 8 0 6 3 2 6 3 0 6 9 7 0 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 4 3 1 0 5 6 7 0 5 7 0 0 6 7 4 0 3 6
7 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 8 5 0 8 9 3 9 0 4 6 0 1 4 5 0 9 3
2 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 4 5 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 5 3 3 2 2 3 3. 1.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 5 3 4 0 1 6 9 7 0 0 0 8 7 5 2 5 4 0 0 8 8 9 8 8 0 6 6 4 6 0 1 7 2 3 6 5 2 7 4 4 5 4 7 9 4 8 9 2 3 9
0 6 8 1 0 7 3 0 8 8 2 6 1 2 8 0 2 7 9 2 2 2 8 7 2
3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 5 5 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 2 2 3 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 0 4 4 1 7 8 7 0 9 0 0 7 4 3 6 3 0 8 9 1 9 8 8 0
0 6 8 6 2 1 9 3 3 1 7 2 7 4 2 4 7 0 0 0 4 1 2 3 9 7 0 8 1 6 1 6 5 8 5 4 6 2 2 7 8 1 6 2 6 2 4 8 7 2
3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 6 3 4 4 0 6 8 7 0 9 7 0 7 4 1 6 3 0 6 8 8 9 8 8 0 0 6 4 5 2 2 7 3 3 6 7 5 6 4 2 1 7 0 9 6 8 9 2 3 9
7 0 8 3 6 9 3 5 8 8 4 6 9 2 7 3 4 6 9 1 2 2 8 7 2
3 4 3 2 1 3 4 4 4 4 2 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 4. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 9 0 4 9 1 7 9 9 1 9 0 0 9 4 4 6 4 0 0 9 8 1 5 1 6 0 8 8 6 6 1 9 2 2 1 7 2 7 7 2 5 7 7 9 4 4 9 1 8 1
7 3 8 1 4 1 6 0 0 0 4 6 2 8 7 1 1 7 9 2 2 2 0 6 4
2 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 3. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 6 0 4 9 1 7 8 7 0 0 7 8 7 3 2 5 2 0 6 9 7 0 8 8 0
6 6 8 6 6 1 1 4 6 6 6 5 7 4 0 5 4 8 0 6 7 4 0 3 6
0 0 8 1 4 1 3 0 6 8 0 6 1 2 9 0 2 9 2 1 4 5 0 7 6
1 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2. 1.000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 0 6 1 4 4 1 7 8 9 0 0 6 9 7 1 2 5 2 1 8 9 7 9 9 9 5 0 6 6 6 2 1 9 8 2 0 0 9 1 9 5 5 4 8 6 0 7 4 2 3 6
0 0 5 1 6 1 1 4 5 0 0 8 7 5 4 0 2 9 9 6 4 8 8 9 3
136
69
2 4 4 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 3. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1 9 3 6 0 0 7 8 7 0 0 6 8 7 4 3 6 3 5 6 8 8 9 6 8 0 6 8 4 8 0 0 9 3 3 1 0 9 7 4 2 4 7 0 8 6 8 9 7 7 9 0 3 8 0 0 0 6 5 8 5 0 8 1 2 7 8 4 6 2 1 2 2 5 3 2
3 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 2 4 2 5 3 1 5 3 4 4 2 5 3 3 4 4 3 4. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 9 3 0 9 0 7 9 7 1 9 0 8 0 5 2 6 4 1 0 8 8 1 5 8 6 0 8 4 0 6 2 9 2 6 1 7 2 7 0 4 5 7 7 6 4 8 9 1 8 9
7 3 8 0 4 9 6 0 6 0 4 6 1 0 8 0 1 7 9 2 2 2 0 6 2
3 3 2 2 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 5 2. 1.939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3 6 1 4 7 0 7 8 9 0 0 7 8 7 3 2 8 3 0 6 0 7 9 5 1 5 0 6 6 6 0 2 9 3 2 1 5 5 7 4 0 5 5 0 0 6 2 4 2 8 1
7 0 5 1 0 9 6 5 0 5 2 6 1 2 9 0 8 6 2 1 3 8 8 6 4
3 2 4 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4. 3.527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 5 3 4 9 1 7 8 7 0 0 0 8 7 3 3 6 4 0 8 9 8 1 6 8 6 0 6 4 5 6 1 1 4 6 6 6 2 7 4 0 4 7 7 0 0 4 9 1 7 9
7 6 8 3 4 1 3 0 6 8 0 6 1 2 9 8 1 7 2 6 2 2 0 3 2
