The Department of Manin the DeserT

Passive climatimizationof buildings: Oneinnovative device thathas been integrated intothe design of VickarVisitors Center, at theSede-Boqer campus, isthis ventilatedTrombe-wall.

Clockwise from upper left:

A shallow well providesdrinking water to Maasaipastoralists in AmboseliNational Park, southernKenya, where grazinginterests of wildlife anddomesticated animalsare taken intoconsideration.

The process of transition:Rahat, an urban Bedouincommunity in thenorthern Negev.

Integrated researchmethods on the influenceof urban design onmicro- climate includeinvestigating the thermalbehavior of open spaces,placement of courtyards,urban canyons and otherfactors. This modelrepresents one solutionto problems of urbandesign in drylands.

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Department ofMan in the Desert

Dr. Yair Etzion, Chairperson

The two units which together make up the Department of Man in the Desert approach thehuman dimension of desert life from two diferent aspects: Research in the Social StudiesUnit focuses on the historical, anthropological, economic and social aspects of life indrylands; members of the Desert Architecture and Urban Planning Unit focus onbuilding design and urban planning suitable to the special requirements of desertenvironments.

ACADEMIC STAFF

Bruins, Hendrik J.1*Etzion, Yair#Erell, Evyatar#Freidin, Constantin#Hare, A. Paul* (Professor Emeritus)Kressel, Gideon M.*Meir, Isaac A.#Motzafi-Haller, Pnina2*Pearlmutter, David#Portnov, Boris A.#Schwartz, Moshe*

*Social Studies #Architecture and Urban Planning

1 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies2 Joint appt. with BGU’s Dept. of Behavioral Sciences

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So cial Studies UnitProf. Gideon Kressel, Head

Research topics in the Social Studies Unit include anthropology, sociology, regionaldevelopment, human geography, and economic history of people in drylands.Interdisciplinary investigations also include resource and proactive contingency planning, andcrisis management. Special attention is given to processes of urban and rural settlement ofBedouin.

Major research areas include:! Studies of Bedouin culture and society: the process of modernization of this traditional

society; the Beer-Sheva market.! Regional language, culture and history: studies in Arabic dialectology; compilation of an

encyclopedic lexicon of Bedouin Arabic.! Proactive contingency planning and interactive crisis management in drylands, including

drought and desertification; drought planning and rainwater harvesting for arid-zonepastoralists in Kenya and Israel.

! Cooperative agricultural settlements in Israel, Nigeria, Zambia and Nepal.! Pastoralism in the Middle East and Africa: the development of villages for shepherds;

interaction between nomads and agropastoralists in Botswana’s Kalahari desert.! Inhabitants of the Negev, with special emphasis on the Hebrew Israelite Communities of

African-Americans, immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Mizrahi (Oriental)women.

! Problems peculiar to new immigrants from the former USSR who come from a socialistbackground and must now cope with a capitalistic society.

! Small group dynamics.! The political economy of agriculture in Israel and in developing countries: the politics and

economics of agricultural technology transfer; the impact of agricultural R&D on economicdevelopment; the decollectivization of the Israeli moshav and kibbutz and itsconsequences; local knowledge as a factor in preventing soil erosion in Burkina Faso.

Members of the unit are part of the Multilateral Working Group on the Environment,Initiative to Combat Desertification in the Middle East. The group is working with localfarmers and shepherds to develop sustainable agropastoral systems. Towards this end wework together with ICARDA, the World Bank, and delegations from the PalestinianAuthority, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey.

The unit organizes an annual seminar on Bedouin Society and Culture in cooperation withthe Field Study Center at Midreshet Sede-Boqer. The lectures are published each year asNotes on the Bedouin. Thus far 31 issues have been published.

Phone: 972-8-659-6861 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: soc-stud@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

While Beer-Sheva’s Bedouinmarket is the largest in the

Negev, smaller markets havegrown up in other Bedouin towns.In a manner similar to that of the

Romma in Bulgaria, themovement between markets is an

integral part of the economics inboth societies.

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Villages for herders

Kressel

The economy of the

market place

Kressel, Ben-David

Drought planning and

rainwater harvesting

for arid-zone

pastoralists: The

Turkana and Maasai

(Kenya) and the Negev

Bedouin (Israel)

Bruins, Kressel

The International

Convention to Combat

Desertification: mapping

the four Arid Zones in

Israel

Bruins

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Bedouin Culture and Society

Current anthropological literature regarding the Bedouin is mainly concerned with thetransition pastoralists who have relinquished their traditional pastoralism in exchange formore modern modes of existence. Modernization of pastoralism and of the pastoral way oflife in arid zones is a path to change which, despite its merits, has been largely overlooked.In an ongoing project, Prof. Kressel’s team has been working with the Bedouin to reinforcethe rural, as opposed to urban, alternative, which would enable them to retain their herds indeep desert lands on in situ feed. To this end, the team has been working with Middle Easternand African experts to engage the local population in enriching the forage for theirflocks/herds. (Funding: Ministry of Science and Technology).With: R. Paine, Memorial University, St. John, Newfoundland, Canada; W. Ruqian and L. Zhicheng, ChineseAcademy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing

