The demographic development of the Swedish-speaking population of

Finland

Fjalar FinnäsÅbo Akademi University

www.vasa.abo.fi/users/ffinnas/Demographic development2.ppt

Tandefelt and Finnäs (2007). Language and demography: historical development

International Journal of the Sociology of Language 187/188 pp. 35-54

http://www.folktinget.fi/pdf/publikationer/finlanssv2005.pdf

Population statistics in Finland

Population and vital statistics since 1749 (Sweden)

Language included since 1880

Every citizen have a unique language(mother tongue) in the population register

No information about knowledge in other language(s).

Bilingual marriage - spouses have different languages

No explicit information about language use

Children are registered by language at birth (=when included in the population register)

Information mainly for administrative/planning purposes - no explicit consequences for the individual

Language status of municipalities

Bilingual if the minority excees 3000 persons or 8 per cent.

Bilingual – obliged to give services in both languages

The Swedish-speaking population 1880-2009

Year Number % 1880 294 900 14,3 1890 322 600 13,6 1900 349 700 12,9 1910 339 000 11,6 1920 341 000 11,0 1930 342 900 10,1 1940 354 000 9,6 1950 348 300 8,6 1960 330 500 7,4 1970 303 400 6,6 1980 300 500 6,3 1990 296 700 5,9 2009 290 392 5,4

Bilingual municipalities Swedish-speaking (%)

Year Uniling. Swedish

>67 50-66 34-49 <33 Uniling. Finnish

Total

1880 59.9 15.9 10.1 4.9 2.8 6.4 100 1910 36.9 30.2 5.9 16.0 6.0 5.0 100 1930 35.4 25.3 4.2 4.5 26.2 4.4 100 1950 26.7 24.7 9.5 8.0 26.9 4.2 100 1960 24.2 21.2 15.5 0.6 35.1 3.5 100 1970 18.9 18.9 16.5 6.5 36.4 3.0 100 1980 19.8 18.5 10.3 11.4 36.1 3.9 100 1990 15.8 22.3 12.2 11.2 34.3 4.2 100 2005 13.6 22.0 12.0 7.7 39.9 4.7 100 2009 13.7 23.9 9.4 7.5 40.6 4.9 100

The distribution by language status of the municipality of residence 1880-2009

1950 1970 1980 2009

Mun Popul. Mun. Popul. Mun Popul. Mun. Popul.  

Swedish 47 92 822 31 62 700 26 59 363 19 39 698  

Bilingual67-90 %

23 85 982 17 51 700 14 55 712 9 69 435  

50-66 % 9 33 160 8 50 000 4 30 968 4 27 181  

34-49 % 4 27 847 7 23 700 8 34 108 5 21 900  

3-33 % 8 93 786 11 106200 13 108943 13 117 866  

Total 91 333597 74 294351 65 289094 50 276 080  

Finnish 14 689 9 055 11 388 13 312  

Finland 348286 303406 300482 290 392  

Municipalities by language structure and number of Swedish-speakers 1950-200

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

1900

La ng ua g e struc ture o f m unic ip a litie s

% Swedish

1950

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

1900

La ng ua g e struc ture o f m unic ip a litie s

% Swedish

20001950

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

0-1415 -3334 -5051 -6667 -9192 -100

1900

La ng ua g e struc ture o f m unic ip a litie s

% Swedish

Age structure of the Swedish-speaking population 1950 and 1970

1950

0481216 0 4 8 12 16

FemalesMales

1000-tal1000-tal

1970

0481216 0 4 8 12 161000-tal 1000-tal

The average number of marriages per year by the language of the spouses 1951-2006 Period Swe.

male+ Swe.

female

Swe. male + Fi. female

% Fi. male+ Swe. female

%

1951-55 1 795 684 27,6 446 19,9 1956-60 1 568 650 29,3 471 23,1 1961-65 1 528 700 31,4 545 26,3 1966-70 1 605 784 32.8 618 27.8 1971-75 1 199 723 37,6 501 29,5 1976-80 923 693 42,9 464 33,4 1981-85 822 648 44,1 415 35,1 1986-90 766 531 40,9 389 33,7 1991-93 747 535 41,7 399 34.8 1994-96 739 525 41,5 384 34,2 1997-99 661 525 44,3 390 37,1 2000-02 700 563 44,6 408 36,8 2003-04 2005-06

715 785

634 599

47,0 43,3

416 417

36,8 34,6

The proportion Swedish registered children in bilingual families and their proportion of all Swedish children 1970 and 2005

Language structure

Proportion bilingual f amilies

Proportion Swedish in

bilingual f amilies

Bilingual f amily background

1970 -19 % 52,1 34,2 27,1 20-39 % 37,2 44,3 20,8 40-59 % 29,6 48,4 16,9 60-79 % 21,2 55,9 13,1 80-89 % 13,6 67,7 9,6 90-100 % 9,7 83,6 8,2 Total 32,2 43,3 17,1 2005 -19 % 73,3 68,5 65,3 20-39 % 53,4 65,8 43,0 40-59 % 39,6 60,7 28,4 60-79 % 29,1 63,3 20,6 80-89 % 19,5 82,2 16,6 90-100 % 11,3 79,4 9,2 Total 48,5 67,7 39,0

Number of new pupils in Swedish schools and the corresponding number of Swedish registered children aged 7 years.

