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The Digital Revolution
What is a COMPUTER?
• Different uses of COMPUTERS
Objective
• Explain the importance of computers
• Define the term computer
• Identify the components of a computer
• Explain why a computer is a powerful tool
• Differentiate among the various categories of software
• Explain the purpose of a network
• Discuss the uses of the Internet and the WWW
• Describe the categories of computers and their uses
Computer Literate: When you have knowledge and
understanding of computers and their uses.
Accept Data
Manipulate
Data
ProduceResults
Store the results
What is a COMPUTER?
Data vs. Information
$400.00$10.0040 HoursJuan Perez
SalaryRateHours WorkedName
DATA INFORMATION=
HARDWARE and SOFTWARE
// my first program in C++#include <iostream.h> int main ( )
{ cout << "Hello World!"; return 0; }
Hardware
Software
Hello World
INPUT: It is a data or instructions you enter into a computer.
OUTPUT: It is a data that has been processed into information.
DATA INFORMATION
It is an area in a computer that can hold data and
information for future use.STORAGE:
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
INP
UT
INP
UT
PROCESS
PROCESS
Information Processing CycleInformation Processing Cycle
Data vs. Information
$400.00$10.0040 HoursJuan Perez
SalaryRateHours WorkedName
DATA INFORMATION=
System Unit:
Chassis Motherboard
CPU
Central Processor Unit
Memory
Chips
Peripheral
Devices:Keyboard, mouse, microphone, monitor, printer, scanner,
digital camera, and PC camera
SystemBoard/MotherBoard: Largest and most complex component in a
computer.
Port: To
communicate to
external devices like
printer.
Expansion slot: An
expansion card, which
lets you add features
to a computer, plugs
into an expansion slot.
Memory Slot:
Memory
module which
holds memory
chips for
storing data.Cache Memory:
Stores recently
used data.
Processor socket: Holds
the CPU, which is the
main chip in a computer.
Chipset: is a
series of chips
that contains
instructions for
controlling the
movement of
data through the
system board.
Power connector:
is a socket on the
system board.
The system board
power cable
attaches to the
power connector.
Basic Input/Output
System (BIOS)
chip: controls the
transfer of data
between devices
attached to the
system board.
Cache Memory: is used to speed up the transfer of data by storing data the computer has recently used. Is faster and more expensive than main memory.
Buses: Carries data between components of the system board. (Speed from 100 to 400 MHz). Three common types of expansion bus: Industry Standard Architecture (ISA). Peripheral ComponentsInterconnect (PCI) and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).
Power Supply: changes the alternating current (AC) that comes from an electrical outlet to the direct (DC) current that a computer can use.
CPU: Central processing unit; processes instructions, performs calculations and manages the flow of info through the computer system.
The speed of the CPU is measured in MHz and the new ones in GHz.
Faster CPU Faster Computer
ProcessorsThe first computers used processors manufactured by Intel, which
is still the dominant processor manufacturer in the industry.
1995 Increased the speed of the PentiumPentium Pro
1993 This is where the numbering scheme was changed to a name. 80586 or 586 chip. This chip is 5 times faster than 486.
Pentium
1989 called “486”. Some still in use today. Added a math coprocessor and memory controller to the main processor chip.
80486
1985 called “286”. Also obsolete.80386
1985 called “286”. Obsolete now.80286
1979 used in the first IBM PCs8088
1978 used in the first PCs8086
More about Intel's…
Contains 2 arithmetic logic units and they operate faster.Pentium IV (…3GHz)
Designed for workstations and network servers.Pentium III Xeon
Provides features of the Pentium III but at a little slower speed. Less expensive than Pentium III.
Celeron (400 MHz..533 MHz)
Speeds up to 800 MHzPentium III (450 MHz..1000
MHz or 1G)
1997. Increased the speed and added MMX technology to the Pentium.Pentium II (233 MHz..400 MHz)
Increased the multimedia capabilities of the PentiumPentium with MMX
Activity:
1. New processors are introduced periodically. Visit Intel’s Web site at www.intel.com to find information about what products are recommended for consumers, what for businesses? Why?
