RUSSIAN CLIMATE The whole of Northern Russia is within the
Arctic Circle. One third of the land is permanently frozen.
Southern Russia is sub-tropical. The dominant feature of the
Russian Climate is the extreme cold of winter The period when
rivers are completely frozen varies from 70 days a year in the west
of the country to as much as 250 days in northern Siberia.
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RUSSIAN CLIMATE Almost everywhere in the country precipitation
is rather low. In some of the major grain-producing areas of
southern Russia, drought can drastically reduce crop yields in some
years. So intense is the cold in winter that northern and eastern
Siberia experience a phenomenon called permafrost. Here the subsoil
remains frozen all year although the topsoil may thaw out during
the summer.
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PEASANTS Around 80% of Russias population in 1900 were
peasants. About 50% of the population was illiterate until 1860.
Until 1861, the majority of peasants had been serfs.
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RURAL DINING HOUSE 1891
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PEASANTS, SIBERIA 1890
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THE ROMANOVS
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ALEXANDER PALACE
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MOSCOW 1901
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RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH Christian church that originated in the
Byzantine Empire and recognizes the Patriarch of Constantinople as
primate rather than the Pope The national religion of the Russian
The Tsar was believed to have been chosen by God therefore the
church had a very strong influence on the governing of the
country
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RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM RUSSIA: 1750-1950
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM What is Liberalism?
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM DEFINITION: The belief in the
importance of individual liberty and human rights. Liberalists
support and advocate for things such as; - a constitution - free
and fair elections - equal rights/human rights - free trade -
separation of church and state
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1750-1850 Industrialisation develops
rapidly in France, Great Britain and the Americas Agricultural
machinery is developed and begins to replace manual labour.
Factories are built and a working class develops
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FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789-1799 Liberty leading the people, Eugene
Delacroix
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FRENCH REVOLUTION What is a revolution? An overthrow or
repudiation. The thorough replacement of an established government
or political system by the people governed.
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FRENCH REVOLUTION Occurred from 1789-1799 A series of events
led by liberal political groups and involving the common masses
which led to major reforms and the eventual overthrow of Loius XVI
(16 th ).
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FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Absolutist politics legal
inequality feudal economy (including serfdom) alliance of church
and state
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FRANCE AFTER THE REVOLUTION A constitution and the rule of law
to govern politics equal rights separation of church and state
sovereignty belonging to the people
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM Alexander I comes into power s the Tsar
of Russia in 1801 Ideas of liberal reform emerge
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM In 1812 Napolean tries to enter Russia
but is defeated by the Russian army As a result of the threat of
Revolution, Alexander returns to conservative ideas inc. -
censorship - closely monitored growth in education - banning of
foreign literature
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DECEMBRISTS REVOLT Alexander I dies in 1825 leaving confusion
about who is the next heir to the throne. Nicholas I eventually
inherits the throne On December14, a secret society made up of
junior officers stormed Senate Square in an attempt to seize power
They had planned to do this through the set up of a constituent
assembly that would introduce their reforms.
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DECEMBRISTS REVOLT
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM Nicholas I dies in 1855 and his son
Alexander II (Alexander the Liberator) inherits the throne.
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THE CRIMEAN WAR 1853-1856 Russia had long waited to gain
control of the Bosphoros Straits and Dardenelles to gain vital
access to the Mediterranean. Britain, France and Austria intervene
on behalf of Turkey. Russia lacks industrial capacity to support a
modern army and loses war.
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THE CRIMEAN WAR 1853-1856
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM In 1861 he introduces The Edict of
Emancipation ( the abolition of serfdom) - Serfs were freed from
there masters (the nobility) and given plots of land from the
estates of the nobility. They were however forced to pay for the
land by making yearly payments to the government. - Most peasants
could not afford these payments and went into debt. The peasants
felt portrayed by this because they felt like the land belonged to
the people that worked it- them. - The nobility also resented the
Emancipation Edict thus alienating both groups in society.
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM Although he refused to consider an
elected parliament he introduced local councils who were
responsible for; - maintenance of roads and bridges - upkeep of
hospitals and prisons - prevention of famine - public health and
education
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM In October 1879 the Peoples Will was
formed. A group advocating violence to achieve reform. After
several failed attempts, the group succeeded in killing the Tsar on
March 1 1881.
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM In 1881,Alexander III inherits the
throne. Industrialisation begins to take off in Russia and the
urban labour force grows rapidly
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM He tightens censorship of the press and
banishes thousands of revolutionaries to Siberia He also restores
full autocracy and judges and officials who were sympathetic to
liberal ideas are removed from office Creates the new Secret Police
to spy on any group opposed to the Tsar
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A HISTORY OF LIBERALISM A policy of Russification is introduced
involving the imposing of the Russian language and Russian schools
on Germans, Poles, Finns and all other minor nationalities
Alexander III dies in 1894 and Nicholas II ascends the throne