The Bedouin market in Beer-Sheva has been the focus of our observations for many years.Now, through collaboration with the Bulgarian Society for Regional and Cultural Studies, ourstudy of market behaviors also includes that of the Balkans – former Communist statesundergoing transition. The economy of the Romma (Gypsies) in Bulgaria resembles thenomadic pastoralists in the Negev although the Romma do not possess livestock; it is theirconstant movement between markets that makes them similar.With: T. Thuen, Troms University, Norway, Y. Konstantinov, Bulgarian Free University

Pastoral Societies in the Middle East and Africa

Pastoralists in arid zones are faced with profound difficulties, political and socio-economicchange in many parts of Africa and Asia. The viability of nomadic pastoralism is often affected,while the impact of drought has increased, which may lead to desertification. Detailed dataabout rural knowledge systems and livelihood strategies of the Turkana, Maasai, and theBedouin are collected in a bottoms-up approach, to develop socially acceptabledrought-planning strategies and rainwater-harvesting systems for arid-zone pastoralists. Whileattempts have been made to direct them to agriculture, all three groups show a traditionalreluctance to farming, but a readiness to cultivate land along with herding. We proposeintensified resource management, including rainwater harvesting for increased cultivation andfodder production in drought years. The type of rainwater-harvesting systems must be optimal,in hydrological terms, and in relation to land-rights boundaries and maintenance requirements.Proactive planning for drought is required at three levels: household, regional and national.(Funding: Netherlands-Israel Development Research Programme).With: J. Akonga, Moi University, Kenya, and researchers from Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi;Ministry of Land Reclamation, Regional and Water Development, Arid and Semi Arid Lands DevelopmentProgramme, Kajiado, Kenya; African Studies Centre, University of Leiden, the Netherlands.

The International Convention to Combat Desertification distinguishes four arid zones:hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid. These zones are defined on the basis of theso-called P/ETP index: P is average annual precipitation and ETP is average annual potentialevapotran-spiration. There are several approaches to calculate potential evapotranspiration.The research aims to evaluate numerical and spatial differences in the location of the arid zonesin Israel based on three different approaches to calculate ETP:1) The Thornthwaite approach,as used in the World Atlas of Desertification; 2) The Penman approach; 3) Pan-A evaporationdata as a proxy for ETP. The results are important for Israel as a basis for variousdesertification and drought studies, including social aspects, drought compensation andland-use planning. The results are significant internationally for evaluating the three approachesto defining arid zones in relation to the International Convention to Combat Desertification.With: L. Turgeman, Ben-Gurion University; P. Berliner, BIDR

Today, fodder must often bepurchased; herds also graze in

fields after the harvest, or inman-made oases as above.

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Social model for

intervention in projects

of soil erosion in

Burkina Faso

Motzafi-Haller

Interaction between

desert dwellers and

agriculturalists

in Africa

Motzafi-Haller

Planned

de-collectivization in a

well-to-do Negev kibbutz

Schwartz

The economic history of

the kibbutz movement

Schwartz

Reshuffling of Kibbutz

organization

Kressel

COOPERATIVE AGRICULTURe

SETTLEMENT IN

AFRICA AND ASIA

Hare, Schwartz

Project director and senior researcher in a four-year research project (begun in July 1997)designed to study the implementation of projects to prevent soil erosion in three sites inrural Burkina Faso, Africa. The ability of farmers to take part in this process is beingexamined in order to develop a socially-sensitive model for planning future projects tocombat desertification. (Funding: Netherlands-Israel Development Research Program).

Data gathered over the last 15 years in field trips to Botswana among the people of theTswapong region was used to examine the dynamics of relations and interactions betweendesert-dwelling peoples (the Basarwa or Bushmen) and settled agriculturists. Local peoplecreate their own divisions of land in ways that diverge from those of national policy planners.Indigenous knowledge and cultural frameworks, ignored by national planners, have haddramatic impact on actual economic and social realities. The data show that national policiesof land reform have not brought about the expected egalitarian social and economic changes.On the contrary, despite the intended goals of such national policies, economic and socialdisparities increased.

Cooperative Agricultural Settlement

The aims of this project are to prepare a comprehensive historical and community studyabout the antecedents, implementation and consequences of planned change("de-collectivization") in a prosperous and socially thriving kibbutz in the Negev. The mainfeatures of the change consist in increasing branch economic autonomy and accountability,privatizing consumption and creating some inequality of economic rewards as a function ofdifferential contributions to the kibbutz economy. (Funding: The United Kibbutz Movement).

Since the mid-eighties, kibbutz organizations and individual kibbutzim have been goingthrough a severe and protracted financial and social crisis. This research deals with theantecedents of that crisis in terms of the special relationship between the state and thekibbutzim and the impact of that relation on their economic behavior. We are investigatingthree levels of organization and behavior from the mid-1960s: 1) the national kibbutzorganizations and their relationship with government and quasi-government organizations;2) the regional economic kibbutz organizations; and 3) the individual kibbutzim. One of themajor topics is trying to explain what distinguishes financially successful organizations andkibbutzim from unsuccessful ones. Another major topic is the collective response of theseorganizations to the crisis situation. (Funding: The United Kibbutz Movement)

A reexamination of a kibbutz studied 30 years ago revealed a transition: Work in commonkibbutz enterprises is being replaced with employment outside the kibbutz, bringingmembers a greater sense of personal fulfillment. (Funding: Kibbutz Federation Movement)

In this three-year project a team of agricultural and social scientists from Israel, theNetherlands, Nigeria, Zambia, and Nepal, is recording the history of cooperative agriculturalsettlements that were founded in Nigeria, Zambia, and Nepal in the 1960s. In each countrythe ‘Lakhish’ model for the physical structure of a settlement was introduced, with a centraladministrative area and ten satellite villages. The method of cooperation was based onexperience in Israel with the moshav (family-based cooperatives). Although parts of thephysical structure of the settlements remained, very little of the cooperative methods ofagriculture were still used. External events such as war, economic crises and governmentappropriation brought an end to the experiments. (Funding: Netherlands-IsraelDevelopment Research Program).

