The The Different Separation Different Separation Techniques are as follows:Techniques are as follows:

• Magnetic attractionMagnetic attraction

• FiltrationFiltration

• EvaporationEvaporation

• CrystallisationCrystallisation

• DistillationDistillation

• Chromatography Chromatography

Note: The physical methods used will Note: The physical methods used will depend on the nature of its depend on the nature of its constituents.constituents.

The The Different Separation Different Separation Techniques are as follows:Techniques are as follows:

• Magnetic attractionMagnetic attraction

• FiltrationFiltration

• EvaporationEvaporation

• CrystallisationCrystallisation

• DistillationDistillation

• Chromatography Chromatography

Note: The physical methods used will Note: The physical methods used will depend on the nature of its depend on the nature of its constituents.constituents.

This process is used This process is used to to separateseparate magnetic materials,magnetic materials, e.g. iron, steel, nickel, cobalt e.g. iron, steel, nickel, cobalt from from non-magneticnon-magnetic ones in a ones in a mixture,mixture, e.g. separating iron e.g. separating iron filings from sulphur powder.filings from sulphur powder.

Magnetic AttractionMagnetic Attraction

1. Electromagnets are used to remove 1. Electromagnets are used to remove steel and iron scrap at the junk-yard.steel and iron scrap at the junk-yard.

2. In hospitals, magnets are often used 2. In hospitals, magnets are often used to remove iron splinters from a patient’sto remove iron splinters from a patient’seyes.eyes.

Applications of Magnetic Applications of Magnetic AttractionAttraction

Using a Separating FunnelUsing a Separating Funnel

A separating funnel can be used to separate two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water.

Filtration

This process is used to separate insoluble solids from the liquid in a solid-liquid mixture, e.g. separating sand from a mixture of sand and water.

The insoluble solid that remains on the filter paper is called residue. The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate.

• air filters in air conditioners

remove solid impurities from airremove solid impurities from air

• hair in our nostrils

trap the dust particles that we trap the dust particles that we breathe in and allow only clean breathe in and allow only clean air to pass throughair to pass through

• oil and air filters in cars

remove solid impurities found in remove solid impurities found in engine oil and airengine oil and air

• air filters in air conditioners

remove solid impurities from airremove solid impurities from air

• hair in our nostrils

trap the dust particles that we trap the dust particles that we breathe in and allow only clean breathe in and allow only clean air to pass throughair to pass through

• oil and air filters in cars

remove solid impurities found in remove solid impurities found in engine oil and airengine oil and air

Applications of FiltrationApplications of Filtration

Evaporation is used to Evaporation is used to separate aseparate a dissolved soliddissolved solid that that does notdoes not decomposedecompose on on heating heating from a solution, e.g. , e.g. common salt from a salt common salt from a salt solutionsolution

Evaporation is used to Evaporation is used to separate aseparate a dissolved soliddissolved solid that that does notdoes not decomposedecompose on on heating heating from a solution, e.g. , e.g. common salt from a salt common salt from a salt solutionsolution

EvaporatiEvaporationon

1. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish.

2. Heat the solution to dryness to evaporate away the solvent, leaving behind the solute. 3. Make the Bunsen flame smaller when almost all the solvent has been evaporated away to reduce spitting.

1. Pour the solution into an evaporating dish.

2. Heat the solution to dryness to evaporate away the solvent, leaving behind the solute. 3. Make the Bunsen flame smaller when almost all the solvent has been evaporated away to reduce spitting.

Evaporating a SolutionEvaporating a Solution

• drying wet clothes

• drying hair with a hair-dryer

• obtaining common salt from the sea

• drying salted fish or vegetables

• drying wet clothes

• drying hair with a hair-dryer

• obtaining common salt from the sea

• drying salted fish or vegetables

Applications of EvaporationApplications of Evaporation

Crystallisation is a process to Crystallisation is a process to obtain a solid that decomposes obtain a solid that decomposes on heating from its solution.on heating from its solution.

Sugar can be obtained from Sugar can be obtained from sugar solution and copper(II) sugar solution and copper(II) sulphate crystals can be sulphate crystals can be obtained from copper(II) obtained from copper(II) sulphate solution by the process sulphate solution by the process of crystallisationof crystallisation

Crystallisation is a process to Crystallisation is a process to obtain a solid that decomposes obtain a solid that decomposes on heating from its solution.on heating from its solution.