3 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3. 2.727 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 7 6 6 4 1 6 8 7 0 0 7 0 7 1 1 5 4 0 8 0 7 0 9 9 0
0 9 5 8 2 1 7 3 3 0 0 5 6 9 5 1 4 8 0 0 2 4 0 3 6
7 1 0 0 6 7 3 5 8 0 0 6 9 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 3 5 0 9 3
137
72
Appendix D Factor Analysis
Correlation Matrix
Correlation Matrixa
PP PP PP PP PP PP PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV PV P P P P P P P IO IO
1 2 3 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 1 2
Sig. PP .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .01 .12 .00 .00 .05 .00 .00 .00 .1 .2
(1- 1 46 93 51 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 07 91 22 50 2 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 08 71
taile PP .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 .0 .1 .2 .2 .09 .15 .46 .01 .03 .08 .11 .16 .2 .0
d) 2 46 12 08 06 09 45 08 22 01 06 20 31 11 35 1 4 1 2 6 7 2 5 96 44
PP .0 .0 .2 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .2 .1 .00 .00 .06 .00 .04 .01 .00 .04 .0 .1 3 93 12 30 19 78 33 09 02 31 72 10 02 23 17 0 1 4 1 0 5 4 3 41 05
PP .0 .3 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 .3 .1 .2 .0 .1 .15 .11 .02 .04 .00 .00 .02 .05 .3 .0 6 51 08 30 66 07 84 87 06 02 46 43 43 90 00 8 6 3 3 2 5 0 5 90 48
PP .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .0 .3 7 00 06 19 66 00 00 00 02 00 09 07 38 03 91 3 6 0 1 8 2 1 0 16 78
PP .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .1 .00 .07 .00 .03 .12 .01 .00 .00 .0 .1 8 00 09 78 07 00 00 07 01 00 05 23 00 65 74 7 4 4 8 9 5 0 2 66 78
PV .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .4 .1 .00 .01 .02 .11 .14 .03 .00 .00 .1 .4 1 00 45 33 84 00 00 18 00 01 00 00 20 57 70 3 2 5 3 5 2 9 1 07 77
PV .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .00 .38 .16 .04 .00 .32 .00 .03 .1 .1 2 00 08 09 87 00 07 18 02 13 00 94 00 34 10 3 0 0 0 9 8 0 3 93 57
PV .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .3 .2 .00 .00 .00 .09 .30 .09 .00 .00 .0 .0 3 00 22 02 06 02 01 00 02 50 04 87 01 11 35 2 7 3 8 5 9 0 0 92 56
PV .0 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .00 .00 .0 .4 4 00 01 31 02 00 00 01 13 50 00 04 05 40 00 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 61 08
PV .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0 .0 .00 .01 .09 .03 .00 .08 .01 .04 .0 .1 5 08 06 72 46 09 05 00 00 04 00 00 43 67 08 0 8 1 8 3 9 9 9 13 08
PV .0 .0 .1 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .00 .04 .46 .04 .00 .00 .06 .00 .0 .2
6 07 20 10 43 07 23 00 94 87 04 00 42 26 33 1 1 8 6 2 3 4 4 08 71
1
73
PV .0 .1 .0 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .1 .0 .1 .01 .17 .09 .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .2 .4 7 91 31 02 43 38 00 20 00 01 05 43 42 30 68 1 7 1 9 5 5 1 3 49 93
PV .0 .2 .2 .0 .0 .1 .4 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .31 .47 .02 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .2 .1 8 22 11 23 90 03 65 57 34 11 40 67 26 30 20 4 7 0 1 2 0 4 1 45 48