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Gender and ethnicity

in the Negev

Motzafi-Haller

Government Policy and

Management of the

1998-2000 Drought in

Israel

Bruins

The Marmara

Earthquake in Turkey:

Emergency shelter and

temporary settlements

Bruins

Hazard Assessment in

Drylands: Radiocarbon

dating and

chronological

benchmarking of human

and environmental

history in the eastern

Mediterranean and the

Near East.

Bruins

Settlement in the Negev

This research documents the settlement experience of immigrants in the Negev town ofYeruham. The socio-demographic profile of the town is documented and ethnographic fieldresearch is being carried out. It includes collection of oral histories, participation in publicevents, interview with town officials. The research is conducted from a strong genderedperspective. . (Funding: International Center for the Study of Jewish Women at BrandeisUniversity, Waltham, MA).

Hazards and Disasters in Drylands

Drought does not strike suddenly with violent force like an earthquake or hurricane. It is a"creeping phenomenon", as drought conditions develop passively in a nondramatic way, dueto lack of precipitation. The impact of drought can, nevertheless, be devastating. Droughtaffects more people, both in developed and developing countries, than any other naturalhazard. However, meteorological drought is not the only cause of water scarcity in modernsociety; if the state and/or the private sector create a demand for more water than isreplenished, conditions of water scarcity develop, classified as socio-economic drought.Israel is currently affected by both types of drought.The lack of drought preparedness and the lack of proactive drought mitigation planning inIsrael is a paradox in comparison to the highly sophisticated and efficient irrigationequipment the country has developed. Large-scale water desalination should have beendeveloped in the wake of the previous water crisis of 1990/91. The state of governmentpolicy and management are being investigated in relation to the 1998-2000 drought.With: Y. Brafman and Y. Gradus, Ben-Gurion University

A severe earthquake with magnitude 7.4 struck the Marmara region of Turkey on 17 August,1999. It caused severe loss of life, as more than 17,000 people were killed; many more wereinjured and about 600,000 people needed emergency shelter, because their homes weredestroyed or not habitable. The organizational, social and architectural aspects of temporaryshelter and emergency settlements are currently being investigated in cooperation withTurkish colleagues from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Kocaeli Universityin Izmir and the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of DisasterAffairs.

Frequency assessment of earthquakes in the Dead Sea area: Correlating seismitesedimentary layers in alluvial fan deltas with historic earthquakes.Past earthquakes caused deformation of sedimentary structures in the uppermost sedimentlayer on the lake bed below the water level. More consolidated, deeper layers were notdeformed, while the seismite layer was later covered by undisturbed younger sediments. Weobserved cyclic repetitions of seismite layers over a rather wide lateral extent in mostalluvial fan deltas in the Dead Sea area, including those of Nahal Kidron, Hazezon, Ze’elimand Mor on the western side, and in the fan delta of Wadi Mujib in Jordan on the easternside. Six organic samples, usually small twigs embedded in the sediment, were collected forradiocarbon dating near the outlet of Nahal (wadi) Ze’elim into the Dead Sea. The sampledoutcrop is part of a young alluvial fan segment at the front of the most complex telescopicalluvial fan system of Nahal Ze’elim. The radiocarbon dates range from 860 ± 40 BP(GrA-14265) to 2120 ± 40 BP (GrA-14261). The 14C date of organic matter from one of theseismite layers is 1980 ± 40 BP (GrA-14264); the calibrated date is 40 BC-70 AD. This resultmay be correlated in time with the historic earthquake of September 2nd, 31 BC, asreported by Josephus Flavius. This was a severe earthquake that caused much destructionand 30,000 casualties in Jerusalem, Qumran, Massada and Jericho. With: D. Bowman, Ben-Gurion University; J. Van der Plicht, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.

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SMALL GROUP DYNAMICS

Hare

S m a l l G r o u p D y n a m i c s

This research summarizes the main propositions in the social-psychological literature onsocial interaction in small groups as background for a computer program to simulateproblem-solving in small groups. It includes the analysis of data collected from managers inorganizations in the United States who have recorded their perceptions of other membersof their teams. A key to understanding the descriptions that a manager gives to others isfound in his or her “ideal” values. Managers who feel that contributing to the task is the mostimportant value, will judge others primarily on their task ability, while those who feel thatpositive interpersonal relations are most important, will judge others primarily on the extentto which they are friendly or unfriendly. The most effective managers have, and bringtogether in their teams, a combination of these two dimensions of interpersonal behavior.

Market day in Beer-Sheva is animportant aspect of the economy

and social structure for NegevBedouin.

