The Design Solutions for a Self-Sustainable

Zero-Carbon Winery

Roger Boulton

Department of Viticulture and Enology

University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Wineries of the Future

Solutions for the Wine Industry Conference

Climate Change Leadership Porto

6th March 2019

Outline

• The Need for Zero-Carbon Wineries

• Design Solutions for Sustainable Wineries

• The Design of the UC Davis LEED Platinum

Winery

• Some Suggestions of Solutions

• Acknowledgements

The Need for Zero-Carbon

Wineries

2012

2018

The Carbon Dioxide Problem

• Continued Increase in Carbon Dioxide Levels

• Consistent and Continued Ice Cap Decline

• Failure to meet CO2 Emission Targets

• The Need for Carbon Negative Activities

• The Need for Zero Carbon Wineries

• A Carbon Negative Grape and Wine Industry

Design Solutions for

Sustainable Wineries

Off the Energy Grid, Off The Water Grid

Fermentation CO2 Capture

Green Cleaning Chemistry

Multiple Use of Cleaning Solutions

Energy

Electricity and Combustion (CO2)

On-site PV, Wind and Lithium Battery

Storage (no CO2)

Design of Sustainable Wineries -I

• Energy • On-site Photovoltaic Panels and Wind

• Lithium Battery Storage

• Storage as other forms, Ice, Nitrogen, Compressed Air

• Efficient Process Refrigeration, VSD compressors

• Coolant Temperature of 5º C and above

• Pulse Cooling in Jackets

• Water Cooling and Heating Fluid

• Energy Efficient, Passive Buildings

• Night Air, for Temperature and Humidity Control

• High Thermal Insulation Envelope

Design of Sustainable Wineries -II

• Water• On-site Capture, Storage, RO membrane filtration

• Capture and Re-filtration of cleaning solutions, NF

membrane filtration

• Multiple Uses of solutions, 2, 3, 5 or 10 times

• Potassium-based Ambient Cleaning Chemistry• No BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical

Oxygen Demand)

• No Sodium (Chloride, Phosphate) contributions to Discharge

Water

• Dry pellet storage of KHSO4 and KOH

• Hydrogen Peroxide at 1%w/w

Design of Sustainable Wineries -III

• Carbon Dioxide Capture, On-Site Sequestration• Fermentation Capture and Sequestration

• Capture from Release from Compost

• Process Water Treatment

• Elimination of Aerobic Treatment Releases• Carbon Dioxide release, ponds and compost

• Nitrate formation in ponds

• On-site Generation and Storage:• On-site Nitrogen Gas, Pressure Swing Adsorption

• Hydrogen Peroxide produced as needed

• RO Water

• Compressed Air

Water

Rainwater Capture and Re-Use

Filtration for Next Use

Starting Water determines Membrane

Lifetime

Cleaning Solutions

Ambient Temperature,

5 Decade Reduction in E. coli

Matched KOH/KHSO4

Elimination of Na+, HPO4= and

No contribution to BOD, COD, NO3-

Cleaning Criteria

• Physical Cleaning – Yeast, Pulp, Wine Film,

Potassium Bitartrate Crystals

• Sanitation – 3, 4 or 5 decade reduction

• Target Organisms

• Hot Water

• Hydrogen Peroxide, Buffered Hydrogen Peroxide

• Chemical Footprint and Release

• Solution Capture, Filtration and Re-use

The Rainwater Option

• Free of hardness and silica

• Insignificant dissolved solids concentration

• Low Energy to filter to RO level

• Nanofilter Cleaning Solution Recovery

• Choice of monovalent inorganic salts

• KOH and KHSO4 pairs, pH 2.5 and 11.5

Recovery, Cycles and Volumes

0.90

Initial Use Makeup Cum.