PV .0 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .1 .1 .00 .01 .01 .00 .00 .06 .01 .04 .0 .4 9 50 35 17 00 91 74 70 10 35 00 08 33 68 20 0 0 3 8 9 3 7 8 38 55
PV .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .00 .01 .05 .03 .01 .00 .02 .0 .2 10 12 91 00 58 03 07 03 03 02 00 00 01 11 14 00 4 2 7 9 1 4 4 24 42
PQ .1 .1 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .4 .0 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .14 .02 .0 .0 1 20 54 01 16 06 74 12 80 07 00 18 41 77 77 10 4 0 0 3 8 4 1 04 75
PQ .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .0 .4 2 02 61 64 23 00 04 25 60 03 00 91 68 91 20 13 2 0 0 2 0 2 4 93 24
PQ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .05 .00 .00 .00 .00 .10 .14 .0 .0 3 03 12 01 43 01 38 13 40 98 03 38 46 29 01 08 7 0 0 0 0 9 2 20 25
PQ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .1 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .03 .00 .00 .00 .00 .22 .09 .0 .0 4 52 36 40 02 08 29 45 09 05 14 03 02 05 02 09 9 3 2 0 0 7 2 06 43
PQ .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .01 .00 .0 .0 5 01 87 15 05 02 15 32 28 99 00 89 03 05 00 63 1 8 0 0 0 8 2 14 03
PQ .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .00 .14 .00 .10 .22 .01 .00 .1 .3 6 00 12 04 20 01 00 09 00 00 00 19 64 01 14 17 4 4 2 9 7 8 0 44 88
PQ .0 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .02 .02 .00 .14 .09 .00 .00 .0 .1 7 00 65 43 55 00 02 01 33 00 00 49 04 03 01 48 4 1 4 2 2 2 0 67 33
IO1 .1 .2 .0 .3 .0 .0 .1 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .2 .0 .02 .00 .09 .02 .00 .01 .14 .06 .0 08 96 41 90 16 66 07 93 92 61 13 08 49 45 38 4 4 3 0 6 4 4 7 19
IO2 .2 .0 .1 .0 .3 .1 .4 .1 .0 .4 .1 .2 .4 .1 .4 .24 .07 .42 .02 .04 .00 .38 .13 .0 71 44 05 48 78 78 77 57 56 08 08 71 93 48 55 2 5 4 5 3 3 8 3 19
2
74
Anti-image Matrices
PP1 PP2 PP3 PP6 PP7 PP8 PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4 PV5 PV6 PV7 PV8 PV9 PV10 PQ1 PQ2 PQ3 PQ4 PQ5 PQ6 PQ7 IO1 IO2
Anti-image Covariance
PP1 .342 .049 .021 .055 -.014 -.068 -.078 -.116 -.123 -.119 .069 -.039 .145 .023 -.020 .053 .078 -.004 -.058 .008 -.064 .039 -.060 .029
-.042
PP2 .049 .629 -.033 .108 -.084 -.091 .050 -.080 -.082 .023 -.062 -.049 .051 .064 -.062 .032 .004 .069 -.042 -.015 -.047 .034 -.010 .154
-.155
PP3 .021 -.033 .541 .114 -.016 .029 .024 -.026 -.038 -.004 .008 .018 -.055 .024 .076 -.123 -.082 .058 -.089 .014 -.018 -.074 .020 -.003
-.076
PP6 .055 .108 .114 .564 .034 -.114 -.020 -.095 .056 -.073 .089 -.023 .112 .018 .015 -.002 -.052 .010 .021 -.131 -.073 -.048 -.011 .094
-.049
PP8 -.014 -.084 -.016 .034 .368 -.093 -.097 -.080 .037 -.014 .082 -.007 .090 -.097 .085 -.058 -.017 -.075 -.032 -.016 .014 .048 -.082 -.086 .076
PP9 -.068 -.091 .029 -.114 -.093 .337 -.104 .103 -.018 -.039 -.066 .036 -.153 .000 .047 -.016 .055 -.033 -.012 .039 .063 -.093 .093 -.062
-.070
PV1 -.078 .050 .024 -.020 -.097 -.104 .387 -.007 -.019 .050 -.072 -.095 -.046 .114 -.022 .001 -.047 .008 .023 .039 -.032 .052 -.047 .074
-.011
PV2 -.116 -.080 -.026 -.095 -.080 .103 -.007 .313 .016 .017 -.112 .078 -.142 -.049 .060 -.072 .064 .027 -.019 -.054 .125 -.132 .089 -.042 .016