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D e s e r t A r c h i t e c t u r ea n dU r b a n P l a n n i n g U n i t

Dr. Yair Etzion, Head

The Desert Architecture and Urban Planning Unit addresses the issue of building in thedesert, particularly in the Negev desert of Israel. The unit’s activity is unique in the sense thatit combines scientific research and educational programs with practical work in the field ofarchitectural design.

Researchers identify, study and formulate solutions to specific problems of desert habitation.These problems stem from natural conditions such as resource availability and climate, aswell as from human issues (which take on special significance in an arid environment)including thermal comfort, energy consumption, construction technology, urban form andregional development. The main areas of research are 1) issues of energy and climate indesert architecture, 2) urban and regional planning in arid zones, and 3) the development ofalternative building materials.

In addition to research, the members of the unit engage in the design of selectedarchitectural projects. Completed projects are used for monitoring and analysis, and fordemonstrating the possibilities of bioclimatic architecture in the desert.

The publication of research findings and exhibition of architectural projects are part of theunit’s ongoing efforts at disseminating knowledge about desert architecture to bothpractitioners and to the general public. Other means include professional consultation,academic instruction, international conferences and professional seminars.

For a detailed description of the unit’s activities, see its web site:http//www.bgu.ac.il/CDAUP.

Phone: 972-8-659-6875 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: archtect@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

ACADEMIC STAFFErell, EvyatarEtzion, YairFreidin, ConstantinMeir, Isaac A.Pearlmutter, DavidPortnov, Boris A.

This 10 meter-high, down-draft,cooling tower effectively controlsthe climate of a 500m2 courtyard

by passively generating adownward flow of air by free

convection resulting fromevaporation.

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Controlling

transmission of radiant

energy through

windows: reversible

ventilated glazing system

Etzion, Erell

Roof-mounted passive

cooling of buildings

Erell, Etzion

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Passive Heating and Cooling of Buildings

State-of-the-art glazing systems can provide very good solutions for cold climate conditions,and fairly effective ones for warm climates. However, there is still no window system on themarket that can offer the flexibility required to provide a comfortable visual environment andan efficient energy response in climates where heating is required in winter, and cooling isrequired in summer. We designed and developed a novel glazing system which overcomesglare and radiation damage to interior furnishings, yet which causes no reduction in theenergy efficiency of the glazed opening compared with conventional windows used in directgain systems. Tested experimentally under both winter and summer conditions, the newglazing system showed superior performance characteristics, and requires only engineeringof the frame prior to commercial application.The glazing system (patent pending) incorporates a rotate-able frame holding two glazingcomponents: transparent glazing providing a weatherproof seal, and absorptive glazing witha low shading coefficient. The absorptive glazing is fixed at a small distance from the clearglazing, forming an air space between them which is sealed at the sides but open at thebottom and top, so that air flows freely through it. In summer, the absorptive glass faces theexterior of the building, absorbing excessive solar radiation and dissipating the heat to theambient air. In winter, the glazing assembly is rotated so that the absorbing glass faces theinterior, reducing glare but allowing effective convective and radiative heating of the adjacentspace.

Roofs are a primary source of undesirable energy absorption, leading to overheating ofbuildings in hot climates. Current techniques try to minimize the problem by insulation.However, the roof is also the best place for installing various cooling systems. We have been carrying out experiments for nearly ten years in a project aimed at applyingnocturnal long-wave radiation to cooling buildings. A system was developed which consistsof a shallow roof pond, insulated from the environment with flat plate collectors exposed tothe sky, through which the water circulating at night is cooled by long-wave radiation andconvection. Since the temperature of the radiator was close to that of the water in the roofpond and warmer than that of the ambient dry bulb temperature for at least part of the time,fairly high cooling rates could be maintained throughout the night. The system was installedand monitored in a building of approx. 75m2. It provided a mean nightly-cooling rate of80-100 watts per square meter of radiator. Preliminary investigations indicate that the radiative cooling system using roof ponds, with nophysical modifications, could supply a significant portion of winter heating requirements inareas where summers are hot, yet winters cold enough to require heating systems. Thesystem’s heat output averaged 370 watts per m2 of collector under cool, sunny conditions,though on windy, overcast days the system was inoperative. Heat output is determinedprimarily by the intensity of solar radiation on the collectors, wind speed, and temperaturedifference between the water in the roof pond and the ambient air.We tested further modifications to the radiative cooling system, and an innovativeevaporative cooling system, within the framework of the ROOFSOL (Roof Solutions forNatural Cooling) project, funded by the European Union and carried out in collaborationwith researchers from six other research institutions in Europe. This project was aimed atdeveloping and testing roof systems suitable for use in Mediterranean or desert climates,which use natural cooling techniques to extract unwanted heat from buildings.

Testing reversible glazing system.

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Microclimatic behavior

of open spaces

Meir, Pearlmutter

Thermal energy exchange

in urban canyons

Pearlmutter

Building technology in

the Negev in the

Byzantine Period (4-7c. CE)

Meir

Sustainable population

growth of urban

settlements

Portnov, Pearlmutter

Urban Microclimate under Desert Conditions

The built environment, including the open spaces between buildings, has a great effect onhuman thermal comfort and, consequently, on energy consumption and the issue of openspaces and buildings. Ongoing research includes the investigation of the thermal behavior ofsuch attached, enclosed and semi-enclosed open spaces, and the effect that urban designpatterns have on the conditions prevailing in them. Special attention is focused on internalcourtyards, which are often mentioned as thermal modifiers in buildings in arid lands.However, the conclusions of a number of studies indicate that this is not necessarily the case,and that the success of such courtyards in creating a favorable microclimate depends oncareful attention to a range of factors including geometry, finishing materials, and the use ofvegetation. The analysis of monitoring results has shown that even within relatively smallspaces there may exist wide microclimatic variations.

