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The Dependence of the PlasmaSheet on the Solar Wind
Joe BorovskyLos Alamos National Laboratory
1. The GEM Global-Interactions Campaign2. Why the Plasma Sheet Is Important3. Basic Properties of the Plasma Sheet4. The Sources of the Plasma Sheet5. The Dependence on the Properties of the Solar Wind6. What We Don't Know
The GEM Global InteractionsCampaign
Ultimate Goal of the Campaign:To determine the processes controlling plasmaentry and circulation within the magnetosphere.
This Talk:Look at one important pathway of the "entry andcirculation" picture-- The solar wind making its wayinto the plasma sheet and through themagnetosphere.
¿Why Is the Plasma Sheet Important?• Feeds plasma into the inner magnetosphere
Ring-current/partial-ring-current sourceAuroral-particle-precipitation sourceEnergetic-particle source
• Transports magnetic flux into the inner magnetosphere• Site of auroral currents and auroral Poynting flux• Site of nightside reconnection• Partakes in magnetospheric energy storage and release
What Is the Plasma Sheet?
-60-40-20020 RE
Northern Lobe
Solar Wind
Bow Shock
Southern Lobe
Plasma Sheet
Plasmasphere
(shocked solar wind)Magnetosheath
Dipole Magnetotail Solar Windn = 0.5-1.5 cm-3 n = 0.1-0.5 cm-3 n = 3-17 cm-3
Ti = 5-20 kev Ti = 2-10 kev Ti = 2-20 eVTi/Te > 6 Ti/Te ª 6 Ti/Te ~ 0.3
Mass of protons on nightside ~ 1 Ton
Cross Section of Magnetotail
PlasmaSheet
Plasma-SheetBoundary Layer
N o r t h e r nN o r t h e r nL o b eL o b e
S o u t h e r nS o u t h e r nL o b eL o b e
Plasma-SheetBoundary Layer
Mantle
Mantle
Low-LatitudeBoundary Layer
Low-LatitudeBoundary Layer
EmptyLobe
EmptyLobe
Convection in the Plasma Sheet
-70-60-50-40-30-20-10020
earthward-convectingplasma sheet
tailward-convectingplasma sheet
RE
Magnetotail convection is decoupled from the ionosphereFlows are turbulentMagnetic field is tangledSporadic reconnection events with BBFs
Plasma-Sheet Flows
-200
-100
0
100
200
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200
v y [k
m/s
ec]
vx [km/sec]
vx ave = -18.6 km/sec vy ave = 4.7 km/sec
Flow during a 2-hour interval
Fluctuations in the Magnetic-Field Direction
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-10010203040506070
Elev
atio
n (S
outh
-Nor
th)
[d
eg]
Azimuth (Dusk-Dawn) [deg]
View ofthe Earth
2-Hours During SMC EventMarch 21, 1980
22.1 RE downtail
Suspected Plasma Sources for thePlasma Sheet
• Solar Wind Via the LLBL
• Solar Wind Via the Mantle
• Ionospheric Outflows
• Recirculation of the Outer Plasmasphere
Clues that the Solar Wind Is theDominant Source
1) CorrelationsProperties of the plasma sheet temporally track the properties of the solarwind [e.g. this talk].
2) Composition MeasurementsExcept when geomagnetic activity is very high, the plasma sheet has solar-wind composition [e.g. Lennartsson and Shelley, J.G.R., 91, 3061, 1986].
3) Temperature RatioIn the magnetotail plasma sheet Ti/Te ≈ 7 [e.g. Baumjohann, Space Sci. Rev.,64, 141, 1993] (as in the magnetosheath), and Ti and Te track each other (asin the magnetosheath).
The Properties of the Solar Wind and thePlasma Sheet Vary from Day to Day
(the flows vary from minute to minute)
0
2
4
6
8
10
-100
-50
0
50
100
120 130 140 150 160 170
n ps
[cm
-3]
nsw [cm
-3]
nps
nsw WIND
084
day.frac of 1995
Density
10
100
100
1000
120 130 140 150 160 170
T ps
[keV
]
vsw [km
/sec]
day.frac of 1995
Tps
vsw WIND
084
Speed, Temperature
Some Statistical Studies ofSolar-Wind/Plasma-Sheet Coupling
Magnetic FieldLui, A. T. Y., in Magnetospheric Currents, p. 158, AGU, 1984.Tsurutani et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 1082, 1984.Sergeyev, Geomag. Aeron., 27, 528, 1987.
PlasmaTerasawa et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 935, 1997.Borovsky et al., J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22089, 1987.Kletzing et al., J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1360, 2003.
Plasma & FieldsBorovsky et al., J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17617, 1998.