Sugar can be obtained from Sugar can be obtained from sugar solution and copper(II) sugar solution and copper(II) sulphate crystals can be sulphate crystals can be obtained from copper(II) obtained from copper(II) sulphate solution by the process sulphate solution by the process of crystallisationof crystallisation

CrystallisatioCrystallisationn

DistillationDistillation is a process used is a process used to separate a liquid(solvent) to separate a liquid(solvent) from a solid-liquid solution or from a solid-liquid solution or liquid-liquid solution.liquid-liquid solution.

Pure water can be distilled from a Pure water can be distilled from a soft drinkssoft drinks

DistillationDistillation is a process used is a process used to separate a liquid(solvent) to separate a liquid(solvent) from a solid-liquid solution or from a solid-liquid solution or liquid-liquid solution.liquid-liquid solution.

Pure water can be distilled from a Pure water can be distilled from a soft drinkssoft drinks

DistillationDistillation

Distillation

This process can be used to This process can be used to separate miscible liquids with separate miscible liquids with different boiling points where different boiling points where the liquid with the lower boiling the liquid with the lower boiling point will vaporize firstpoint will vaporize first

We can use this method to We can use this method to separate crude oil into various separate crude oil into various useful components.useful components.

This process can be used to This process can be used to separate miscible liquids with separate miscible liquids with different boiling points where different boiling points where the liquid with the lower boiling the liquid with the lower boiling point will vaporize firstpoint will vaporize first

We can use this method to We can use this method to separate crude oil into various separate crude oil into various useful components.useful components.

Fractional Fractional DistillationDistillation

Chromatography is a process Chromatography is a process used to separate the different used to separate the different components in a liquid or components in a liquid or gaseous mixture.gaseous mixture.

For example it can be usedFor example it can be used

1. to separate the different 1. to separate the different coloured components that make coloured components that make up black ink up black ink

2.to detect tiny amounts of 2.to detect tiny amounts of drugs or certain other chemicals drugs or certain other chemicals in urine samples in urine samples

Chromatography is a process Chromatography is a process used to separate the different used to separate the different components in a liquid or components in a liquid or gaseous mixture.gaseous mixture.

For example it can be usedFor example it can be used

1. to separate the different 1. to separate the different coloured components that make coloured components that make up black ink up black ink

2.to detect tiny amounts of 2.to detect tiny amounts of drugs or certain other chemicals drugs or certain other chemicals in urine samples in urine samples

Chromatography

1. Apply a small but 1. Apply a small but concentratedconcentratedspot of the solution on a piece spot of the solution on a piece of chromatography paper.of chromatography paper.

2. Suspend the 2. Suspend the chromatographychromatographypaper in a beaker or boiling paper in a beaker or boiling tube of solvent with the spot tube of solvent with the spot above the level of the solvent.above the level of the solvent.

1. Apply a small but 1. Apply a small but concentratedconcentratedspot of the solution on a piece spot of the solution on a piece of chromatography paper.of chromatography paper.

2. Suspend the 2. Suspend the chromatographychromatographypaper in a beaker or boiling paper in a beaker or boiling tube of solvent with the spot tube of solvent with the spot above the level of the solvent.above the level of the solvent.

Paper Paper ChromatographyChromatography

Paper Paper ChromatographyChromatography

3. Separation takes place because some components of the liquid mixture travel at a faster pace than other components on the paper or any other absorbent material.

Paper Paper ChromatographyChromatography

3. Separation takes place because some components of the liquid mixture travel at a faster pace than other components on the paper or any other absorbent material.

Chromatography3. As the solvent travels up the paper, the mixture is separated into its respective components.

A chromatogram of the separated components is obtained.

Chromatography3. As the solvent travels up the paper, the mixture is separated into its respective components.

A chromatogram of the separated components is obtained.

• analysing ink dyes for forgery casesanalysing ink dyes for forgery cases

• analysing food dyes to ensure that analysing food dyes to ensure that only only permitted colourings are used in permitted colourings are used in foodstuffs foodstuffs• checking whether pesticides on checking whether pesticides on vegetables vegetables exceed safe levels exceed safe levels

• detecting trace levels of drugs in detecting trace levels of drugs in urine urine samples samples

• analysing ink dyes for forgery casesanalysing ink dyes for forgery cases

• analysing food dyes to ensure that analysing food dyes to ensure that only only permitted colourings are used in permitted colourings are used in foodstuffs foodstuffs• checking whether pesticides on checking whether pesticides on vegetables vegetables exceed safe levels exceed safe levels

• detecting trace levels of drugs in detecting trace levels of drugs in urine urine samples samples The End

Applications