Estimated relative divorce rate based on main effects model

LanguageFinnish Bilingual Swedish1.0 1.10 0.57

Account is taken for place of residence, degree of urbanisation , age of female, age difference, educational level of both spouses

and year of birth

Difference in life expectancy

Males 2.5 – 3 years

Females ~ 1 year

Age standardized death rates by language group

Age distribution 2005

Population forcasts

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000Antal

196319701982

197319801992

198319902002

199320002012

200320102022

BirthSchoolStudent

Pupils

children

Students

Number of pupils and estimated number of students

Level of education in different age groupsA B C D E

20-24 12,8 80,0 2,5 4,0 0,7 25-29 10,6 49,2 17,0 10,3 12,9

30-34 14,4 38,9 21,8 7,9 17,0 35-39 16,8 39,8 19,9 6,9 16,6 40-44 21,5 38,6 18,3 8,4 13,1 45-49 25,9 35,9 16,3 12,2 9,6 50-54 36,5 29,6 15,8 10,1 7,9 55-59 42,6 24,3 15,3 9,9 7,9 60-64 51,2 21,2 12,5 8,4 6,8 65-69 60,0 18,6 10,0 6,7 4,8 70-74 65,8 16,3 8,5 5,4 4,0 75+ 72,6 13,4 6,6 4,0 3,4

A : Comprehensive school

....

E: University degree

Swedish and Finnish speaking persons aged 35-39 years by level of education in different regions 2001

Swedish-speakers Finnish-speakers A B C D E A B C D E

Finland 16,8 39,8 19,9 6,9 16,6 14,8 47,0 21,8 5,7 10,7N yland 15,9 32,9 20,0 7,0 24,1 16,0 38,1 23,0 6,4 16,5Eastern N 21,1 39,1 22,6 6,1 11,1 18,4 44,5 22,4 5,0 9,7Åboland 12,1 41,4 16,8 8,1 21,6 15,2 47,2 21,2 5,7 10,7Österb. 15,0 46,3 20,0 7,5 11,2 17,0 48,3 21,8 5,1 7,8 Åland 24,9 44,0 19,4 4,6 7,0 17,5 35,0 33,3 5,0 9,2

The distribution by industry of the economically population in 1970, 1980 and 1995 for Finnish-speakers and Swedish-speakers. Whole country.

Finnish-speakers

1970 20,3 34,7 15,3 6,9 3,3 18,1 1,4

1980 12,7 34,3 14,0 7,9 5,4 25,3 0,3

1995 6,9 26,9 14,4 7,3 11,1 31,1 2,3

Swedish-speakers

1970 19,4 29,3 17,6 9,9 4,5 18,0 1,3

1980 14,9 27,1 15,9 10,7 6,5 24,4 0,4

1995 9,1 20,9 15,4 10,1 10,5 31,3 2,8

Agri- Manu- Trade Trans- Finan- Service Unknown

culture factory port cing

The distribution by industry of the economically population in 1970, 1980 and 1995 for Finnish-speakers and Swedish-speakers. Bilingual regions.

Finnish-speakers

1970 1,7 36,9 20,5 7,8 7,2 24,6 1,3

1980 1,3 30,1 18,7 9,3 10,5 29,7 0,5

1995 0,7 21,1 17,8 8,5 16,7 33,1 2,0

Swedish-speakers

1970 19,7 28,8 17,7 9,9 4,6 18,0 1,3

1980 14,3 26,7 16,2 11,0 6,7 24,4 0,4

1995 9,2 20,6 15,3 10,2 10,5 31,3 2,8

Agri- Manu- Trade Trans- Finan- Service Unknown

culture factory port cing

The distribution by socioeconomic position of the economically active population in Finland 1995 for Finnish-speakers and Swedish-speakers.

Finland 1995 Civil servants

Farmers Emplo-yers

Upper level

Lower level

Blue-collar

Other Total

Finnish-sp. 4,5 8,7 18,1 34,6 32,7 1,4 100

Swedish-sp. 6,7 9,4 21,2 35,0 25,4 2,2 100

Swedish and bilingual municipalities 1970 and 1995 Finnish-speakers

1970 1,1 4,5 10,9 34,9 48,2 0,4 100  

1995 0,4 6,1 25,1 39,1 28,4 0,9 100  

Swedish-speakers

1970 17,7 6,3 10,8 30,9 33,8 0,5 100  

1995 7,2 9,3 20,6 34,9 25,8 2,2 100  

Civil servants

Farmers Emplo-yers

Upper level

Lower level

Blue-collar

Other Total

Metropolitan

Fin. 0,1 5,7 28,1 40,5 24,7 0,9 100

Swe. 0,5 7,1 35,6 40,5 15,0 1,4 100

Nyland rural

Fin 2,5 8,5 17,2 35,4 35,3 1,2 100

Swe 9,0 10,6 15,8 33,5 28,7 2,3 100

Österbotten rural

Fin 10,3 8,8 10,3 29,4 38,7 2,5 100

Swe 20,6 11,4 9,9 24,9 29,7 3,5 100

The distribution by socioeconomic position of the economically active population in Finland 1995 for Finnish-speakers and Swedish-speakers in certain regions..