Example Correlation: nswÆ nps
0.1
1
1 10
n ps
[cm
-3]
Rcorr = +0.74
nps = 0.0785 ns w.62
nsw [cm-3]
magnetotail neutral-sheet crossingszero time lag
Correlations between the Solar-Wind and thePlasma Sheet in the Magnetotail
Relationship Rcorr
Rcorr
/Rrand
Function
nsw Æ nps +74% 5.6 nps µ nsw.62
vsw Æ Ti ps +54% 3.8 Ti ps µ vsw1
(rv2)sw Æ (nkT)ps +82% 6.1 (nkT)ps µ (rv2)sw.73
By sw Æ By ps +66%* 3.6 By ps µ By sw
Ey sw Æ Ey ps +36%* 1.6 ?
zero time lag*calm fields
Solar-Wind/Plasma-Sheet CouplingIs Via the Magnetosheath
1. nsw Æ nms Æ nps
2. vsw Æ Ti ms Æ Ti ps
3. By sw Æ By ms Æ By ps
4. Ey sw Æ Ey ms Æ Ey ps
5. vsw Æ Te ms Æ Te ps
6. Bow shock Æ (Ti/Te)ms Æ (Ti/Te)ps
Examining the Time Lag forSolar-Wind/Plasma-SheetCoupling
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-48 -36 -24 -12 0 12 24 36 48
Line
ar C
orre
latio
n Co
effic
ient
Time Lag [hr]
nsw´ nsw
1996 - 1998
nsw´ ne
084 + ACE + WIND
geosynchronous-orbit midnight
Density Pulses Can Be Seen Movingfrom the Solar Wind into the Plasma Sheet
100
101
102
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
n
[cm
-3]
Hour of April 30, 1998
WIND(time shifted to Earth)
084 (21 LT)
97A (19 LT)
080 (16 LT)
Mass-Transport Timescales from theSolar Wind into the Plasma Sheet
geosynchronousorbit
4 hr15 hr
8 hr
2 hrsolarwind 0 hr
neutral sheetat 20 RE
solar windat the nose
Bird's EyeBird's EyeV i e wV i e w
dusk
dawn
Rate of Flow of Solar-Wind Plasmathrough the Magnetosphere
Estimate 1: 1.1 tons of protons replaced every 4 hours:
4.6¥1025 protons/sec
Estimate 2: 15 km/s earthward flow of 0.5 cm-3 over 6¥20 RE
2 cross section: 3.6¥1025 protons/sec
Estimate 3: Transport rate through the dipole is twice the loss rate
Global proton aurora is 9¥1024 protons/secGlobal charge-exchange rate is >1¥1023 protons/sec
(thanks to Kunihiro Keika and Pontus Brandt) 1.8¥1025 protons/sec
Earth's Effective Cross Section forCapture of Solar-Wind Plasma
Proton transport rate through the magnetosphere is4¥1025 protons/sec
Solar-wind proton flux at 1 AU is3¥108 protons/cm2/sec
fiEffective entry area is1.3¥107 km2 (about twice the area of Australia)
This is one proton in 4000
**Note that the flow of plasma downtail may betwice the flow through the magnetosphere.
Summary (So Far) • Correlations between the plasma sheet's properties and
the solar wind are well established.
• Plasma sheet is largely magnetosheath plasma.
• Transport times from solar wind are (normal activity)2 hours to center of the tail4 hours to the nightside of the dipole15 hours to dayside magnetosphere
• Rate of solar-wind-plasma flow through magnetosphereis ~4¥1015 protons/sec.
What We Don't Know • Entry mechanisms: magnetosheath to plasma sheet • Pathways of magnetosheath entry • Understanding of solar-wind control of magnetosheath
entry • Quantification of magnetosheath entry and transport
from first principles • Whether the Ti/Te=7 ratio is (a) preserved through
capture or (b) recreated in the plasma sheet • Where the plasmaspheric plasma goes
We Have Not DiscussedThe Cold Dense Plasma Sheet
A northward-IMF interval, followed by southward IMF.Magnetosheath builds up in outer magnetosphere, then is
convected inFujimoto et al., Space Sci. Rev., 80, 325, 1997Thomsen Talk Today
Solar-Wind Control of Ionospheric OutflowsvBz (geomagnetic-activity) dependence
Yau and Andre, Space Sci. Rev., 80, 1, 1997Solar-wind-pressure dependence
Elliott et al., J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6067, 2001
To Get the Role of the Plasma Sheet Right,What Does a Model Need to Get Right?
First Order:• Location • Convection pattern• Density profile • Density-pulse movements• Temperature profile
Second Order:• Field disorder • Flow fluctuations*
*If flow fluctuations prove to be fundamental for transport,then getting their properties right becomes “First Order”.