PV3 -.123 -.082 -.038 .056 .037 -.018 -.019 .016 .401 .114 -.057 .051 -.092 .021 .042 -.065 -.088 -.039 .012 .028 -.006 -.053 -.053 -.047 .139
PV4 -.119 .023 -.004 -.073 -.014 -.039 .050 .017 .114 .324 -.098 .018 -.092 .031 -.106 -.061 -.076 -.030 .011 .060 -.045 .002 -.036 .033 .034
PV5 .069 -.062 .008 .089 .082 -.066 -.072 -.112 -.057 -.098 .371 -.150 .146 -.071 .004 .011 -.040 .008 .025 -.083 .004 .006 .013 -.055 .097
PV6 -.039 -.049 .018 -.023 -.007 .036 -.095 .078 .051 .018 -.150 .455 -.013 -.054 .038 -.090 -.020 .123 -.002 -.058 -.023 -.026 -.034 -.064 .023
PV7 .145 .051 -.055 .112 .090 -.153 -.046 -.142 -.092 -.092 .146 -.013 .421 -.032 .014 .008 .006 .049
4.248E-05
-.104 -.077 .035 -.073 .039 .049
PV8 .023 .064 .024 .018 -.097 .000 .114 -.049 .021 .031 -.071 -.054 -.032 .492 -.066 .068 .081 -.031 -.060 .031 -.150 .026 -.096 .077
-.024
PV9 -.020 -.062 .076 .015 .085 .047 -.022 .060 .042 -.106 .004 .038 .014 -.066 .446 -.207 .010 -.007 -.073 -.062 .097 -.065 -.003 -.082 .021
PV10 .053 .032 -.123 -.002 -.058 -.016 .001 -.072 -.065 -.061 .011 -.090 .008 .068 -.207 .373 -.012 -.011 .074 .024 -.084 .028 .030 .011 .025
PQ1 .078 .004 -.082 -.052 -.017 .055 -.047 .064 -.088 -.076 -.040 -.020 .006 .081 .010 -.012 .367 -.136 -.119 .012 .059 .039 -.040 -.065
-.088
PQ2 -.004 .069 .058 .010 -.075 -.033 .008 .027 -.039 -.030 .008 .123 .049 -.031 -.007 -.011 -.136 .408 -.034 -.062 -.061 -.064 .012 .033 .085
PQ3 -.058 -.042 -.089 .021 -.032 -.012 .023 -.019 .012 .011 .025 -.002
4.248E-05
-.060 -.073 .074 -.119 -.034 .325 -.121 -.070 -.005 .078 .026 -.001
PQ4 .008 -.015 .014 -.131 -.016 .039 .039 -.054 .028 .060 -.083 -.058 -.104 .031 -.062 .024 .012 -.062 -.121 .369 -.054 .075 -.033 -.053
-.034
PQ5 -.064 -.047 -.018 -.073 .014 .063 -.032 .125 -.006 -.045 .004 -.023 -.077 -.150 .097 -.084 .059 -.061 -.070 -.054 .350 -.036 .026 -.069
-.075
PQ6 .039 .034 -.074 -.048 .048 -.093 .052 -.132 -.053 .002 .006 -.026 .035 .026 -.065 .028 .039 -.064 -.005 .075 -.036 .295 -.173 .017
-.013
PQ7 -.060 -.010 .020 -.011 -.082 .093 -.047 .089 -.053 -.036 .013 -.034 -.073 -.096 -.003 .030 -.040 .012 .078 -.033 .026 -.173 .317 -.013 -
75
.057
IO1 .029 .154 -.003 .094 -.086 -.062 .074 -.042 -.047 .033 -.055 -.064 .039 .077 -.082 .011 -.065 .033 .026 -.053 -.069 .017 -.013 .678
-.150
IO4 -.042 -.155 -.076 -.049 .076 -.070 -.011 .016 .139 .034 .097 .023 .049 -.024 .021 .025 -.088 .085 -.001 -.034 -.075 -.013 -.057 -.150 .552
Anti-image Correlation
PP1 .757a .106 .049 .126 -.038 -.200 -.215 -.356 -.331 -.358 .193 -.098 .383 .057 -.052 .149 .219 -.010 -.175 .022 -.186 .123 -.182 .060
-.096
PP2 .106 .688a -.057 .181 -.175 -.198 .101 -.181 -.163 .052 -.127 -.091 .099 .115 -.118 .067 .009 .137 -.092 -.032 -.100 .078 -.023 .236
-.263
PP3 .049 -.057 .811a .206 -.037 .068 .053 -.064 -.082 -.010 .018 .037 -.115 .046 .154 -.275 -.183 .122 -.212 .032 -.041 -.186 .047 -.005
-.139
PP6 .126 .181 .206 .634a .074 -.261 -.043 -.226 .118 -.172 .195 -.045 .230 .035 .031 -.005 -.114 .021 .050 -.287 -.164 -.118 -.027 .152