Volume Number Saving

100.00 1.00 0.00 0.00

90.00 1.90 10.00 90.00

81.00 2.71 10.00 180.00

72.90 3.44 10.00 270.00

65.61 4.10 10.00 360.00

59.05 4.69 10.00 450.00

53.14 5.22 10.00 540.00

47.83 5.70 10.00 630.00

43.05 6.13 10.00 720.00

38.74 6.51 10.00 810.00

90.00 90.00

900.00

90.00

810.00

6.51

10.00

Carbon Dioxide

Largest Direct (Scope 1) Emission,

The Highest Concentration of all CO2 Emissions

Ground Level, Stationary and

at Ambient Temperature

WineryVineyard Distributor Retailer Consumer

Other Grapes

Other Wine

Supplies

Packaging

Electricity

Gas

Fuel

Recycle, Compost

Landfill

Waste Water

CO2 Uptake CO2 ReleaseCO2 Release

CO2 Release CO2 Release CO2 Release

CO2 Release

CO2 Release

Carbon Dioxide Balance – Vine to Consumer

CO2 Release

CO2 Release

Winery

Own Grapes

Juice

Stems, Skins

& Seeds

Process

Waste

Water

Wine in Bottle

Wine in Bulk

Other Grapes

Electrical EnergyGas & Liquid Fuel

Water

Bottles, Packaging

Winemaking Materials

Cleaning Materials

Carbon Dioxide

Ethanol, Volatiles

Yeast,

Solids

The Carbon Footprint

of a Winery

Other Wine

The Fermentation CO2 Emission

• One eighth of a tonne of CO2 per tonne of grapes

• 60 L CO2/L for Table Wine Fermentation,

• 120 L CO2/L for Port Wine Fermentation / Brandy

• 80 to 90 g CO2 per 750 mL Bottle of Table Wine

• Most concentrated of all industrial CO2 emissions

• Ambient temperature and released at ground level

• Worker safety and Building energy loads

• Target of zero-emission of CO2 from the winery

CO2 Capture and Sequestration

• Capturing at the Fermentor

– closed and open top designs

– Temporary or Permanent pipework

• Sequestration Alternatives:

– Compression / Condensation to Liquid / Solid CO2

Adsorption/Desorption to solid matrix beads

– Solution in Ca(OH)2 and Precipitation as CaCO3

– Other future developments

The Chalk Approach

• Produced immediately, no gas storage, dry

powder non-hazardous product (CaCO3)

• No gas or liquid phase change

• No energy for adsorbent regeneration

• No high pressure storage, transfer requirements

• Available for other uses in need of concentrated

CO2, ie algae and bacterial cultures

• Want to recover and recycle CaO

The Aspen Simulation Model

HYC-101

SCN-101

MIX-103

SPLT-101

R-102

HYC-102

MIX-102

P-101

R-101

P-102

MIX-101

MIX-104

DISSMIX-105

MIX

HX1

0

104

5

103

5044107

11109

5113

9

112

5046

115

5044117

2116

5055106

5055105

5041

114

3110

14

111

5044108 5044

118

4

102

0

101

5050122

5043

119

5043120

7

121

5050123

5055124

0CACO3

5044125

Mass Flow Rat e (kg/hr)

Private communication Ron Runnebaum: rcrunnebaum@ucdavis.edu

Dilute

CaCO3

Slurry

Dried

CaCO3

(Chalk)

10

Bubble

Columns

Fermentation

CO2

Sequestration

Ethanol,

Volatile

Recovery

CaCO3

Slurry

Bacteria,

Sugars

152

200 L

Fermentors

Algae,

Biofuel

Algae,

Protein

Crystal

Recovery

Air

Release

Granular

CaO

PI

System

Other

14

2000 L

Fermentors

CaO

Bed

Efficient Building and Spaces

High Thermal Resistance Envelope

Night Time Air Displacement

Day Time Air Displacement

Constant temperature without

Heating (CO2) or Cooling (A/C)

