The Digestive SystemBy: Angel, Brendan, Tyler, Gabby

How is the Digestive System connected to everything?Body needs energy. Digestive system produces energy.

Digestive system needs blood. Heart pumps blood.

Heart needs energy to pump blood. Digestive system needs blood to make energy.

How does the structure of the Digestive system relate to its function?

Path of food:

1.Mouth

2.Esophagus

3.Stomach

4.Small Intestine

5.Large Intestine

Small Intestine Parts1. Duodenum2. Jejunum3. Ileum

Large Intestine Parts1.Cecum2.Colon3.Rectum

Structure of Organs That HelpMouth- Bootleg pool

Esophagus- Vertical tube

Stomach- big bag

Small Intestine- Villi increase surface area

Large Intestine- Removes liquid

How does the Digestive System help maintain Homeostasis?

pH Balance

Helpful Bacteria

Gets Nutrients/Minerals

Removes Waste that may or may not become toxic to the body

The Process to Process FoodBegins in the mouth.

Pushed through the esophagus.

Sits in Stomach.

Breaks down more in small intestine.

Ends in the large intestine.

Peptic Ulcers

Peptic UlcerPeptic ulcers are a break in the inner lining of

the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

Stomach- Gastric Ulcer

Duodenum- duodenal ulcer

Esophagus- esophageal ulcer

Occurance lining of the esophagus, stomach, or

duodenum

corroded by the acidic digestive juices

Juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach

Differs from an erosion

extends deeper into the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and excites more of an inflammatory reaction from the tissues

CausesExcess acid was believed to be the major cause of ulcer

disease

Neutralizing and inhibiting the secretion of stomach acid

Infection of the stomach by a bacterum called Helicobacter pyloricus

Chronic use of anti inflammatory medications, including aspirin

Cigarette smoking

H. pyloriVery common affecting more than a billion

people worldwide

Half of population over 60 infected

10-15% of infections lead to ulcer disease

SymptomsMinimal digestion

Abdominal discomfort after meals or no discomfort

Upper abdominal burning

Hunger pain

Why SymptomsRelieved by food or antacids that neutralize

stomach acids

Persistent pain

No pain

Come and go

DiagnosisA barium upper gastrointestinal Xray

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Barium chalky substance

Upper Gastrointestinal EndoscopyMore accurate than X-rays

Involves sedation of patient

Insertion of flexible tube

Removing small tissue samples

Biopsies

TreatmentReduce risk factors

Antacids

H2 blockers

Proton-pump inhibitors

Sucralfate and Misoprostol

Diet

H. Pylori treatment

ComplicationsSome heal without medications

Bleeding, perforation & obstruction of the stomach

Black tarry stools

Weakness

Orthostatic syncope

Vomiting blood

Chrons’ DiseaseInflammatory Bowel Disease

CausesUnknown

Autoimmune disorder

Ongoing inflammation of GI tract

May involve small and large intestine,rectum, or mouth

Causes intestinal wall to become thick

Risk factorsYour genes

Environmental factors

Body over reacts to normal bacteria in intestines

15-35

SymptomsCrampy

Fever

Fatigue

Loss of appetite

Pain with passing stool

Weight loss

Diarrhea

• Constipation

• Eye inflammation

• Joint Pain and swelling

• Mouth ulcers

• Rectal Bleeding

• Skin lumps or sores

• Swollen gums

Signs and TestsPhysical Examination

Barium enema or Upper GI series

Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy

Endoscopy

MRI of abdomen

CT scan of abdomen

Enteroscopy

Altering resultsAlbumin

C-reactive protein

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Fecal fat

Hemoglobin

Liver function tests

White blood cell count

TreatmentDiet and Nutrition

Drinking lots of water

Eating small amounts of food throughout the day

Avoiding high fiber foods

Avoiding fatty foods

Limiting dairy products

MedicationsFiber Supplements

Acetaminophen

Aminosalicylates

Corticosteroids

Azathioprine

Antibiotics

Biologic therapy

SurgeryBleeding

Failure to grow

Fistulas

Infections

Narrowing of the intestine

GallstonesGallstones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.

CausesVaries

2 Main types

Stones made of cholesterol

Stones made of bilirubin

More common in women, people over the age of 40, and may run in the family

Possibilities of Developing GallstonesBone marrow or solid organ transplant

Diabetes

Failure of the gallbladder to empty bile properly

Liver Cirrhosis

Hemolytic anemia & sickle cell anemia

Rapid weight loss

Receiving nutrition through a vain

SymptomsPain in the right upper or middle upper

abdomen

Fever

Yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes

Clay-colored stools

Nausea and vomiting

Treatment: SurgeryLaparoscopic cholecystectomy

Cholecystectomy

MedicationChendeoxycholic acids

Ursodeooxycholic acid

Rapidly dissolves cholesterol stones

LithotripsyElectrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

of the gallbladder has also been used for certain patients who cannot have surgery. Because gallstones often come back in many patients, this treatment is not used very often anymore.

Celiac’s DiseaseCeliac disease is a condition that damages the lining of the small intestine and prevents it from absorbing parts of food that are important for staying healthy. The damage is due to a reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.

CausesUnknown

Lining of the intestines contains areas called villi

Gluten

Infancy to childhood

Women affected more than men

More Likely to HaveAutoimmune disorders

Addison’s disease

Down syndrome

Intestinal Cancer

Intestinal Lymphoma

Lactose Intolerance

Thyroid disease

Type 1 diabetes

GI SymptomsAbdominal pain, bloating, gas, or indigestions

Constipation

Decreased appetite

Diarrhea

Lactose intolerance

Nausea and vomiting

Unexplained weight loss

Possible SyptomsBruising easily

Depression or anxiety

Fatigue

Growth delay in children

Hair loss

Itchy Skin

Missed menstraul periods

Possible Symptoms (cont)Mouth Ulcers

Muscle Cramps and Joint Pain

Nosebleeds

Seizures

Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

Unexplained short height

Childrens Effect Defects in the tooth enamel and changes in

tooth color

Delayed puberty

Diarrhea & constipation

Nausea

Irritable and fussy behavior

Poor weight gain

Slowed growth and shorter than normal height for age

Signs and TestsAlbumin (may be low)

Alkaline phosphatase

Clotting Factor Abnormalities

Cholesterol (may be low)

Complete blood count

Liver enzymes

Prothrombin time

TreatmentCant be cured

Symptoms will go away

Stay caucious

Gluten-free diet

Registered dietitian

Prognosis6 months in children

2-3 years in adults

Long term damage to lining of intestines

May not improve : height or teeth

Complications Autoimmune disorders

Bone disease

Certain types of intestinal cancer

Low blood count

Low blood sugar

Infertility or repeated miscarriage

Liver disease

Digestive System

stomach transplant