In this study, we developed a numerical model to estimate the rate of thermal energyexchange between a pedestrian and a given urban street canyon environment. Long-termmeasurements in a number of low-rise street canyons were integrated with the model inorder to analyze the effect of canyon orientation and sectional geometry on a pedestrian’srate of heat loss or gain in different seasons. Results of the study, while confirming theexistence of a canopy-layer ‘heat island’ effect even in small-scale canyons, showed that theoverall level of discomfort encountered by a pedestrian is mitigated in such compact streetcanyons during the most crucial periods of thermal stress.

Building Technology and Thermal Behavior

The Nabatean, Roman and especially Byzantine urban settlements in the Negev are ofparticular interest in determining the importance of the environment on the history andevolution of design and construction. The paleoclimate, and other environmental constraintsare being investigated in order to understand their possible influence on buildings, clustersand settlements. Historical evidence, research results in relevant fields and current data areused to improve understanding of the conditions in the relevant periods. Examples ofconcurrent construction in similar regions, and modern construction using similartechnology are used as references. Monitoring and simulation results of the conditions withinbuildings and open spaces are verified vis-à-vis contemporary building climatology research.

Urban Planning in Desert Regions

We investigated the relationships between various components of the urban growth rate ofsettlements in Israel, with the goal of identifying trends which could improve theeffectiveness of investment in newly developed settlements. We found that after reaching aparticular size (on the average, 20-25,000 residents) urban localities in the country graduallybecome less dependent on natural growth, and to a greater extent may be sustained by theirability to attract newcomers and retain current residents. Based on this conclusion, wesuggest a strategy of ‘redirecting priorities’, whereby financial resources for developingperipheral regions such as the Negev are concentrated on selected settlements until theyreach the threshold of sustainability, after which support is transferred to other frontiersettlements.

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Clustering as a

precondition for

sustainable urban

growth in

peripheral areas

Portnov, Erell

Development

peculiarities of

peripheral desert

communities

Portnov, Erell,

Pearlmutter

An open GIS framework

for recording and

analyzing

post-occupancy changes

in residential buildings

Etzion, Portnov, Erell,

Pearlmutter, Meir

Investigating the

Potential for Green

Construction in Israel

Etzion, Erell, Portnov

Analysis of the development of urban communities suggests that sustainable populationgrowth is based on a town’s ability to attract and retain residents, rather than on naturalcauses (birth-death rates). In the special case of small, peripheral urban communities in Israel,sustained growth was found to be related to the location of the town, and in particular tothe spatial characteristics of a cluster of urban localities of which it may be a part. An indexof clustering was defined, which allows an analysis of the combined effect on populationgrowth of spatial isolation and distance from major metropolitan centers of the country.Although the present analysis was restricted to urban settlements in Israel, the mode ofanalysis and its applications for planning policy may be applicable to regional and urbanplanning elsewhere.

Selected statistical time-series covering the 30-year period were studied to determinegeneral trends of both economic development and population growth of urban settlementsin the Negev desert of Israel. Our research indicated that in comparison with urbansettlements located in central districts of the country, peripheral desert localities tend toexhibit wider fluctuations of economic activity, unstable population growth, and anattenuation of general urbanization trends that manifest themselves elsewhere across thecountry. Our research led to a set of analytical models designed to explain developmentpeculiarities of peripheral desert settlements. In addition, we proposed several planningstrategies aimed at enhancing the socio-economic sustainability of existing settlements inperipheral desert areas and facilitating prospective urban development there.

Building design

A GIS-based method is being developed, which simplifies recording and analysis ofpost-occupancy changes in residential buildings. Each modification is considered as a uniquerecord in a database, and has a string assigned to it in a multiparametric matrix. Its positionin the matrix is determined by functional relationships with other housing modifications,orientation, adjacent inner and outer spaces, building materials and physical size. The methodwas tested in three residential neighborhoods in two towns in the Negev desert of Israel,with the intention of: 1) highlighting modifications related to the climatic performance ofbuildings; and 2) developing a set of recommendations aimed at improving the design of newresidential buildings. In the buildings surveyed, post-occupancy changes were made primarilyin ground-level apartments and in outdoor private spaces. Building modifications appear tovary in different functional areas of the dwelling units, suggesting a connection betweendweller preferences and climatic response.