The Design of the UC Davis

Self-Sustainable Winery

Onsite Energy and Water Capture,

Storage Systems for Energy, Water, Ice, Hot Water,

Nitrogen and Compressed Air

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Future Sequestration

Ambient Peroxide and Potassium-based Chemistry

Recovery and re-filtration of Cleaning Solutions

UC Davis

Winery

HW

CW

RO

Water

KOH

Rinse

KHSO4

Ca

(OH)2

NF

RO

Fuel

Cell

Carbon Sequestration

CIPPV Ice Maker

Passive

Solar

Rain

Water

Capture

Re-filtered

Solutions

PhotoVoltaics

Hydrogen

Generator

45ºC

5ºC

CO2

200KW

CaCO3

Li

Battery

PI

System

HW

CW

RO

NF

Fresh CIP Solutions

RO Water Loop

Fermentation Temperature Control, 5 and 50ºC Water

Used CIP SolutionsRock

Bed

Utility Loops for the Self-Sustainable Winery

PV Solar Array

Rain Water

Tanks A, B

Passive

Solar

HW

Battery

Container

LEED Platinum

Winery

A BCO2

Jess Jackson

Building

Passive Building Performance

The Jess Jackson Sustainable Winery

Building at UC Davis

2 degree Celsius Diurnal Variation

12345

6 5 4 3 2 1

109876

Campus

Communication

Systems

Ergsol

Solar HW

Future

Bloom Box

Fuel Cell

(Hydrogen)

Future

Research

Project

Spaces

CO2 Sequestration

Columns

Future

Hydrogen

Generator

NF, CIP

Solution

RecoverySolar PV

Ice Maker

MF, RO,

Rainwater Filtration

11

Li Battery

Storage

Array

PI

System

CW

Tanks

RO Water

Tank 4

Water

Grid

Process

Water

HW

Tanks

RO Water

Tank 5

RO Water

Tank 6

Rainwater

Pumps

Rainwater

Filter

Water

Management

Biodigester

Industrial

Water

Floor

Wash

RO Water

Tank 3

CIP

Recovery

CIP

Solutions

Clean

CIP

Storage

Rainwater

Tank 1

Rainwater

Tank 2

Used

CIP

Storage

RO

Filter

Roof

Rainwater

Press

Compress.

Icemaker

and CW

Energy

Grid

Process

Power

Presses,

Pumps

CIP

Solution

Recovery

Rainwater

To RO

Solar

PV

Array

Weather

Data

Energy

Management

Barrel

Room

A/C

Wine

Storage

Lighting,

Outlets

Building

Power

Air

Condition.

& Intake

Nitrogen

Generator

Compress.

Air

Ferment.

Load

Process

Cooling

Juice

Cooling

Lithium

Batteries

PI

System

-80KWh

-80KWh+400KWh

UCD Winery with PV Panels

20 mM

KOH

pH 10.5

RO Water

Tank 4

RO

Process

Water

20 mM

KHSO4

pH 2.5

RO Water

Tank 5

RO Water

Tank 6

Granular

KOH

Granular

KHSO4

Biodigester

Industrial

Water

RO Water

Tank 3

NF

Recovery

CIP

Solutions

Spent

CIP

Solutions

Rainwater

Tank 1

Rainwater

Tank 2

NF

Retentate

Rinse

Water

Peroxide

Generation

Toilets,

Landscape

PI

System

Cleaning

Chemistry

Management

Some Suggestions for Solutions

Solutions for the Wine Sector

• Support International Carbon Trading Schemes

• Establish a comprehensive calculator that

includes CO2 emissions from Fermentations

• Begin reporting CO2 to a trusted international

program that includes Fermentation emissions

– eg Carbon Trust or Global Reporting Initiative

• Begin the discussion of partial ownership of

footprints not the Scope 1, 2 and 3 approach

Solutions for the Wine Sector

• Establish an International Scientific Panel on the

Carbon Footprint for the Wine Industry

• Begin global funding of research projects focused

on CO2 sequestration from fermentations

• Consider joining with Brewing and Spirits sector

partners in the search for solutions

• Establish a global Competition or Challenge for

significant advances in sequestration technology

for fermentation emissions

Final Thoughts

“Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it”

Mahatma Gandhi

“We have the global responsibility to stop releasing the most concentrated form of carbon

dioxide as part of our activities, when we know we are contributing to a disaster of our own making”

Anonymous

Acknowledgements

The Porto Climate Protocol

Organizing Committee of 2019 Climate Change Conference

Robert Mondavi

Jess Jackson, Barbara Banke and the Jackson Family

TJ and Valeta Rodgers

Jerry and the Lohr Family

and more than 100 donors that made the world’s

first LEED Platinum Winery possible

The California Energy Commission,

GE Water and Wine Secrets

My colleagues and students at the University of California, Davis