2. Based on the evolution of processors. Name 6 new processors that came after Pentium IV and their speed or most important features.
Storage Device:
• Floppy Disk
• Zip Drive
• Hard Disk Drive
• CD-ROM Drive
• CD-RW Drive
• DVD-ROM Drive
• Media Cards
Storage holds data, instructions and
information for future use.
MEMORY STORAGE
Memory: Temporary stores data in a computer. The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory RAM.
SRAM:
DRAM:
RDRAM:
SDRAM:
Static RAM is effective and fast but expensive. It is used in
small amounts as cache memory. Issued in small amounts a
cache memory.
Dynamic RAM was the first used but is no longer used in new
computers.
Rambus DRAM new type of memory found in high
performance computers.
Synchronous DRAM most popular type of memory used in
newer computers.
Double Data Rate Random Access Memory - RAM that transfers
data on both 0-1 and 1-0 clock transitions, theoretically yielding
twice the data transfer rate of normal RAM or SDRAM.
DDRRAM:
Communication Devices:
• Modems
USING cables
telephone lines
satellites
Enable computer users to communicate and to exchange items such as data,
instructions, and information with another computer.
Why is a computer so powerful?
• Speed
• Reliability
• Accuracy
• Storage
• Communications
Advantages of Using Computers
Why is a computer so powerful?
Speed: Inside the system unit, operations occur through electronic circuits. When data, instructions and information flow along these circuits, they travel at close to the speed of light. This allows billions of operations to be carried out in a single second.
Reliability:The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of the components enables the computer to produce consistent result.
Accuracy: Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error free results, provide the data is entered correctly. Output depend on the accuracy of the input.
Storage: Storage enormous amount of data and make it available for processing any time it is needed. Using storage devices, the computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it and the store it again for future use.
Communications: Computers connected by communication devices can share stored data, instructions, and information.
Disadvantages of Using Computers
• Violation of Privacy
• Impact on Labor Force
• Health Risks
• Impact on Environment
Computer SoftwareSystem Software
Programs that control the
operations of the computer
and its devices.
• Operating System
Instructions that coordinate all activities among computer and hardware devices.
Instructions that allows you to run application software.
• Utility programs
Performs a specific task, usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.
Application Software
Programs that perform specific
task for users.
• Packaged Software: is copyrighted retail software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users.
• Custom Software: Perform an specific functions based on a user’s request.
Categories of Computers
• Personal Computers
• Mobile Computers/Mobile Devices
• Midrange Servers
• Mainframes
• Supercomputers
• Embedded Computers
A computer’s size, speed, processing power, and price determine the category it best fits.
Categories of Computers
Personal Computers:PC and ApplePC: Desktop and Notebook
Mobile Computers:Notebook or LaptopTablet PCMobile Devices:
Handheld computerHandtop computerPDASmart PhoneSmart Watch
Midrange Servers: Servers that support several hundred and sometimes up to thousand connectedcomputers at the same time.
Mainframes: Store huge amount of data, instructions, and information. Can handle hundreds or thousands ofconnected computers.Examples: Companies like banks and airlines.
Supercomputers: Capable of processing more than 100 trillion instructions in a single second. Allow applicationsrequiring complex, sophisticated mathematical calculations.Examples: Large scale simulations and applications in medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, petroleum exploration use a
supercomputer.
Embedded Computer: Home automation devices and appliancesAutomobilesProcess controllers and roboticsComputer devices and office machines
Activities:
Start your browser and then enter the URLscsite.com/dc2002/ch1/learn.htm
Find the definitions using the previous site.
HOMEWORKFind out what spreadsheets, databases, graphics packages, and word processors are used for. List 2
examples for each. Imagine that a software company has manufactured four new programs, one of each of the above types. Give each program a
creative name that indicates what type of program it is.