The potential for energy-efficient, "green" construction in different geographic zones in Israelwas mapped and area-specific design solutions aimed at reducing energy consumption forwinter heating and summer cooling were developed. During the first phase of the project, anadjusted climatic classification of geographic areas of the country was developed. Comparedto the existing building code in Israel (Israeli Standard 1045), this classification took intoaccount not only thermal conditions of the regions, but also the humidity, the rainfall, and theintensity of solar radiation during summer and winter. For an easy reference, the proposedmap of zoning was digitized and incorporated into an open GIS system. In the final phase ofthe research, the proposed system of zoning was used for simulating energy performance ofstandard building cells, varying according to the amount of thermal insulation and windowsize. As a result of this simulation, optimal building solutions were developed for each of thetwelve climatic zones, singled out during the first phase of the project. The estimated savingof energy appeared to vary by zone inthe range of 20-60 percent.With: W. Motzafi-Haller, BIDR

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Alternative Construction Materials

We have undertaken extensive research into the use of industrial waste consisting of fly ashfrom power plants as a raw material for manufacturing building materials. The shift fromoil-based to coal-based electricity production has increased the quantity of fly ash producedin Israel to over 700,000 tons annually. This large volume of waste became one of the mostsignificant problems of environmental protection, as its disposal is expensive andnonproductive. Our experiments focused on the utilization of this waste material for theproduction of high-quality bricks, blocks and other building elements which are lessenergy-intensive than their conventional counterparts. This research yielded patentedtechnology for the production of concrete-like blocks based on oil shale and coal fly-ash,cured under normal atmospheric conditions. We developed a particularly interesting material – ash-based cellular concrete, which inaddition to being based on industrial waste, is also manufactured through a low-energyprocess. The manufacture of conventional cellular concrete of comparable propertiesrequires very high energy input. (Funding: Rashi Foundation)

We have undertaken extensive researches into the use of gypsum in the production ofcellular concrete blocks and loess as a replacement for sand in the production of autoclavedsilicate blocks.Usually, the production of cellular concrete elements is based on the use of a mixture ofground lime, sand, Portland cement and aluminum powder. They are cured by autoclaving insaturated steam at a high temperature and pressure. The autoclave process is very energyintensive, and the building blocks are therefore fairly expensive. Our experiments arefocused on the use of gypsum for the production of high-quality blocks, which are lessenergy-intensive than their conventional counterparts. The technology that is required tomanufacture cellular gypsum units is simpler than that for the autoclaved cellular concreteproducts. Cellular gypsum elements can cure and dry under ambient conditions without anythermal treatment. This technology saves energy, leading to significant cost reductions of theresulting cellular gypsum product.We developed a process for the production of autoclaved silicate blocks in which loess issubstituted for quartz sand, and which conforms to the existing standards for silicate buildingblocks.

Building materials

made of fly-ash

Freidin

Building materials made

from gypsum and loess

Freidin

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Research Interests

Ph.D. Agricultural University of Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1986; Senior LecturerDryland disasters, proactive contingency planning and crisis management; The socialdimensions of drought and desertification; Resource management and regional development;Arid-zone pastoralism; People and drylands in history; Radiocarbon dating and chronologicalbenchmarking of human and environmental history in the eastern Mediterranean and theNear East.Phone: 972-8-659-6863 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: hjbruins@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. Texas A&M University, 1980; Researcher Grade A+Incumbent of the Norman Bank Research Chair in Desert ArchitectureThermal comfort and energy in building; Passive heating and cooling; Radiative cooling;Evaporative cooling; Earth sheltered construction; Urban design in hot, arid areas; Designtools.Phone: 972-8-659-6875 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: etzion@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

B. Arch. and Town Planning, Technion, 1986; M.A. Ben-Gurion University, 1995; Researcher Grade BUrban micro-climate; Passive cooling of buildings; Deposition of dust in cities; Planning anddesign issues in arid regions.Phone: 972-8-659-6878 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: erell@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. Moscow Civil Engineering Institute, 1971; Researcher Grade AIndustrial wastes; Local raw materials, Admixtures and conventional and special concretes.Phone: 972-8-659-6876 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: freidin@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. University of Chicago; 1951; Professor EmeritusSmall groups and computer simulation of problem-solving in groups; Sociological analysis ofthe Hebrew-Israelite community of African-Americans; Social-psychological effects of theHolocaust; Cooperative agricultural settlements.Phone: 972-8-659-6865 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: paulhare@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. Tel Aviv University, 1972; ProfessorAgnation in Middle Eastern societies; Transition of Bedouin (nomadic pastoralists) into staticpastoralism; Villages for shepherds; Livestock breeding and marketing; The market ofBeer-Sheva – its historical evolution; Regression in socialist economy and cooperation inIsrael’s rural sector; The kibbutz and the moshav.Phone: 972-8-659-6860 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: kressel@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

B. Arch. and Town Planning, Technion 1981; M.Sc. Technion, 1984; Researcher Grade BFields of interest: Human habitats in deserts; Environment-conscious design; Evolution andadaptation of building technology and types in history and modern vernacular; Appropriatebuilding and open space typologies; Alternative information dissemination frameworks andeducational systems; Proactive disaster planning.Phone: 972-8-659-6880 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: sakis@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. Brandeis University, 1988; LecturerSocial and Cultural dimensions of processes of desertification in African societies; Analysis ofgender relations from cross-cultural perspective (in the Middle East, USA. and Africa); Linksbetween grass-root reality and national and supra-national policies; Relations betweennomadic and sedentary populations.Phone: 972-8-659-6866 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: pnina@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Hendrik J.Bruins

