Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The development gap between countries and The development gap between countries and regions regions
The factors that affect economic development The factors that affect economic development
A developed economy A developed economy
A region of industrial decline A region of industrial decline
A comparison of two regions with uneven A comparison of two regions with uneven
distribution of economic activities distribution of economic activities
A developing economy and the impact of A developing economy and the impact of colonialismcolonialism
on its economic development on its economic development
Global injustice Global injustice
2 2 Levels of Economic DevelopmentLevels of Economic Development2 2 Levels of Economic DevelopmentLevels of Economic Development
Factors that affect economic development:
Physical: location, raw materials, and landscape and climate Social and cultural: education, migration and standard of living Political: political instability, EU policy and national policy
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
France
A developed economy:
One of world’s wealthiest and most developed economies
Population over 65 million
High standard of living
Scores highly on the HDI
2010 scored 0.872, 14th position
High human development, literacy
and life expectancy rates
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
France
Footloose industries: Peripheral regions Science parks (technopoles) Provence-Alpe-Cote-d’Azur (PACA): telecommunications, electronics,
computer software, healthcare Factors: transport, telecommunications, education, hydro-power
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
France
Mass tourism: Developed in the 1960s World’s most popular tourist destination 77 million visitors in 2010 6 per cent income Major employer
Attractions: cultural cities, mountain ranges, Mediterranean coastlines, skiing, religious sites
Paris: most visited city in the world Attractions: Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, Palace of Versailles,
Disneyland Paris
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
France
Industrial decline – Nord-Pas-de-Calais:
19th century: major industrial region
Coal supplies valuable resource
Coal mining, steel mills and textile industries developed
From 1960s: rapid economic decline
Coal mines closed, iron and steel industries declined and textile
industry declined
High unemployment and outward migration
Since 1990s: government and EU funding
Transport networks and new growth industries
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
Sambre-Meuse Valley – An area of industrial decline:
Core region Now area of industrial decline Factors: physical, social, cultural and political Rapid development: large coalfields, markets, accessible, migrant
workers Industrial decline: coal supplies exhausted, cheaper coal, oil and
gas, productivity fell, costs increased, new technologies, heavy
industries declined Result: Jobs losses, high unemployment, outward migration,
pollution Economic revival: local and EU investment, infrastructure,
communications, industrial estates, retraining, landscape cleaned
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
Colonialism
15th century: modern colonialism 16th and 19th centuries: colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas Main colonial empires: France and Britain Others: Spain, Portugal, Germany and the Netherlands
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
Colonialism (continued)
Features of colonialism: Raw materials exploited Exports: local industry and manufacturing run down Plantation crops: low prices, replaced local produce Not self-sufficient, became dependent
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
Colonialism (continued)
Colonial powers: wealthy Colonies: poor and under-developed Following colonialism:
Neo-colonialism still economically reliant Economic development affected
India
Before colonialism: Rich raw materials Craft industries, e.g. textiles Self-sufficient, economically independent, well-developed internal
trade network 1700: share of world income
was 22.6 per cent 1952: share of world income
was 3.8 per cent
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
India
Impact of colonialism: Plantation crops replaced local crops Exports: tea, cotton, spices and jute Local industries suppressed British exports: high prices High taxes Economic growth concentrated
in port cities, e.g. Madras
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
India
Post-colonial India Independence 1947: Rebuild economy Domestic policy: protect the Indian economy Replace imports with domestic production Economic intervention, regulation, central planning
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
India
Five-year plans 1990s: tax reforms, free trade policy Foreign investment: pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, IT Low-cost, well-educated workforce Multi-national corporations (MNCs) Exports of goods and services Challenges: uneven distribution, income inequalities,
unemployment, extreme poverty
Chapter 2: Levels of Economic Development
