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Social Development How do we develop social bonds? Body contact Familiarity Self Concept
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The Developing Person
Cognitive (thinking) development
Social developmentMoral Development
Psychosocial DevelopmentAging
Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Object Permanence Preoperational (2-7 years)
Conservation of Matter Egocentric
Concrete operations (7-12 years) Concrete objects
Formal operations (12 to adult) Abstract thought
Social Development
• How do we develop social bonds? Body contact Familiarity Self Concept
Body contact
• Harlow monkey studies• Wire mother & terrycloth mother
Preferred non-nourishing cloth mother
Familiarity
• Critical period• Imprinting
Birds forming attachment during the critical period
Parental attachment
• Toddlers with secure attachments to parents: More sociable More enthusiastic and persistent in
tackling challenging tasks.
Self concept
• Parenting Authoritarian
Impose rules & expect obedience Permissive
Go along with child’s desires Authoritative
Discusses and negotiates rules Produce more self-confident children
Moral Development
• Kohlberg - Moral development• Preconventional
Obey to gain rewards or avoid punishment
• Conventional Respect for laws and rules simply
because they are there• Postconventional
Abstract reasoning-rights and ethics
Morality and social influence
• Social influence effects whether or not we will act on our morality.
• Eg. The best predictor of a H.S. student using drugs, is the number of the student’s friends that use drugs.
Erickson’s eight stages of Psychosocial Development• Infancy = Trust vs mistrust• Toddler = Autonomy vs Shame & doubt• Preschooler = Initiative vs guilt• Elementary school =
Competence vs inferiority• Adolescence = Identity vs. role confusion• Young adult = Intimacy vs. isolation• Middle adult = Generativity vs. stagnation• Late adulthood = Integrity vs. despair
Integrity achieved in late adulthood One’s life has been meaningful
Adulthood and aging
• Alzheimer’s disease Deterioration of the brain
Effects memory and thinking Difficulty in naming familiar objects or
people Linked to genetic abnormalities Linked to activity (Use it or lose it)
• Crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge Increases with age
• Fluid intelligence Ability to reason and solve problems Decreases with age
Aging and memory
• The “social clock” The feeling that events in life regularly
occur at specific ages. Graduation, marriage, children, retirement,
etc. Varies greatly from culture to culture No biological basis for timing of events
Aging and Society