Yair Etzion

Evyatar Erell

Constantin Freidin

A. Paul Hare

Gideon M.Kressel

Isaac A. Meir

Pnina Motzafi-Haller

MANin the desert

David Pearlmutter

Boris A. Portnov

Moshe Schwartz

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B. Arch. University of Texas 1986; M.A. Ben-Gurion University, 1996; Researcher Grade BFields of interest: Passive and low-energy heating and cooling of buildings; Urbanmicroclimate; Planning and design issues in arid regions.Phone: 972-8-659-6879 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • E-mail: davidp@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. Central Research Institute for Town-Building, Moscow, 1987; D.Sc. Moscow ArchitecturalInstitute, 1994. Research AssociateFields of interest: Topics in urban design and planning, including sustainability of urbangrowth in peripheral areas; Long-term peculiarities of urban growth in arid zones; Socialattractiveness of the urban physical environment; Socio-economic inequalities of regionaldevelopment; Property valuation in a transforming society; Interactions betweensocio-economic development and location. Phone: 972-8-659-6884 • Fax: 972-8-659-6881 • e-mail: portnov@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

Ph.D. University of Chicago, 1976; Researcher Grade BPolitical sociology; Economic sociology; The social organization and political economy ofcooperative agricultural settlements in Israel; Agricultural R&D organizations; Thedismantling of cooperative and collective organizations; the political economy of Israel;Agricultural settlement projects in the developing world. Phone: 972-8-659-6862 • Fax: 972-8-659-6867 • E-mail: moshesc@bgumail.bgu.ac.il

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Publications

Blumberg, H. H. and A. P. Hare. Sociometry applied to organizational analysis: A review. The International Journal of Action Methods 52:15-37 (1999)Borg, A. (Ed.) The Language of Color in the Mediterranean. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International (1999)Bruins, H.J. (Book review) The Forest Frontier - Settlement and Change in Brazilian Roraima. (Ed. P.A. Furley) Geographical Research Forum

19:127-130 (1999)Bruins, H.J. Drought management and water supply systems in Israel. In: Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems (Eds. E. Cabrera

and J. García-Serra) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London pp 299-321 (1999)Bruins, H.J. Drought mitigation policies: waste-water use, energy and food provision in urban and peri-urban Africa. In: Urban and Peri-Urban

Agriculture in Africa. (Eds. D. Grossman, L.M. Van den Berg and H.I. Ajaegbu) Ashgate, Aldershot, England pp 257-266 (1999)Erell, E. and Y. Etzion. Analysis and experimental verification of an improved cooling radiator. Renewable Energy 16:700-703 (1999)Erell, E. and Y. Etzion. Analysis and experimental verification of an improved cooling radiator. In: Energy Efficiency, Policy and the Environment,

Proceedings of World Renewable Energy Congress V (Ed. A.A. Sayigh) pp 700-703 (1998)Erell, E. and H.Tsoar. Spatial variations in the aeolian deposition of dust - the effect of a city: A case study in Beer-Sheva, Israel. Urban

Atmosphere/Atmospheric Environment 33:4049-4055 (1999)Erell, E. and H. Tsoar. An experimental evalutaion of strategies for reducing airborne dust in desert cities. In: Desert Regions: Population,

Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 205-226 (1999)Etzion, Y. A Bio-climatic approach to desert architecture In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B. Portnov and A.P.

Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 263-278 (1999)Etzion, Y. Desert solar neighborhood in Sede-Boker, Israel In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B. Portnov and A.P.

Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 251-262 (1999)Etzion, Y. and E. Erell. Low-cost long-wave radiators for passive cooling of buildings. Architectural Science Review 42:79-86 (1999)Etzion, Y., D. Pearlmutter, E. Erell and I. Meir. Adaptive architecture: Low energy technology for climate control in the desert. In: Desert

Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 291-304. (1999)Freidin, C. Hydration and strength development of binder based on high-calcium oil shale fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 28:829-839 (1998)Freidin, C. Hydration and strength development of binder based on high-calcium oil shale fly ash: II. Influence of curing conditions on long-term

stability. Cement and Concrete Research 29:1713-1719 (1999)Freidin, C. Behavior of concrete based on quartz bond in sulphuric acid. Cement and Concrete Composites 21:317-323 (1999) Freidin, C. and W. Motzafi-Haller. cementless building units based on oil shale and coal fly ash binder. Construction and Building Materials 13:371-382

(1999)Hare, A. P. Been there, done that: Role repertoire as a predictor of interpersonal behavior in a given situation. International Journal of Action

Methods 52:80-95 (1999)Hare, A. P. Understanding Paul Moxnes. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice 3:116-117 (1999)Kressel, G. The desert’s burden. Middle East Quarterly 5:49-57 (1998)Kressel, G. Sororicide and filiacide: Murder for family honor. In: Israel: A Local Anthropology (Eds. O. Abuhab et al.) Cherikover, Tel Aviv pp

271-303 (1998)Kressel, G., S. Bar-Zvi and A. Abu-Rabi'a. The Charm of Graves: Mourning Rituals and Tomb Worshipping Among the Negev Bedouin. (In Hebrew) The

Ministry of Defence Press, Tel Aviv (1998) Kressel, G. (Review article) Steppes d’Arabies: Etats, pasteurs, agriculteurs et commerçants: le devenir des zones sèches, R. Bocco, et al., Paris.