-.088
PP8 -.038 -.175 -.037 .074 .817a -.263 -.257 -.237 .097 -.041 .221 -.017 .228 -.229 .209 -.157 -.045 -.194 -.092 -.045 .039 .146 -.239 -.172 .169
PP9 -.200 -.198 .068 -.261 -.263 .732a -.288 .318 -.048 -.119 -.186 .093 -.406 .000 .121 -.045 .157 -.090 -.036 .110 .184 -.296 .284 -.130
-.163
PV1 -.215 .101 .053 -.043 -.257 -.288 .824a -.021 -.047 .140 -.190 -.228 -.114 .262 -.054 .003 -.126 .019 .064 .103 -.086 .153 -.133 .145
-.025
PV2 -.356 -.181 -.064 -.226 -.237 .318 -.021 .594a .044 .054 -.330 .207 -.391 -.126 .160 -.211 .189 .076 -.061 -.159 .376 -.433 .282 -.090 .040
PV3 -.331 -.163 -.082 .118 .097 -.048 -.047 .044 .769a .317 -.147 .119 -.223 .047 .100 -.167 -.228 -.097 .034 .072 -.016 -.153 -.149 -.090 .295
PV4 -.358 .052 -.010 -.172 -.041 -.119 .140 .054 .317 .817a -.282 .046 -.248 .078 -.278 -.177 -.222 -.081 .034 .175 -.132 .005 -.113 .071 .081
PV5 .193 -.127 .018 .195 .221 -.186 -.190 -.330 -.147 -.282 .705a -.365 .370 -.167 .009 .028 -.108 .021 .073 -.223 .010 .017 .038 -.109 .215
PV6 -.098 -.091 .037 -.045 -.017 .093 -.228 .207 .119 .046 -.365 .786a -.030 -.113 .083 -.219 -.048 .285 -.004 -.142 -.056 -.070 -.090 -.115 .047
PV7 .383 .099 -.115 .230 .228 -.406 -.114 -.391 -.223 -.248 .370 -.030 .588a -.071 .032 .020 .016 .118 .000 -.263 -.200 .100 -.200 .073 .102
PV8 .057 .115 .046 .035 -.229 .000 .262 -.126 .047 .078 -.167 -.113 -.071 .704a -.142 .159 .189 -.069 -.149 .073 -.362 .067 -.244 .132
-.046
PV9 -.052 -.118 .154 .031 .209 .121 -.054 .160 .100 -.278 .009 .083 .032 -.142 .679a -.508 .026 -.017 -.191 -.153 .245 -.178 -.008 -.148 .042
PV10 .149 .067 -.275 -.005 -.157 -.045 .003 -.211 -.167 -.177 .028 -.219 .020 .159 -.508 .772a -.033 -.027 .214 .064 -.231 .083 .088 .023 .055
PQ1 .219 .009 -.183 -.114 -.045 .157 -.126 .189 -.228 -.222 -.108 -.048 .016 .189 .026 -.033 .733a -.352 -.343 .031 .163 .117 -.117 -.130
-.195
PQ2 -.010 .137 .122 .021 -.194 -.090 .019 .076 -.097 -.081 .021 .285 .118 -.069 -.017 -.027 -.352 .824a -.092 -.159 -.162 -.186 .033 .062 .178
PQ3 -.175 -.092 -.212 .050 -.092 -.036 .064 -.061 .034 .034 .073 -.004 .000 -.149 -.191 .214 -.343 -.092 .812a -.349 -.207 -.018 .244 .055
-.003
PQ4 .022 -.032 .032 -.287 -.045 .110 .103 -.159 .072 .175 -.223 -.142 -.263 .073 -.153 .064 .031 -.159 -.349 .781a -.150 .228 -.098 -.105
-.075
PQ5 -.186 -.100 -.041 -.164 .039 .184 -.086 .376 -.016 -.132 .010 -.056 -.200 -.362 .245 -.231 .163 -.162 -.207 -.150 .770a -.111 .079 -.141
-.172
PQ6 .123 .078 -.186 -.118 .146 -.296 .153 -.433 -.153 .005 .017 -.070 .100 .067 -.178 .083 .117 -.186 -.018 .228 -.111 .738a -.565 .037 -
76
8
.032
PQ7 -.182 -.023 .047 -.027 -.239 .284 -.133 .282 -.149 -.113 .038 -.090 -.200 -.244 -.008 .088 -.117 .033 .244 -.098 .079 -.565 .742a -.028
-.136
IO1 .060 .236 -.005 .152 -.172 -.130 .145 -.090 -.090 .071 -.109 -.115 .073 .132 -.148 .023 -.130 .062 .055 -.105 -.141 .037 -.028 .734a
-.246
IO4 -.096 -.263 -.139 -.088 .169 -.163 -.025 .040 .295 .081 .215 .047 .102 -.046 .042 .055 -.195 .178 -.003 -.075 -.172 -.032 -.136 -.246
.516a