Nomadic Peoples NS3:115-121 (1999)Kressel, G. Vergogna e genere. (Shame and gender) La Ricerca Folklorica (In Italian) 40:105-115 (1999) Kressel, G. Why is the Negev wide open for trafficking narcotics? Notes on the Bedouin (In Hebrew) 29:48-62 (1999) McCluskey, W. J., B. A. Portnov and W. G. Deddis. Issues and problems of urban land appraisal in transitional economies. Real Estate Valuation

and Investment 3:53-66 (1998) Meir, I.A. Spreading the Word: Toward a multiple layer program for information dissemination. In: Sustaining the Future:

Energy-Ecology-Architecture (Ed. S. Szokolay) The University of Queensland, Brisbane, pp 679-686. (1999)Motzafi-Haller, P. Mizrahi women in Israel: The double erasure. In: Jewish Women 2000 (Ed. Helen Epstein) Brandeis University, Waltham, MA

pp 79-97 (1999)Pearlmutter, D. and I.A. Meir. Lightweight housing in the arid periphery: Implications for thermal comfort and energy use. In: The Arid Frontier:

Interactive Management of Environment and Development (Eds. H.J. Bruins, H. Lithwick, Y. Gradus) Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht/Boston/London pp 365-381. (1998)

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Pearlmutter, D. and P. Berliner. Microclimatic considerations in the design of open spaces in desert cities. In: Desert Regions: Population,Migration, and Environment (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 279-289 (1999)

Pearlmutter, D. and I.A. Meir. Building a language for sustainable community development in arid regions. In: Sustaining the Future: Proceedingsof PLEA'99, Brisbane Australia pp 783-788 (1999)

Pearlmutter, D., A. Bitan and P. Berliner. Microclimatic analysis of ‘compact’ urban canyons in an arid zone. Atmospheric Environment33:4143-4150 (1999)

Portnov, B.A. and A.P. Hare (Eds.) Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1999)Portnov, B.A. The effect of regional inequalities on migration: A comparative analysis of Israel and Japan. International Migration 37:587-615 (1999)Portnov, B.A. Desert regions: Development problems, definitions, and criteria. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds.

B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 2-13 (1999)Portnov, B.A. Modeling the Migration Attractiveness of a Region. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov

and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 111-132 (1999)Portnov, B.A. Physical environment and social attractiveness of frontier settlements. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment.

(Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 161-186 (1999)Portnov, B.A. Public policy and urban growth in peripheral areas. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov

and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 133-152 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and E. Erell. Long-term development patterns of peripheral desert settlements. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and

Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 17-36 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and E. Erell. The effect of remoteness and isolation on the development of peripheral settlements. In: Desert Regions: Population,

Migration, and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 87-110 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and W.A. Mozafi-Haller. Desert settlements in Israel: Socio-economic and physical data. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration,

and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 307-322 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and D.Pearlmutter. Sustainability of urban growth in peripheral areas: Factors and paradigms of regional planning. In: Progress

in Planning Monograph Series. Elsevier, London 52:239-308 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and D. Pearlmutter. Private construction as a general indicator of urban development: The case of Israel. International Planning

Studies 4:133-161 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and D. Pearlmutter. Private construction as a general indicator of urban development. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration,

and Environment. (Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 61-86 (1999)Portnov, B.A. and D. Pearlmutter. Sustainable population growth of urban settlements. In: Desert Regions: Population, Migration, and Environment.

(Eds. B.A. Portnov and A.P. Hare) Springer Verlag, Heidelberg pp 37-60 (1999)Schwartz, M. The Israeli moshav before and after the mid-eighties. The Journal of Rural Cooperation. 27:129-166 (1999)

Maasai pastoralists in Metovillage, Kajiado District, Kenya.

Changing land rights fromcommunal to group ranches and

sometimes to private landownership is accompanied bysedentarization, architectural

changes and agro-pastoraldevelopment.

MANin the desert

Technical staff

Secretarial staff

Visiting Scientists

graduate students

Department of Man in the Desert

Michal Barak #Wolfgang Motzafi-Haller#Menachem Ofir#Eduardo Rubinstein (deceased)#

Naomi Altamirano#Margo Tepper-Schotz*

Prof. Joshua Akonga, Moi University, Kenya*Prof. Homi Bhabha, University of Chicago*Elisabeth Biasio, University of Zurich, Switzerland*Prof. Andre Bourgeot, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, Paris*Prof. Alexander Borg, University of Stockholm*Prof. John Comaroff, University of Chicago, USA *Dr. William G. Deddis, University of Ulster, UK#Prof. Marie-Elisabeth Handman, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, Paris* Dr. Longina Jakubowska, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands*Yulian Konstantinov, Society for Regional Cultural Studies, Bulgaria*Dr. William Lancaster, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford*Dr. Gillian Lewando-Hundt, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine*Dr. William McCluskey, University of Ulster, UK#Prof. Robert Paine, Memorial University, Canada*Prof. Wang Ruqian, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing*Dr. Marcel Rutten, Africa Studies Center, Leiden,The Netherlands*Prof. Matt Sandberg, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden#Prof. Trond Thuen, Troms University, Norway*Valentino Todde, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden#Dr. J. Van der Plicht, University of Groningen, The Netherlands*Aram Yengoyang, University of California, Davis, CA* Prof. Liu Zhicheng, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing*

Edna Aharonson*Shmuel Bargil*Gabriel Berman*Yossi Brafman*Julie Chaitin*Rivka Cohen*Edgard Dezuari*Daniel De-Malach*Naama Hadad-Kedem*Wenjuan Lin*Sigal Nagar-Ron*Cédric Parizot*Limor Turgeman*Hagit Yahel*

*Social Studies #Architecture and Urban Planning

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